Liquid Chromatography-tandem Mass Spectrometry Technique Research Articles

Exploratory research on the effective chemical basis of tanreqing injection for treating acute lung injury: In vivo, in vitro and in silico

Ethnopharmacological relevanceSepsis-induced acute lung injury (ALI) presents with significant morbidity and mortality in clinical settings. Tanreqing Injection (TRQI) has been clinically recommended for the treatment of ALI; however, the specific active chemical constituents remain unidentified. Aim of the studyThis study aimed to elucidate the potential pharmacologically active components and the underlying mechanisms of TRQI in the treatment of sepsis-induced ALI. Materials and methodsHigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) techniques were employed to identify the effective chemical constituents of TRQI. Additionally, an in vitro study was conducted using Raw264.7 macrophage cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to evaluate the inhibitory effects of TRQI. An acute lung injury model produced by LPS was intraperitoneal injection in mice to assess the ALI-inhibitory effect of TRQI. The lung's pathological characteristics were examined using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and QPCR were performed to confirm the pharmaceutical effect. Network pharmacology was employed for mechanistic exploration, incorporating GO, and PPI analyses of targets. Src inhibitor and JNK agonist used to investigate the dependence of associated signaling pathways. ResultsCombining pharmacokinetic characteristics, lung first-pass effect and anti-inflammatory effects, the main components of TRQI for treating sepsis induced ALI were narrowed down to seven compounds: chlorogenic acid, scutellarin, wogonoside, oroxyloside, oroxylin A and baicalein. Network pharmacology indicated that Src/JNK signaling pathway, may be the main regulatory pathway for treatment of actue lung injury. Next by using Src inhibitor, Src inhibition partly diminished the protective effects of TRQI in LPS-injected mice. Pretreatment with JNK agonist anisomycin abolished the protective effects of lung injury in vivo. ConclusionsTRQI is injected, the seven compounds could be presented in vivo, which can improve ALI by inhibiting Src-JNK signaling.

Decoding 11-Oxygenated Androgen Synthesis: Insights from Enzyme Gene Expression and LC‒MS/MS Quantification.

Adrenal-origin and peripheral tissue-transformed 11-oxygenated androgens are recognized as significant androgens. However, our current understanding of the synthesis of 11-oxygenated androgens, including the organs and cell types involved, remains limited. We performed comprehensive analyses on an extensive dataset of normal human tissues, which included bulk RNA data from 30 tissues, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA) data from 16 tissues and proteomics data from 29 tissues, to characterize the expression profiles of enzyme-encoding genes. To validate the findings, immunohistochemical and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC‒MS/MS) techniques were employed. Our investigation revealed that the gene expression levels of the enzymes HSD11B2 and AKR1C3 were notably elevated in the kidney and intestines. Intriguingly, within these organs, we observed an increasing trend in enzyme expression with age in women, while a decreasing trend was apparent in men. Sc-RNA analysis revealed that HSD11B2 was predominantly expressed in collecting duct principal cells in the kidney, while AKR1C3 was primarily expressed in the proximal tubules. Intriguingly, nearly all epithelial cells in the intestine expressed these key enzymes. Further analysis using LC‒MS/MS revealed that the kidney exhibited the highest levels of 11-ketoandrostenedione (11KA4) and 11-ketotestosterone (11KT) among the seven tissues examined, and substantial synthesis of 11KA4 and 11KT was also observed in the intestine. Finally, we developed the TransMap website (http://gxmujyzmolab.cn:16245/TransMap/) to provide comprehensive visualization of all currently available transcriptome data. This study offers an overarching perspective on tracing the synthesis of 11-oxygenated androgens in peripheral tissues, thereby providing valuable insights into the potential role of these androgens in humans.

Tourniquet Use and Local Tissue Concentrations of Cefazolin During Total Knee Arthroplasty

