Liquid Absorption Research Articles

The Effect of Accelerated Absorption of Liquid in a Tube during Laser Cavitation on a Laser Heating Element

The Effect of Accelerated Absorption of Liquid in a Tube during Laser Cavitation on a Laser Heating Element

Absorption characteristics, model, and molecular mechanism of hydrogen sulfide in morpholine acetate aqueous solution

Absorption characteristics, model, and molecular mechanism of hydrogen sulfide in morpholine acetate aqueous solution

Understanding the performance of membrane for direct air capture of CO2

AbstractDirect air capture (DAC) of CO2 is becoming increasingly important for reducing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. However, the cost and energy requirements associated with DAC make it less economically feasible than carbon capture from flue gases. While various methods like solid sorbents and gas–liquid absorption have been explored for DAC, membrane processes have only recently been investigated. The objective of this study is to examine the separation performance of a membrane unit for capturing CO2 from ambient air. The performance of a membrane depends on several factors, including the composition of the feed gas, pressure ratio, material selectivity, and membrane area. The single‐stage separation process with the co‐current flow and constant permeability flux model is evaluated using a commercial module integrated with a process simulator to separate a binary mixture of carbon dioxide and nitrogen to assess the sensitivity of selectivity on purity and recovery of CO2 in permeate, and power requirement. Additionally, three levels of CO2 reduction from the feed stream to the retentate stream (25%, 50%, and 75%) are studied. A trade‐off between purity and recovery factor is observed, and achieving high purity in permeate requires high concentration in the retentate.

CFTR-rich ionocytes mediate chloride absorption across airway epithelia.

The volume and composition of a thin layer of liquid covering the airway surface defend the lung from inhaled pathogens and debris. Airway epithelia secrete Cl- into the airway surface liquid through cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) channels, thereby increasing the volume of airway surface liquid. The discovery that pulmonary ionocytes contain high levels of CFTR led us to predict that ionocytes drive secretion. However, we found the opposite. Elevating ionocyte abundance increased liquid absorption, whereas reducing ionocyte abundance increased secretion. In contrast to other airway epithelial cells, ionocytes contained barttin/Cl- channels in their basolateral membrane. Disrupting barttin/Cl- channel function impaired liquid absorption, and overexpressing barttin/Cl- channels increased absorption. Together, apical CFTR and basolateral barttin/Cl- channels provide an electrically conductive pathway for Cl- flow through ionocytes, and the transepithelial voltage generated by apical Na+ channels drives absorption. These findings indicate that ionocytes mediate liquid absorption, and secretory cells mediate liquid secretion. Segregating these counteracting activities to distinct cell types enables epithelia to precisely control the airway surface. Moreover, the divergent role of CFTR in ionocytes and secretory cells suggests that cystic fibrosis disrupts both liquid secretion and absorption.

Polydopamine functionalized polyurethane shape memory sponge with controllable expansion performance triggered by near-infrared light for incompressible hemorrhage control

Uncontrolled expansion of shape memory sponges face a significant challenge in the treatment of lethal incompressible hemorrhage, which can lead to blood overflow or damage to the surrounding tissue. Herein, we developed a polydopamine functionalized polyurethane shape memory sponge (PDA-TPI-PU) with a controllable degree of expansion by near-infrared (NIR) light-triggered stimulation for the treatment of incompressible hemorrhage. The sponge has excellent liquid absorption performance and robust mechanical strength as well as good photothermal conversion ability. Under NIR light of 0.32 W/cm2, the maximum recovery rate of the fixed-shape compression sponge was 91% within 25 s in air and 80% within 25 s in blood. In the SD rat liver penetrating injury model, compared with commercial medical gelatin sponge and PVA sponge, the PDA-TPI-PU sponge could effectively control the bleeding under the NIR light irradiation and did not cause excessive compression of the wound. The sponge with these characteristics shows potential application prospects as a hemostatic material.

