Liquidity Assistance Research Articles

High-Speed Electrospinning of Ethyl Cellulose Nanofibers via Taylor Cone Optimization.

Ethyl cellulose (EC) is one of the most widely used cellulose derivatives. Nevertheless, challenges such as the formation of beaded fibers, low yield, and nonporous internal structure persist in electrospinning, limiting functional improvements and industrial applications. This study invented a groundbreaking high-speed electrospinning technique through sheath liquid assistance to optimize the Taylor cone, dramatically enhancing the yield, morphology, and formation of porous structures of EC nanofibers beyond what has been seen in the literature to date. Our study emphasizes the crucial role of the sheath liquid's physical and chemical properties in controlling the morphology and diameter of EC nanofibers. It was discovered that highly polar and viscous sheath liquids led to the formation of beaded structures. Most importantly, the sheath liquid-assisted method substantially increased the ejection rate of the EC solution tens and hundreds of times compared to the current low-speed electrospinning method (0.1-1 mL/h) by refining the shape of the Taylor cone and resolving low productivity challenges in conventional nanofiber production. Meanwhile, increasing the flow rate of the EC or the sheath liquid accelerated the phase separation of EC solutions, thereby promoting the formation of porous structures in EC nanofibers. A pronounced porous structure was observed when the core EC flow rate reached 25 mL/h or the sheath chloroform flow rate reached 20 mL/h. Furthermore, our sheath liquid-assisted high-speed electrospinning technique demonstrated universal applicability to ECs with varying molecular weights. This study comprehensively addressed challenges in controlling the yield, morphology, and internal structure of EC nanofibers through sheath-solution-assisted high-speed electrospinning technology. These findings provide an innovative approach to developing next-generation electrospinning technologies to enhance the yield and properties of natural polymers for sustainability.

Enhancement of Electromagnetic Wave Attenuation through Polarization Loss Induced by Hybridization of Rare‐Earth 4f and Mo‐4d Orbitals in Liquid Plasma

AbstractThe incorporation of large‐sized rare earth (RE) elements with high coordination characteristics into transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) absorbers while preserving a high 1T phase content during post‐processing poses a significant challenge. To address this, a novel strategy involving the confinement of RE elements within the 1T‐MoS2 lattice via liquid plasma assistance, is proposed. This approach effectively mitigates the environmental impact on the 1T phase of MoS2, yielding a remarkable 1T phase content of 82.69% for Ce20‐D7 (20 wt.% Cerium trinitrate and 7 kV applied voltage). Combining experimental and theoretical investigations reveals that the multi‐orbital characteristics of RE elements facilitate hybridization between the RE‐4f and Mo‐4d orbitals on the MoS2 surface, leading to the occupation of weakly bound electrons in bonding orbitals with short‐distance motion, enhanced inter‐orbital electron‐electron interactions, and induced polarization loss. Notably, the results demonstrate that the Pr15‐D7 sample (15 wt.% praseodymium nitrate and 7 kV applied voltage) exhibits an effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 7.12 GHz at 2.6 mm, with a minimum reflection loss of ‐52.02 dB while the Ce20‐D7 sample achieves an EAB of 6.96 GHz at 2.7 mm. These findings provide valuable insights for the rational design and development of high‐performance TMD absorbers leveraging RE‐modified materials.

Transformation of Additional Bank Indonesia'scapital Adequacy Ratio (Car) into State Collecting Rights Blbi