Prophylactic administration of antibiotics before skin incision is an important component in the prevention of periprosthetic joint infection in arthroplasty surgery. For antibiotics to be effective, the local tissue concentration (LTC) must exceed the minimum inhibitory concentration of typical infecting organisms; however, the LTC of cefazolin during arthroplasty is poorly understood. To compare the systemic concentration of cefazolin in serum with the LTC in fat, synovium, and bone during primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) while assessing the effect of tourniquet inflation. This prospective randomized clinical trial was conducted from March 1, 2022, to June 30, 2023, in patients undergoing TKA at a single academic center. Total knee arthroplasty with or without a limb tourniquet. Systemic blood and local tissues from the surgical site (fat, synovium, and bone) were harvested at regular intervals during the surgery. The primary outcome was the LTC of cefazolin, quantified using the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry technique. A total of 59 patients were included in the study, with 29 in the tourniquet group (mean [SD] age, 69.3 [9.6] years; 23 [79.3%] female) and 30 in the no tourniquet group (mean [SD] age, 69.9 [9.7] years; 21 [70.0%] female). In patients undergoing TKA without a tourniquet, the mean concentration of cefazolin in serum was 71.9 μg/mL (95% CI, 66.4-77.5 μg/mL), whereas the mean LTCs were 13.9 μg/g (95% CI, 12.1-15.7 μg/g) in fat, 27.7 μg/g (95% CI, 24.3-31.0 μg/g) in synovium, and 17.7 μg/g (95% CI, 14.8-20.5 μg/g) in bone. For patients undergoing TKA with a tourniquet, the mean concentration of cefazolin in serum was 72.0 μg/mL (95% CI, 66.3-77.7 μg/mL), and the mean LTCs were 9.9 μg/g (95% CI, 8.7-11.1 μg/g) in fat, 21.8 μg/g (95% CI, 18.7-25.0 μg/g) in synovium, and 13.0 μg/g (95% CI, 10.8-15.2 μg/g) in bone. The use of a tourniquet resulted in significantly lower mean LTCs by 60 minutes after cefazolin infusion (10.8 μg/g [95% CI, 9.1-12.4 μg/g] vs 16.9 μg/g [95% CI, 14.1-19.6 μg/g], P = .001 in fat; 18.9 μg/g [95% CI, 14.1-23.6 μg/g] vs 25.8 μg/g [95% CI, 21.4-30.3 μg/g], P = .03 in synovium; and 11.8 μg/g [95% CI, 9.3-14.2 μg/g] vs 19.4 μg/g [95% CI, 14.5-24.4 μg/g], P = .007 in bone). In this randomized clinical trial, the concentration of cefazolin was lower in local tissues (fat, synovium, and bone) than in systemic blood, and the use of a limb tourniquet further significantly reduced these concentrations. Although the current prophylactic dosing regimen for cefazolin provides sufficient serum concentrations, the levels in the periarticular tissue during TKA may be insufficient to prevent periprosthetic joint infection. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05604157.

Innovating Thiopurine Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on DNA-Thioguanine Nucleotides (DNA-TG) as an Inclusive Biomarker in Thiopurine Therapy.

Thioguanine (TG), azathioprine (AZA), and mercaptopurine (MP) are thiopurine prodrugs commonly used to treat diseases, such as leukemia and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). 6-thioguanine nucleotides (6-TGNs) have been commonly used for monitoring treatment. High levels of 6-TGNs in red blood cells (RBCs) have been associated with leukopenia, the cutoff levels that predict this side effect remain uncertain. Thiopurines are metabolized and incorporated into leukocyte DNA. Measuring levels of DNA-incorporated thioguanine (DNA-TG) may be a more suitable method for predicting clinical response and toxicities such as leukopenia. Unfortunately, most methodologies to assay 6-TGNs are unable to identify the impact of NUDT15 variants, effecting mostly ethnic populations (e.g., Chinese, Indian, Malay, Japanese, and Hispanics). DNA-TG tackles this problem by directly measuring thioguanine in the DNA, which can be influenced by both TPMT and NUDT15 variants. While RBC 6-TGN concentrations have traditionally been used to optimize thiopurine therapy due to their ease and affordability of measurement, recent developments in liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) techniques have made measuring DNA-TG concentrations in lymphocytes accurate, reproducible, and affordable. The objective of this systematic review was to assess the current evidence of DNA-TG levels as marker for thiopurine therapy, especially with regards to NUDT15 variants. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed on the current evidence for DNA-TG as a marker for monitoring thiopurine therapy, including methods for measurement and the illustrative relationship between DNA-TG and various gene variants (such as TPMT, NUDT15, ITPA, NT5C2, and MRP4). PubMed and Embase were systematically searched up to April 2024 for published studies, using the keyword "DNA-TG" with MeSH terms and synonyms. The electronic search strategy was augmented by a manual examination of references cited in articles, recent reviews, editorials, and meta-analyses. A meta-analysis was performed using R studio 4.1.3. to investigate the difference between the coefficients (Fisher's z-transformed correlation coefficient) of DNA-TG and 6-TGNs levels. A meta-analysis was performed using RevMan version 5.4 to investigate the difference in DNA-TG levels between patients with or without leukopenia using randomized effect size model. The risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottowa quality assessment scale. In this systematic review, 21 studies were included that measured DNA-TG levels in white blood cells for either patients with ALL (n = 16) or IBD (n = 5). In our meta-analysis, the overall mean difference between patients with leukopenia (ALL + IBD) versus no leukopenia was 134.15 fmol TG/µg DNA [95% confidence interval (CI) (83.78-184.35), P < 0.00001; heterogeneity chi squared of 5.62, I2 of 47%]. There was a significant difference in DNA-TG levels for patients with IBD with and without leukopenia [161.76 fmol TG/µg DNA; 95% CI (126.23-197.29), P < 0.00001; heterogeneity chi squared of 0.20, I2 of 0%]. No significant difference was found in DNA-TG level between patients with ALL with or without leukopenia (57.71 fmol TG/µg DNA [95% CI (-22.93 to 138.35), P < 0.80]). DNA-TG monitoring was found to be a promising method for predicting relapse rates in patients with ALL, and DNA-TG levels are likely a better predictor for leukopenia in patients with IBD than RBC 6-TGNs levels. DNA-TG levels have been shown to correlate with various gene variants (TPMT, NUDT15, ITPA, and MRP4) in various studies, points to its potential as a more informative marker for guiding thiopurine therapy across diverse genetic backgrounds. This systematic review strongly supports the further investigation of DNA-TG as a marker for monitoring thiopurine therapy. Its correlation with treatment outcomes, such as relapse-free survival in ALL and the risk of leukopenia in IBD, underscores its role in enhancing personalized treatment approaches. DNA-TG effectively identifies NUDT15 variants and predicts late leukopenia in patients with IBD, regardless of their NUDT15 variant status. The recommended threshold for late leukopenia prediction in patients with IBD with DNA-TG is suggested to be between 320 and 340 fmol/µg DNA. More clinical research on DNA-TG implementation is mandatory to improve patient care and to improve inclusivity in thiopurine treatment.