Properties of three collagen scaffolds in comparison with native connective tissue: an in-vitro study

PurposeTo evaluate collagen scaffolds (CS) in terms of their in vitro resorption behavior, surface structure, swelling behavior, and mechanical properties in physiologically simulated environments, compared with porcine native connective tissue.Materials and methodsThree test materials—one porcine collagen matrix (p-CM), two acellular dermal matrices (porcine = p-ADM, allogenic = a-ADM)—and porcine native connective tissue (p-CTG) as a control material were examined for resorption in four solutions using a high-precision scale. The solutions were artificial saliva (AS) and simulated body fluid (SBF), both with and without collagenase (0.5 U/ml at 37 °C). In addition, the surface structures of CS were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) before and after exposure to AS or SBF. The swelling behavior of CS was evaluated by measuring volume change and liquid absorption capacity in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Finally, the mechanical properties of CS and p-CTG were investigated using cyclic compression testing in PBS.ResultsSolutions containing collagenase demonstrated high resorption rates with significant differences (p < 0.04) between the tested materials after 4 h, 8 h and 24 h, ranging from 54.1 to 100% after 24 h. SEM images revealed cross-linked collagen structures in all untreated specimens. Unlike a-ADM, the scaffolds of p-CM and p-ADM displayed a flake-like structure. The swelling ratio and fluid absorption capacity per area ranged from 13.4 to 25.5% among the test materials and showed following pattern: p-CM > a-ADM > p-ADM. P-CM exhibited higher elastic properties than p-ADM, whereas a-ADM, like p-CTG, were barely compressible and lost structural integrity under increasing pressure.Conclusions and clinical implicationsCollagen scaffolds vary significantly in their physical properties, such as resorption and swelling behavior and elastic properties, depending on their microstructure and composition. When clinically applied, these differences should be taken into consideration to achieve the desired outcomes.Graphical

Thermoplasmonic Controlled Optical Absorber Based on a Liquid Crystal Metasurface.

Metasurfaces can be realized by organizing subwavelength elements (e.g., plasmonic nanoparticles) on a reflective surface covered with a dielectric layer. Such an array of resonators, acting collectively, can completely absorb the resulting resonant wavelength. Unfortunately, despite the excellent optical properties of metasurfaces, they lack the tunability to perform as adaptive optical components. To boost the utilization of metasurfaces and realize a new generation of dynamically controlled optical components, we report our recent finding based on the powerful combination of an innovative metasurface-optical absorber and nematic liquid crystals (NLCs). The metasurface consists of self-assembled silver nanocubes (AgNCs) immobilized on a 50 nm thick gold layer by using a polyelectrolyte multilayer as a dielectric spacer. The resulting optical absorbers show a well-defined reflection band centered in the near-infrared of the electromagnetic spectrum (750-770 nm), a very high absorption efficiency (∼60%) at the resonant wavelength, and an elevated photothermal efficiency estimated from the time constant value (34 s). Such a metasurface-based optical absorber, combined with an NLC layer, planarly aligned via a photoaligned top cover glass substrate, shows homogeneous NLC alignment and an absorption band photothermally tunable over approximately 46 nm. Detailed thermographic studies and spectroscopic investigations highlight the extraordinary capability of the active metasurface to be used as a light-controllable optical absorber.

Digital model of polar liquid absorption bands visualization

Digital model of polar liquid absorption bands visualization

Rescue of alveolar wall liquid secretion blocks fatal lung injury due to influenza-staphylococcal coinfection.

Secondary lung infection by inhaled Staphylococcus aureus (SA) is a common and lethal event for individuals infected with influenza A virus (IAV). How IAV disrupts host defense to promote SA infection in lung alveoli, where fatal lung injury occurs, is not known. We addressed this issue using real-time determinations of alveolar responses to IAV in live, intact, perfused lungs. Our findings show that IAV infection blocked defensive alveolar wall liquid (AWL) secretion and induced airspace liquid absorption, thereby reversing normal alveolar liquid dynamics and inhibiting alveolar clearance of inhaled SA. Loss of AWL secretion resulted from inhibition of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) ion channel in the alveolar epithelium, and airspace liquid absorption was caused by stimulation of the alveolar epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC). Loss of AWL secretion promoted alveolar stabilization of inhaled SA, but rescue of AWL secretion protected against alveolar SA stabilization and fatal SA-induced lung injury in IAV-infected mice. These findings reveal a central role for AWL secretion in alveolar defense against inhaled SA and identify AWL inhibition as a critical mechanism of IAV lung pathogenesis. AWL rescue may represent a new therapeutic approach for IAV-SA coinfection.