The escalation of the monetary crisis in 1997/1998 had an impact on the banking industry in Indonesia, most of the banking industry ran out of money (bokek) so that the existence of banks became insolvent banks. Bank Indonesia, which functions as the last monetary gateway, issued monetary policy with the Liquidity Assistance Fund (BLBI) scheme, which was a bailout fund for Bank Indonesia for insolvent banks affected by the 1997/1998 monetary crisis. Bank Indonesia 's liquidity assistance scheme to obligors ( recipients ) has resulted in Bank Indonesia 's capital adequacy ratio ( CAR ) . Bank Indonesia's Capital Adequat Ratio (CAR) is in free fall. Bank Indonesia is undercapitalized. The government covered Bank Indonesia's lack of capital, not with cash and in full, but with government bonds (SUN), the nominal value of this SUN is equivalent to the amount of BI Liquidity Assistance (BLBI) provided by Bank Indonesia to obligors. SUN is subsequently used by Bank Indonesia as a means of Bank Indonesia's Capital Maintenance Notes (CMN). The Capital Maintenance Notes are then compensated with the transfer of the claim rights (cessie) to the obligor (the BLBI receiving bank), by Bank Indonesia, to the Government. BLBI, which was originally a monetary policy, turned into fiscal policy, changed the legal status of BLBI collection rights, became a government asset in the form of state receivables, but historically the settlement costs which also used SUN have come down short. Fiscal policy, regarding the settlement of collection rights (cessie) turned out to be more expensive than the total collection rights (cessie), on the other hand, with the maturity of government bonds (SUN) used as a CMN facility, resulting in a sustainable government burden, at least this burden continues for up to five presidents and will continue in the administrations of subsequent presidents. This paper study uses a normative approach which is expected to be able to answer the epistemological problems of the theme of this article, which is entitled Transformation of the Addition of the Capital Adequacy Ratio (Car) of Bank Indonesia into BLBI State Collection Rights.

Catalytic One-pot Solvent Free Synthesis, Biological Activity, and Docking Study of New Series of 1, 3-thiazolidine-4-one Derivatives Derived from 2- (P-tolyl) Benzoxazol-5-amine.

In this study, a simple triethylammonium salt of phosphoric acid (triethylammonium dihydrogen phosphate) (4) in the liquid state was utilized as an inexpensive, efficient one-pot three components, solvent-free synthesis of thiazolidine-4-one derivatives, with good to excellent yields. Techniques such as FT-IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, 13C-NMR-DEPT-135, and MS. were used for the structural elucidation. The high biotic efficiency of the newly obtained compounds was confirmed by in vitro antimicrobial action against Gram-positive (S. Aureus), Gram-negative bacteria (P. Aeruginosa and E. Coli) and antifungal activity (C. Albicans) via microplate titer dilution technique. Finally, a molecular docking study was performed with a resolved crystal structure of S. Aureus D-alanine alanyl carrier protein ligase (PDB ID: 7VHV). This investigation aimed to synthesize a new series of thiazolidine-4-one derivatives combined with benzoxazole moiety. Ionic liquid assistance one-pot solvent-free synthesis method used to synthesize a new series of thiazolidine-4-one derivative 10(a-e). Structural identification of new synthesis and biological evaluation via techniques of (IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, 13C-NMR-DEPT-135, and MS). Ionic liquid is utilized as an inexpensive, efficient one-pot three-component solvent-free synthesis of thiazolidine-4-one derivatives with good to excellent yields. Most of the synthesized compounds showed high biological and anti-fungal activity, in line with the docking study against mentioned microorganism and crystal structure of PDB (ID: 7VHV), respectively.

Microstructures Formation through Liquid‐Assisted Assembly of Functional Materials for High‐Performance Electronics

AbstractThe assembly of functional materials into microstructures, which extends unique features such as enlarged specific surface areas, effective conduction paths, higher material utilization ratios, and ordered alignment compared to continuous films, has gained prominence in various fields. Achieving high performance in electronics requires cooperation among building blocks, fabrication methods, and device design. However, the remaining challenge is obtaining highly regular and large‐scale patterns with controllable assembly methods while maximizing device performances. Manipulating functional materials with liquid assistance is a feasible approach to realizing controllable dewetting, regular molecule packing, and customized performances. This review focuses on the recent advances in preparing and applying liquid‐induced microstructures. The predominant preparation technologies are summarized, including flow‐enabled assembly, nanoimprint lithography, and capillary‐bridge‐mediated assembly. Furthermore, diverse applications of various microstructure‐based electronics, such as flexible and transparent electrodes, organic field‐effect transistors, gas sensors, photodetectors, and solar cells, are demonstrated.