Metabolic profiling reveal changes in shoots and roots of nitrogen-deficient tea plants (Camellia sinensis cv. Jinxuan)

Tea plants require high levels of nitrogen for optimal growth. However, delayed or insufficient nitrogen supply often induces nitrogen deficiency stress. This stress can adversely affect the plant's growth, development, and metabolic processes. Therefore, studying how tea plants respond to nitrogen deficiency conditions is crucial for enhancing our understanding and management of their growth environment. In this study, we utilized High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS), and Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS) techniques to analyze the non-volatile and volatile components of both shoots and roots of the 'Jing Xuan (JX)' tea variety under nitrogen deprivation for 30 days (Nd). The results revealed that nitrogen deprivation led to a deceleration in shoot growth of 'JX', accompanied by reduced chlorophyll and water-soluble extract contents, with nitrogen accumulating predominantly in the roots. Significant decreases were observed in caffeine content in shoots and in the total amounts of theanine and catechins in both shoots and roots, while epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) accumulation increased in shoots. Moreover, we identified 65 volatile components in shoots, including a notable decrease in floral and fruity compounds such as trans-β-Ionone, Geranylacetone, and α-Ionone. The biosynthesis of amino acids and phenylpropane metabolism are more active pathways under nitrogen stress. Nitrogen deficiency led to reduced levels of amino acids, carboxylic acids, flavonoids, steroids, and their derivatives in roots, with the most notable decline observed in carboxylic acids, typified by Leucine, l-Aspartate, and l-histidine. In contrast, shoots accumulate carbohydrates and phenolic compounds, mainly sucrose. Additionally, metabolites such as Myristic acid and 3-Dehydroshikimate could be a critical indicator of stress levels. These findings enhance our understanding of tea plant growth and metabolism under nitrogen deficiency, providing valuable insights for breeding nitrogen-efficient tea varieties.

Multi-omics unveils tryptophan metabolic pathway as a key pathway influencing residual feed intake in Duroc swine.