Legal Comparison of Deferred Prosecution Agreement (DPA) Methods in the USA, UK and Indonesia for Recovering State Financial Losses Due to Corruption Crimes

A deferred prosecution agreement (DPA) is an attempt to delay prosecution by making an agreement between the prosecutor and the corporation that committed the crime. This system has been implemented in the United Kingdom and the United States. DPA is one of the solutions to problems in the process of eradicating corruption. However, differences in the legal system are obstacles to its application in Indonesia. So it is necessary to develop an approach to be able to determine a model that is in accordance with the existing laws in Indonesia. Using normative juridical methods, how do DPA in USA, UK, and similar legal institutions compare with DPAs in Indonesia and their obstacles. Based on the research findings and discussions, it can be concluded that in the USA, DPA can be executed when there is corporate acknowledgment of criminal facts, an agreement to cooperate, a specified timeframe for the agreement, and an agreement involving a certain amount of monetary payments as a condition. In the UK, DPA serves as a probation for corporations, involving a negotiation, approval, and enforcement process. Furthermore, because Indonesia has not yet implemented DPA, but there are legal mechanisms with characteristics similar to DPA, namely diversion, restorative justice, the prosecutor's principle of opportunity, fines payment, and the MSAA/MRNIA model applied in the case of the Bank Indonesia Liquidity Assistance.

Trace Ionic Liquid-Assisted Orientational Growth of Cu2O (110) Facets Promote CO2 Electroreduction to C2 Products.

Cu2O has great advantages for CO2 electroreduction to C2 products, of which the activity and selectivity are closely related to its crystal facets. In this work, density functional theory calculation indicated that the (110) facets of Cu2O had a lower energy barrier for the C-C coupling compared to the (100) and (111) facets. Therefore, Cu2O(110) facets were successfully synthesized with the assistance of trace ionic liquid ([Bmim]BF4) by a sample wet-chemical method. A high faradaic efficiency of 71.1% and a large current density of 265.1 mA cm-2 toward C2H4 and C2H5OH were achieved at -1.1 V (vs. reversible hydrogen electrode) in a flow cell. The in-situ and electrochemical analysis indicated that it possessed the synergy effects of strong adsorption of *CO2 and *CO, large active area and excellent conductivity. This study provided a new way to enhance the C2 selectivity of CO2 electroreduction on Cu2O by crystal structure engineering.

Catalytic Cracking of Polylactic Acid to Acrylic Acid

Comprehensive SummaryAs a typical type of sustainable plastic, polyesters can be recycled or upcycled into value‐added chemicals in a variety of methods. However, excess reagents are required for most of the depolymerization and upcycling processes, causing the emission of environmental pollutants and the waste of chemical resources. Here we demonstrate a one‐pot catalytic process to directly crack polylactic acid into acrylic acid by acid catalyst with the assistance of an ionic liquid, Bu4PBr. Polylactic acid is attacked by the Br– from Bu4PBr and the H+ from acid to form oligomers containing Br or acryloyl group, and these oligomers serve as intermediates to produce acrylic acid during their mutual transformation. The acrylic acid is vaporized directly from the reactor and obtained in a collector with a selectivity around 90 % when polylactic acid is fully converted. This green process shows great advantages in atom economy compared to the conventional recycling/upcycling methods for polyesters, in addition, a better efficiency in converting the polymer than the corresponding monomer could inspire new upcycle strategies for different plastic wastes.

Silk-derived nitrogen-doped porous carbon electrodes with enhanced ionic conductivity for high-performance supercapacitors

Supercapacitors are attracting extensive attention in energy storage fields thanks to their high safety, cost-effectiveness, and environmental friendliness. The carbon materials, especially for the porous carbon materials derived from renewable biomass materials, are important electrode materials with cost-effective feature for supercapacitors. However, the inferior ionic conductivity of biomass materials inhibits their electrochemical performance in energy storage devices. Herein, an immiscible liquid-mediated method is provided to improve the ionic conductivity of silk-derived nitrogen-doped porous carbon (NPC) electrodes. Natural Bombyx mori (silkworm) silk is used as a carbon source for the preparation of electrode of supercapacitor. Further introducing immiscible organic liquid into the NPCs promotes the ion transport in the inner pores of the electrodes. With the assistance of organic liquid, the supercapacitor presents a specific capacitance of 565.3 F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1. The supercapacitor shows the maximum specific energy and power density of 26.2 Wh kg−1 and 263.9 W kg−1, and holds a capacitance retention of approximately 93.3% after 10 000 cycles. This work provides a facile method for the rational design of carbon material derived from biomass material to fabricate electrode with high ionic conductivity, and the strategy will be extendable to other biomass materials for a wide range of applications.