The genetic trait of residual feed intake (RFI) holds considerable importance in the swine industry. Recent research indicates that the gut microbiota of pigs plays a pivotal role in the manifestation of the RFI trait. Nevertheless, the metabolic pathways involved in the functioning of these microorganisms remain elusive. Thus, based on the ranking of the RFI trait in Duroc pigs, the present study selected the top 10 and bottom 10 pigs as the experimental subjects. The distribution and metabolite differences of cecal microbiota were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) techniques. The low RFI cecal group was named LRC, and the high RFI cecal group was named HRC. The results indicate that the LRC group had lower RFI, feed conversion ratio (FCR), average daily feed intake (ADFI) (p < 0.001), and thinner backfat (p < 0.05) compared with the HRC group. We simultaneously recorded the foraging behavior as well, the LRC group had a significant increase in total time spent at the feeder per day (TPD) (p < 0.05) and a significant increase in average feed intake per mins (AFI) and the number of visits to the feeder per day (NVD) compared to the HRC group (p < 0.001). Clostridium_XVIII, Bulleidia, and Intestinimonas were significantly enriched in the LRC group (p < 0.01), while Sutterella, Fusobacterium, and Bacteroides were significantly increased in the HRC group (p < 0.01). In the metabolome, we detected 390 (248 metabolites up and 142 down in the LRC compared with HRC), and 200 (97 metabolites up and 103 down in the LRC compared with HRC) differential metabolites in positive and negative ionization modes. The comprehensive analysis found that in the LRC group, Escherichia and Eubacterium in the gut may increase serotonin content, respectively. Bacteroides may deplete serotonin. We suggest that the RFI may be partly achieved through tryptophan metabolism in gut microbes. In individuals with low RFI, gut microbes may enhance feed efficiency by enhancing host synthesis and metabolism of tryptophan-related metabolites.

Citizen science in action: Time-resolved immunofluorescence-based field detection of antibiotics with portable analytical kit

Citizen scientist-based environmental monitoring and public education are becoming increasingly popular. However, current technologies for antibiotic-based novel contaminant identification are still restricted to laboratory sample collection and analysis due to detection methodologies and apparatus limitations. This study developed a time-resolved immunofluorescence-based simultaneous field-based assay for ciprofloxacin (CIP) and enrofloxacin (ENR) that matches test results to geographic locations. The assay helps the public understand the potential levels of antibiotic exposures in their environments and helps them take appropriate action to reduce risk. The assay was developed using smartphones and social software in addition to rapid testing. The method uses a portable, low-cost analytical kit with a smartphone app to build a field-based detection platform for the detection and analysis of ENR and CIP in water and aquatic products. The methodological evaluation was good, with detection limits of 0.4 ng/mL and 0.5 ng/g for ENR in water and fish, and quantification limits of 1.2 ng/mL and 1.4 ng/g, with recoveries of 89.0 %–101.0 % and 78.0 %–97.0 %. For CIP in water and fish, the limits of detection were 0.3 ng/mL and 0.4 ng/g, the limits of quantification were 0.9 ng/mL and 1.2 ng/g, and the recoveries were 75.0 %–91.0 % and 72.0 %–89.0 %, both with coefficients of variation <15 %. These limits were sufficient to prevent the two antibiotics from crossing over during simultaneous detection. The assay was validated using real samples to assess the effectiveness of the assay platform in field deployments, and the results were consistent with those obtained through liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) techniques. In addition, the TRFIA assay process requires less time, uses more portable instruments, and is less complex than traditional methods. This study provides a new scientific, accurate, and rapid detection method for antibiotic detection by citizen scientists, helping scientists to obtain a wider range of data and providing more opportunities to solve scientific problems.

Exploring free amino acid profiles in CCHF patients: Implications for disease progression.

This study investigated the intricate interplay between Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) infection and alterations in amino acid metabolism. Our primary aim is to elucidate the impact of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) on specific amino acid concentrations and identify potential metabolic markers associated with viral infection. One hundred ninety individuals participated in this study, comprising 115 CCHF patients, 30 CCHF negative patients, and 45 healthy controls. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry techniques were employed to quantify amino acid concentrations. The amino acid metabolic profiles in CCHF patients exhibit substantial distinctions from those in the control group. Patients highlight distinct metabolic reprogramming, notably characterized by arginine, histidine, taurine, glutamic acid, and glutamine metabolism shifts. These changes have been associated with the underlying molecular mechanisms of the disease. Exploring novel therapeutic and diagnostic strategies addressing specific amino acids may offer potential means to mitigate the severity of the disease.

Exploring free amino acid profiles in Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever patients: Implications for disease progression.

This study investigated the intricate interplay between Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus infection and alterations in amino acid metabolism. The primary aim is to elucidate the impact of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) on specific amino acid concentrations and identify potential metabolic markers associated with viral infection. One hundred ninety individuals participated in this study, comprising 115 CCHF patients, 30 CCHF negative patients, and 45 healthy controls. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry techniques were employed to quantify amino acid concentrations. The amino acid metabolic profiles in CCHF patients exhibit substantial distinctions from those in the control group. Patients highlight distinct metabolic reprogramming, notably characterized by arginine, histidine, taurine, glutamic acid, and glutamine metabolism shifts. These changes have been associated with the underlying molecular mechanisms of the disease. Exploring novel therapeutic and diagnostic strategies addressing specific amino acids may offer potential means to mitigate the severity of the disease.