Supercapacitive properties of MnNiSx@Ti3C2Tx MXene positive electrode assisted by functionalized ionic liquid

MnNiSx@Ti3C2Tx as the positive electrode of supercapacitor was successfully prepared by hydrothermal method with the assistance of amino-functionalized ionic liquids. The micromorphological structures of MnNiSx@Ti3C2Tx were analyzed using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscope, and energy dispersive spectrometer to reveal the synergistic effect between MnNiSx and Ti3C2Tx MXene. MnNiSx grew into a three-dimensional coral-like structure on the surface and between layers of Ti3C2Tx nanosheets. This structure alleviated the collapse and stacking of Ti3C2Tx, increased the specific surface area of Ti3C2Tx, and promoted the charges transfer on the surface of Ti3C2Tx. The electrochemical performances of MnNiSx@Ti3C2Tx positive electrode, such as cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, were investigated. The synergistic effect between MnNiSx and Ti3C2Tx MXene improved the specific capacitance and the capacitance retention of the MnNiSx@Ti3C2Tx electrode. An asymmetric solid-state supercapacitor (ASC) assembled using MnNiSx@Ti3C2Tx as cathode material had the power density of 816.34 W·kg−1, and the energy density of 35.11 Wh·kg−1. The capacitance retention of ASC reached 98% after 5000 cycles at a current density of 5 A·g−1.

Unraveling energy storage behavior of independent ions in carbon electrode for supercapacitors by polymeric ionic liquids and electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance

A fundamental understanding of the charge storage mechanism of electrochemical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) requires an in-depth storage behavior investigation of independent ions (individual cations or anions) on the electrode surface. The direct in-situ observation for energy storage behavior of individual ions under realistic conditions remains challenge. Herein, in-situ monitoring the energy storage behavior of independent ions is realized with assistance of polymeric ionic liquids skillfully. Triangle cyclic voltammogram (CV) curves indicate that polymeric imidazole cations PVBIm+ with huge size cannot enter the active carbon pores upon charging, whereas only free anions can. The CV and electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) simultaneously detect ion adsorption/desorption during charging. It’s proposed that ion adsorption/desorption is governed by electrostatic attraction and repulsion of charged particles. PVBIm+ are adsorbed on the electrode surface due to ion adsorption mechanism during the negative polarization and have a small capacity contribution. Free anions contribute capacitance, their number entering the pore is determined by the interaction between polycaions and anions. Moreover, PVBIm(0.1)+ with higher polymerization degree may promote desorption of polycations and prevent further adsorption of anions at higher potential in positive polarization. This work not only observes the charging behavior of independent ions, but also reveals the relevant charging mechanism through EQCM, paving the way for panorama of EDLC.

Highly efficient silica coated perovskite nanocrystals with the assistance of ionic liquids for warm white LEDs.

Given the inherent characteristics of defect-tolerant, tunable emission performance, and high extinction coefficient, lead halide perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) have attracted widespread attention as a promising material in optoelectronic fields. However, their poor structural stability greatly impedes their practical applications. Herein, a novel strategy for synthesizing stable CsPbBr3@SiO2 NCs via the hydrolytic polycondensation of (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) in the presence of ionic liquids (ILs) is deliberately designed. The problems of fluorescence quenching and undesirable agglomeration of NCs resulting from ligand loss and surface erosion existing in common encapsulation methods can be effectively resolved. The fast and controllable growth of the SiO2 shell around the CsPbBr3 NCs is realized owing to the high polarity and hygroscopicity of the IL. Moreover, the dual effects of the IL for passivating the surface defects and avoiding the structural degradation of NCs during the hydrolysis process of APTES are demonstrated. As a result, CsPbBr3@SiO2 NCs with a high photoluminescence quantum yield of 85.7% and excellent stability are realized. Furthermore, this method proves to be a versatile tool to obtain CsPbX3@SiO2 NCs with different halide compositions, realizing a broad tunable wavelength from 421.2 nm to 651.6 nm. A warm white LED with a high color rending index was assembled through packaging CsPbBr3@SiO2 NCs and Cu-In-Zn-S/ZnS/PVP composites on a commercial blue chip. These findings are expected to facilitate the development of perovskite NCs, which provides access to their optoelectronic applications.

Biocompatible and electrolyte embossed wearable textile based supercapacitors from chitosan derived bio-ternary composites crafted fabric electrodes

A typical biocompatible and electrolyte inscribed textile based supercapacitor approached for wearable smart devices. The flexible electrolyte imprinted textile based supercapacitors designed from Chitosan/MnO2@MnCO3 chelate decorated fabrics. The active materials fabricated under BMIMBF4 ionic liquid assistance through hydrothermal method. The physiochemical properties, surface morphological notes are inspected by examining out X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy investigations. The XPS outlines of the composite disclose typical peaks of Mn2p1/2 (653.4 eV), Mn2p3/2 (641.5 eV), N1s (401.2 eV), and C1s (285.5 eV). The flexible supercapacitor exhibits notable areal capacitance of 2.5 Fcm−2 and 0.35 Wh cm−2 energy density. The fabric supercapacitors perform decent capacity retention around 90–89 % after 10,000 charge-discharge cycles with good mechanical flexibility performance. Moreover the obtained biocompatibility results are good to recommend for wearable devices (~90 % cell viability). The chitosan bio-ternary composite crafted textile based supercapacitor may newcomer for the suitability to wearable textile based energy storage system.

Significant boosting effect of single atom Pt towards the ultrasonic generation of H2O2: A two-way catalytic mechanism

Single atom Pt was anchored on the surface of SiO2 (Pt1/SiO2) with the assistance of ionic liquid. It was found that Pt1(0.1 %)/SiO2 could catalyze to sonically generate 3027.1 µmol L−1 h−1 H2O2, being 25.2 folds and 11.6 folds of those from pure ultrasound and sonocatalytic processes of Ptn(0.1 %)/SiO2, respectively. It was also the maximum concentration of H2O2 generated by sonocatalysis so far. The significant boosting effect of Pt1 was attributed to the synergetic role of its two-way catalytic processes proved by isotope labeling and DFT calculation. Firstly, Pt1 catalyzed the sono-splitting of H2O to generate •OH as the precursor of H2O2 formation by increasing the adsorption energy of H2O; Secondly, it catalyzed the combination of O2 and •H to selectively generate •OOH as another precursor of H2O2 by one end-on type adsorption of O2 on Pt1. These findings provided a new way to enhance the ultrasonic generation of H2O2.

Ionic Liquid Mediated Triple Catalysis for Alkylation and Methylation of Acyl Chlorides with Mechanistic Insight

Here we report a seminal triple catalysis strategy with the assistance of catalytic ionic liquid. DFT calculations reveal the detailed effect of ionic liquid in this triple catalysis mediated C(sp3)-H functionalizations and a very different mechanism has been established in contrast to all previous dual catalysis research. Based on it, direct coupling between acyl chlorides and very strong or polar C(sp3)-H bonds has been realized in high yields as well as unexpected methylation of acyl chlorides first using just 1.2 equivalent tetramethylsilane as methyl source via successive C(sp3)-H and C(sp3)-Si cleavage. One pot methylation strategy has been developed in this research. This is the first report of that ionic liquid is used for very strong C(sp3)-H bonds functionalization and the first report of that tetramethylsilane is used as methyl source.

Legal Construction For The Obligors Of The Bank Of Indonesia Liquidity Assistance Funds (Blbi) In Returning State Assets That Guarantee Legal Certainty And Justice

The BLBI dispute has been running for more than 20 years since the BLBI issued by the Government during the monetary crisis that occurred in Indonesia from 1997 to 1998, when the Government of Indonesia decided to implement a managed floating exchange rate system and free floating Until now, theproblem of Bank Indonesia Liquidity Assistance (BLBI) has not yet been found. Even blbi dispute resolution is increasingly unclear in its direction. The deviation of BLBI disbursement amounted to Rp 138,442 trillion from the total BLBI funds issued by the Government to save the economic crisis that at that time occurred amounted to Rp 144,536 trillion. The urgency of legal reconstruction is very necessary in resolving disputes over BLBI funds that are increasingly directionless.