Association between visceral adipose tissue and total testosterone among the United States male adults: a cross-sectional study.

Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is regarded as an important risk factor for obesity-related diseases. The results of the association between VAT and total testosterone (TT) are controversial and whether this association is nonlinear is still unknown. 3971 male participants who were aged 20-59 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2011-2016 were included. VAT area was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. TT in serum was assessed utilizing the isotope dilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry technique. Linear regression models assessed the associations between VAT area and TT. A restricted cubic spline model was employed to investigate nonlinear relationships. A two-piecewise linear regression model was applied to determine the threshold effect. Subgroup analyses were conducted. The weighted methods were utilized in all analyses. VAT area was inversely associated with TT in the crude and adjusted models. In the fully adjusted model, VAT area was associated with TT (β = -0.59, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.74, -0.43) and compared to the first tertile of VAT area, the second and the third tertile had a lower TT level, the β and 95% CI = -65.49 (-83.72, -47.25) and -97.57 (-121.86, -73.27) respectively. We found these inverse associations were nonlinear. The cutoff point of the VAT area was 126 cm2. When the VAT area was <126 cm2, VAT area was significantly associated with a lower TT level (β = -1.55, 95% CI = -1.93 to -1.17, p < 0.0001). However, when the VAT area was ≥126 cm2, this association was less apparent (β = -0.26, 95% CI = -0.52 to 0.01, p = 0.06). No significant interactions among different ages (<50 or ≥50 years), marital, and physical activity status were found. These findings underscore the potential for VAT area as a modifiable indicator for improving testosterone deficiency.

Dried blood spot (DBS) analysis of synthetic cathinones by different liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques and interlaboratory validation for application in forensic toxicology

Dried Blood Spot (DBS) technique was employed as sample pretreatment for the detection of synthetic cathinones in blood samples, including from postmortem caseworks, by Liquid Chromatography-tandem Mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) techniques. The study involved the interlaboratory validation to evaluate the applicability of the method with different instruments, to assess the applicability and the ruggedness of the method for its wide application. The stability of cathinones in DBS was also evaluated.Authentic casework from drug-related deaths (DRD) involving synthetic cathinones were analysed and results compared in the two laboratories, using the developed methods. Metabolites were studied by two different LC-HRMS methods, orbitrap and Q-TOF.Validation results obtained in both laboratories demonstrated the suitability of DBS as sample storage and pre-treatment technique, allowing good sensitivities, repeatability, matrix effect and %bias. Limits of detection LOD and of quantification LOQ ranged between 0.3 and 1 ng/ml and between 0.5 and 10 ng/mL, respectively, for the studied cathinones in both laboratories. Stability studies demonstrated the high percent of degradation of cathinones, depending on their molecular structure, not attributable to DBS. The analysis of forensic caseworks containing α-PHP and MDPHP by DBS allowed their identification and quantification and the detection of various metabolites in postmortem blood samples. α-PHP degraded over time, while MDPHP concentration did not show significant differences in a three-months period, probably due to the presence of the metylendioxy moiety.These results demonstrate DBS to be a rapid and efficient technique for the analysis of cathinones, and that quantitative results for these analytes should be carefully interpreted due to their possible degradation.

Development of an Open Droplet Microchannel-Based Magnetosensor for Immunofluorometric Assay of Trimethoprim in Chicken and Pork Samples with a Wide Linear Range.

Trimethoprim (TMP), functioning as a synergistic antibacterial agent, is utilized in diagnosing and treating diseases affecting livestock and poultry. Human consumption of the medication indirectly may lead to its drug accumulation in the body and increase drug resistance due to its prolonged metabolic duration in livestock and poultry, presenting significant health hazards. Most reported immunoassay techniques, such as ELISA and immunochromatographic assay (ICA), find it challenging to achieve the dual advantages of high sensitivity, simplicity of operation, and a wide detection range. Consequently, an open droplet microchannel-based magnetosensor for immunofluorometric assay (OMM-IFA) of trimethoprim was created, featuring a gel imager to provide a signal output derived from the highly specific antibody (Ab) targeting trimethoprim. The method exhibited high sensitivity in chicken and pork samples, with LODs of 0.300 and 0.017 ng/mL, respectively, and a wide linear range, covering trimethoprim's total maximum residue limits (MRLs). Additionally, the spiked recoveries in chicken and pork specimens varied between 81.6% and 107.9%, maintaining an acceptable variation coefficient below 15%, aligning well with the findings from the ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) technique. The developed method achieved a much wider linear range of about 5 orders of magnitude of 10-2-103 levels with grayscale signals as the output signal, which exhibited high sensitivity, excellent applicability and simple operability based on magnetic automation.

Determination of biomarker candidates for the placenta accreta spectrum by plasma proteomic analysis

Placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) presents a significant obstetric challenge, associated with considerable maternal and fetal-neonatal morbidity and mortality. Nevertheless, it is imperative to acknowledge that a noteworthy subset of PAS cases remains undetected until the time of delivery, thereby contributing to an augmented incidence of morbidity among the affected individuals. The delayed identification of PAS not only hinders timely intervention but also exacerbates the associated health risks for both the maternal and fetal outcomes. This underscores the urgency to innovate strategies for early PAS diagnosis. In this study, we aimed to explore plasma proteins as potential diagnostic biomarkers for PAS. Integrated transcriptome and proteomic analyses were conducted to establish a novel diagnostic approach. A cohort of 15 pregnant women diagnosed with PAS and delivering at Inonu University Faculty of Medicine between 01/04/2021 and 01/01/2023, along with a matched control group of 15 pregnant women without PAS complications, were enrolled. Plasma protein identification utilized enzymatic digestion and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry techniques. Proteomic analysis identified 228 plasma proteins, of which 85 showed significant differences (P < 0.001) between PAS and control cases. We refined this to a set of 20 proteins for model construction, resulting in a highly accurate classification model (96.9% accuracy). Notable associations were observed for proteins encoded by P01859 (Immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma 2), P02538 (Keratin type II cytoskeletal 6A), P29622 [Kallistatin (also known as Serpin A4)], P17900 (Ganglioside GM2 activator Calmodulin-like protein 5), and P01619 (Immunoglobulin kappa variable 3–20), with fold changes indicating their relevance in distinguishing PAS from control groups. In conclusion, our study has identified novel plasma proteins that could serve as potential biomarkers for early diagnosis of PAS in pregnant women. Further research and validation in larger PAS cohorts are necessary to determine the clinical utility and reliability of these proteomic biomarkers for diagnosing PAS.

The Clinical Utility of the Saliva Proteome in Rare Diseases: A Pilot Study for Biomarker Discovery in Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis.

Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a rare chronic inflammatory liver disease characterized by biliary strictures and cholestasis. Due to the lack of effective serological indicators for diagnosis and prognosis, in the present study, we examined the potentiality of the saliva proteome to comprehensively screen for novel biomarkers. Saliva samples of PSC patients and healthy controls were processed and subsequently analyzed using a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry technique. A bioinformatic approach was applied to detect the differentially expressed proteins, their related biological functions and pathways, and the correlation with the clinical evidence in order to identify a possible marker for the PSC group. We identified 25 differentially expressed proteins in PSC patients when compared to the healthy control group. Among them, eight proteins exhibited area under the curve values up to 0.800, suggesting these saliva proteins as good discriminators between the two groups. Multiple positive correlations were also identified between the dysregulated salivary proteins and increased serum alkaline phosphatase levels and the presence of ulcerative colitis. Pathway analysis revealed significant enrichments in the immune system, neutrophil degranulation, and in the interleukine-17 signaling pathway. We demonstrated the potentiality of saliva as a useful biofluid to obtain a fingerprint of the pathology, suggesting disulfide-isomerase A3 and peroxiredoxin-5 as the better discriminating proteins in PSC patients. Hence, analysis of saliva proteins could become, in future, a useful tool in the screening of patients with suspected PSC.

Comparative proteomic analysis of wall-forming bodies and oocyst wall reveals the molecular basis underlying oocyst wall formation in Eimeria necatrix