Legal Construction For The Obligors Of The Bank Of Indonesia Liquidity Assistance Funds (Blbi) In Returning State Assets That Guarantee Legal Certainty And Justice

The BLBI dispute has been running for more than 20 years since the BLBI issued by the Government during the monetary crisis that occurred in Indonesia from 1997 to 1998, when the Government of Indonesia decided to implement a managed floating exchange rate system and free floating Until now, theproblem of Bank Indonesia Liquidity Assistance (BLBI) has not yet been found. Even blbi dispute resolution is increasingly unclear in its direction. The deviation of BLBI disbursement amounted to Rp 138,442 trillion from the total BLBI funds issued by the Government to save the economic crisis that at that time occurred amounted to Rp 144,536 trillion. The urgency of legal reconstruction is very necessary in resolving disputes over BLBI funds that are increasingly directionless.

Constructing Interfacial Boron‐Nitrogen Moieties in Turbostratic Carbon for Electrochemical Hydrogen Peroxide Production

AbstractThe electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) provides a green route for decentralized H2O2 synthesis, where a structure–selectivity relationship is pivotal for the control of a highly selective and active two‐electron pathway. Here, we report the fabrication of a boron and nitrogen co‐doped turbostratic carbon catalyst with tunable B−N−C configurations (CNB‐ZIL) by the assistance of a zwitterionic liquid (ZIL) for electrochemical hydrogen peroxide production. Combined spectroscopic analysis reveals a fine tailored B−N moiety in CNB‐ZIL, where interfacial B−N species in a homogeneous distribution tend to segregate into hexagonal boron nitride domains at higher pyrolysis temperatures. Based on the experimental observations, a correlation between the interfacial B−N moieties and HO2− selectivity is established. The CNB‐ZIL electrocatalysts with optimal interfacial B−N moieties exhibit a high HO2− selectivity with small overpotentials in alkaline media, giving a HO2− yield of ≈1787 mmol gcatalyst−1 h−1 at −1.4 V in a flow‐cell reactor.

Constructing Interfacial Boron-Nitrogen Moieties in Turbostratic Carbon for Electrochemical Hydrogen Peroxide Production.

The electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) provides a green route for decentralized H2O2 synthesis, where a structure–selectivity relationship is pivotal for the control of a highly selective and active two‐electron pathway. Here, we report the fabrication of a boron and nitrogen co‐doped turbostratic carbon catalyst with tunable B−N−C configurations (CNB‐ZIL) by the assistance of a zwitterionic liquid (ZIL) for electrochemical hydrogen peroxide production. Combined spectroscopic analysis reveals a fine tailored B−N moiety in CNB‐ZIL, where interfacial B−N species in a homogeneous distribution tend to segregate into hexagonal boron nitride domains at higher pyrolysis temperatures. Based on the experimental observations, a correlation between the interfacial B−N moieties and HO2 − selectivity is established. The CNB‐ZIL electrocatalysts with optimal interfacial B−N moieties exhibit a high HO2 − selectivity with small overpotentials in alkaline media, giving a HO2 − yield of ≈1787 mmol gcatalyst −1 h−1 at −1.4 V in a flow‐cell reactor.

West African Economic and Monetary Union

The institutional and legal frameworks for financial stability in the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) have seen significant progress since the previous Financial Sector Assessment Program (FSAP) in 2008. 1 The institutional reform of the WAEMU and the Central Bank of West African States (BCEAO) in 2010 clarified the respective mandates and responsibilities of the latter and the WAEMU Banking Commission (CBU), and it strengthened the CBU’s legal autonomy and enforcement powers. A new banking law adopted in 2010 established an overall framework for the operation and supervision of banking activities, which has been rendered more proactive and risk based with the gradual implementation of the Basel II/III mechanism initiated in 2016. A bank resolution regime was introduced in 2015 and the mandate of the deposit guarantee fund, created in 2014, was expanded to bank resolution funding in 2018. A macroprudential policy framework, including for monitoring systemic financial sector risks, was developed around the BCEAO and the Financial Stability Committee (CSF-UMOA) in 2010. This series of reforms has greatly enhanced the robustness of the financial safety net via its four components: the early intervention mechanism, the bank resolution regime, the deposit insurance system, and the emergency liquidity assistance (ELA) mechanism.