BackgroundThe durable oocyst wall formed from the contents of wall-forming bodies (WFBs) protects Eimeria parasites from harsh conditions and enhances parasite transmission. Comprehending the contents of WFBs and proteins involved in oocyst wall formation is pivotal to understanding the mechanism of the oocyst wall formation and the search for novel targets to disrupt parasite transmission.MethodsTotal proteins extracted from WFBs and the oocyst wall of Eimeria necatrix were subjected to comparative proteomic analysis using tandem mass tag in conjunction with liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry techniques. After functional clustering analysis of the identified proteins, three proteins, including E. necatrix disulfide isomerase (EnPDI), thioredoxin (EnTrx) and phosphoglycerate kinase (EnPGK), were selected for further study to confirm their potential roles in oocyst wall formation.ResultsA total of 3009 and 2973 proteins were identified from WFBs and the oocyst wall of E. necatrix, respectively. Among these proteins, 1102 were identified as differentially expressed proteins, of which 506 were upregulated and 596 downregulated in the oocyst wall compared to the WFBs. A total of 108 proteins, including compositional proteins of the oocyst wall, proteases, oxidoreductases, proteins involved in glycosylation, proteins involved in synthesis of the acid-fast lipid layer and proteins related to transport, were proposed to be involved in oocyst wall formation. The approximate molecular sizes of native EnPDI, EnTrx and EnPGK proteins were 55, 50 and 45 kDa, respectively. EnPDI was present in both type 1 and type 2 WFBs, EnTrx was present only in type 2 WFB2 and EnPGK was present only in type 1 WFBs, whereas all of them were localized to the outer layer of the oocyst wall, indicating that all of them participate in the formation of the oocyst wall.ConclusionsTo the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the proteomes of WFBs and the oocyst wall of E. necatrix. The data obtained from this study form a basis for deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying oocyst wall formation of Eimeria parasites. They also provide valuable resources for future studies on the development of novel therapeutic agents and vaccines aimed at combating coccidian transmission.Graphical

Comparison of ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) and enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT) for quantification of voriconazole plasma concentration from Chinese patients

IntroductionVoriconazole (VRZ) is the recommended standard treatment for life-threatening invasive aspergillosis. The plasma concentration of VRZ should be determined to optimise treatment results and reduce side effects. This study aimed to compare the correlation and concordance of ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) and enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT) to determine VRZ plasma concentration in clinical practice. MethodsAn isotopically labelled internal standard UPLC-MS/MS method was established, validated, and subsequently applied to determine VRZ concentration. The UPLC-MS/MS method was also compared with a commercial EMIT method regarding results correlation and concordance. ResultsThe calibration curve of UPLC-MS/MS was linear from 0.1 to 10 mg/L, the inter- and intra-day relative standard deviations (RSDs), and the stability of quality control samples were less than 15 %, satisfying the Bioanalytical Method Validation Guidelines. A total of 122 plasma samples were collected and analyzed using both methods. UPLC-MS/MS and EMIT showed a high correlation (r = 0.9534), and Bland-Altman analysis indicated a mean absolute bias of 1.035 mg/L and an average bias of 27.56 % between UPLC-MS/MS and EMIT. The paired Wilcoxon test and Bland-Altman analysis revealed poor consistency between the two methods. Furthermore, we compared the effects of different methods in clinical applications. Two threshold values for treatment efficacy (1.0 mg/L) and safety (5.5 mg/L) were established, and considerable discordance was observed between the original EMIT and UPLC-MS/MS results at both thresholds (p < 0.05). Nevertheless, the adjusted EMIT results were not inconsistent with the UPLC-MS/MS results regarding the efficacy (p = 0.125) and safety (p = 1.0) thresholds. ConclusionsThe isotopically labelled internal standard UPLC-MS/MS method is established and well applied in the clinical setting. A strong correlation but discordance was found between UPLC-MS/MS and EMIT, indicating that switching from UPLC-MS/MS to EMIT was unsuitable. However, the adjusted EMIT results may serve as a reliable surrogate when UPLC-MS/MS results cannot be obtained when necessary.

Circulating choline and phosphocholine measurement by a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

BackgroundGiven the growing interest in studying the role of choline and phosphocholine in the development and progression of tumor pathology, in this study we describe the development and validation of a fast and robust method for the simultaneous analysis of choline and phosphocholine in human plasma. MethodsCholine and phosphocholine quantification in human plasma was obtained using a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry technique. Assay performance parameters were evaluated using EMA guidelines. ResultsCalibration curve ranged from 0.60 to 38.40 μmol/L (R2 = 0.999) and 0.08–5.43 μmol/L (R2 = 0.998) for choline and phosphocholine, respectively. The Limit Of Detection of the method was 0.06 μmol/L for choline and 0.04 μmol/L for phosphocholine. The coefficient of variation range for intra-assay precision is 2.2–4.1 % (choline) and 3.2–15 % (phosphocholine), and the inter-assay precision range is < 1–6.5 % (choline) and 6.2–20 % (phosphocholine). The accuracy of the method was below the ±20 % benchmarks at all the metabolites concentration levels. In-house plasma pool of apparently healthy adults was tested, and a mean concentration of 15.97 μmol/L for Choline and 0.34 μmol/L for Phosphocholine was quantified. ConclusionsThe developed method shows good reliability in quantifying Choline and Phosphocholine in human plasma for clinical purposes.

Integrated proteome and malonylome analyses reveal the potential meaning of TLN1 and ACTB in end-stage renal disease

BackgroundEnd-stage renal disease (ESRD) is a condition that is characterized by the loss of kidney function. ESRD patients suffer from various endothelial dysfunctions, inflammation, and immune system defects. Lysine malonylation (Kmal) is a recently discovered post-translational modification (PTM). Although Kmal has the ability to regulate a wide range of biological processes in various organisms, its specific role in ESRD is limited.MethodsIn this study, the affinity enrichment and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) techniques have been used to create the first global proteome and malonyl proteome (malonylome) profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from twenty patients with ESRD and eighty-one controls.ResultsOn analysis, 793 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) and 12 differentially malonylated proteins (DMPs) with 16 Kmal sites were identified. The Rap1 signaling pathway and platelet activation pathway were found to be important in the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD), as were DMPs TLN1 and ACTB, as well as one malonylated site. One conserved Kmal motif was also discovered.ConclusionsThese findings provided the first report on the Kmal profile in ESRD, which could be useful in understanding the potential role of lysine malonylation modification in the development of ESRD.

Feasibility of crude F4 fimbriae extract as a vaccine candidate for preventing Escherichia coli-induced diarrhea in piglets.

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) poses a substantial risk of neonatal diarrhea and post-weaning diarrhea among piglets, with F4+ ETEC strains emerging as a particularly challenging issue within the pig farming industry. This study aimed to introduce a straightforward approach for generating a crude extract of F4 fimbriae that shows promise as an antigenic determinant for potential vaccination strategies. A crude F4 fimbriae extract was obtained from F4+ ETEC using a combination of heat shock and homogenization techniques. Subsequently, three 4-week-old piglets were immunized with a primary dose of 150 μg and a booster dose 2 weeks later. Blood samples were collected to evaluate the level of serum F4-specific antibodies using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Analysis using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry techniques unveiled crucial insights into the composition of the crude F4 fimbriae extract. Notably, a distinct prominent band (~24 kDa) was identified, corresponding to the size of FaeG, the major subunit of F4 fimbriae. Regarding antibody response, there was a remarkable disparity between the levels of serum immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgA antibodies targeting F4 compared with other E. coli strains (F18+ ETEC, F41+ ETEC, and F4-F18-F41- EC), as well as with the unvaccinated control group (p < 0.01). Specifically, the levels of IgG antibodies against other E. coli strains were also significantly higher than those observed in the unvaccinated control group (p < 0.05). Our findings suggest that the crude F4 fimbriae extracts obtained using our simple extraction method induce specific immune responses against F4+ E. coli and stimulate cross-immunity against other E. coli strains. Therefore, our method shows potential for use in future vaccine development against diarrhea in pigs caused by E. coli.

Phytochemical profiling of three Amaranthus species using LC-MS/MS metabolomic approach and chemometric tools

Several Amaranthus vegetables (Amaranthaceae) have been recognized as valuable sources of minerals, vitamins, proteins, and phytonutrients, with health-promoting characteristics. In this study, three edible Amaranthus species, namely A. hybridus (AH), A. blitum (AB), and A. caudatus (AC), were chemically characterized using non-targeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) technique. Further, multivariate chemometric analyses were conducted, including principal component analysis (PCA) and correlation-covariance plot (C-C plot). As a result, forty-one diverse compounds were identified, which varied in distribution and abundance across the investigated species. Amino acids and flavonoid glycosides were the most prevalent metabolites. Other identified compounds comprised nucleoside, chlorogenic acids, hydroxy cinnamoyl amides, and triterpenoid saponins. The most discriminant metabolites were flavonoid glycosides and hydroxy cinnamoyl amides, giving each species a chemotaxonomic identity. Advancing the chemotaxonomy of Amaranthaceae, adenosine nucleoside and N-coumaroyl-ʟ-tryptophan were first reported from this family. Isorhamnetin and tricin glycosides were uniquely identified in AC, offering useful chemotaxonomic markers for this species. Notably, AB and AH profiles shared most metabolites, yet with varying abundance. These include adenosine, nicotiflorin, dicaffeoylquinic acids, and N-trans-feruloyl-4-O-methyldopamine. However, N-coumaroyl-ʟ-tryptophan and kaempferol dirhamnoside were exclusively found in AB, separating it from AH. In conclusion, the applied analytical techniques established molecular fingerprints for the included species, identified specific biomarkers, and investigated their interconnections.