In situ XPS of competitive CO2/H2O absorption in an ionic liquid

Superbasic ionic liquids (SBILs) are being investigated as potential carbon dioxide (CO2) gas capture agents, however, the presence of H2O in the flue stream can inhibit the uptake of CO2. In this study a thin film of the SBIL trihexyltetradecylphosphonium 1,2,4-triazolide ([P66614][124Triz]) was deposited onto rutile TiO2 (110) using in situ electrospray deposition and studied upon exposure to CO2 and H2O using in situ near-ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS). The molar uptake ratio of gas in the electrosprayed SBIL (n gas :n IL) was calculated to be 0.3:1 for CO2, 0.7:1 for H2O, and 0.9:1 for a CO2/H2O mixture. NAP-XPS taken at two different depths reveals that the competitive absorption of CO2 and H2O in [P66614][124Triz] varies with sampling depth. A greater concentration of CO2 absorbs in the bulk layers, while more H2O adsorbs/absorbs at the surface. The presence of H2O in the gas mixture does not inhibit the absorption of CO2. Measurements taken during exposure and after the removal of gas indicate that CO2 absorbed in the bulk does so reversibly, whilst CO2 adsorbed/absorbed at the surface does so irreversibly. This is contrary to the fully reversible CO2 reaction shown for bulk ionic liquids (ILs) in literature and suggests that irreversible absorption of CO2 in our highly-structured thin films is largely attributed to reactions at the surface. This has potential implications on IL gas capture and thin film IL catalysis applications.

Light Weight Laterite Bricks Stabilised With Cement And Sawdust For Multi-Storey Construction

Stabilised brick has been identified for use in various areas of building construction as an environmentally sustainable, friendly and durable building material with excellent thermal properties that makes it suitable for construction in most regions with extreme climatic conditions. However, the use of stabilised bricks has not been fully incorporated into high rise building construction due to its overall weight which is one of the major considerations for multi-story buildings. This research on light weight bricks was carried out to ascertain its suitability for various applications in high rise building and engineering constructions. The production was done using different percentages of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and Saw Dust (SD) to establish the percentage required for light weight construction while maintaining the optimum compressive strength required for performance in building construction comparable with that of a sandcrete block to confirm its suitability for use in multi- story construction projects. The experimental procedures used involved the use of Saw Dust obtained from the sawing process of wood at a saw mill, lateritic soil was collected from a borrow pit and ordinary Portland cement was obtained from an open market for producing the bricks. Various chemical and physical analyses were carried out on four samples of laterite soils and sawdust respectively. Liquid limits, plastic limits and water absorption of the soil samples were measured. The soils were then stabilized with cement and sawdust at 5, 10 and 15 % replacements. Bricks with size (300 x 150 x 150mm) were produced from the various mixes. After curing for 28 days, the brick samples were weighed to observe the varying degree of weight reduction with respect to the quantity of saw dust replacement. Compressive strength of the bricks was also examined to ensure that the strength of the bricks is within allowable limits for construction purposes. The reduction in weight and the corresponding compressive strength of the bricks were measured for conformity with ASTMS building codes and standards and were compared with that of a sandcrete block to establish its suitability for use in multi-story construction projects.] Keywords: Stabilization, Lightweight, Multi-storey construction, Bricks.

Quality evaluation of Angelica Sinensis Radix dispensing granules by integrating microvascular activity and chemical analysis

Ethnopharmacological relevanceAs a new form of crude slices of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), traditional Chinese medicine dispensing granules (TCMDGs) have been used for clinical formula. It is necessary to evaluate whether the chemical composition and biological activity are consistent among the different batches. Angelica Sinensis Radix (ASR), the root of Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels, is one of the most frequently used medicinal materials in gynecology, senile and cardiovascular diseases. In this paper, the quality of TCMDGs is examined taking the Angelica Sinensis Radix dispensing granules (ASRDGs) as a typical case. Aim of the studyIn this study, integrating bioequivalence and chemical analysis was used to evaluate the quality of dispensing granules taking ASRDGs as a typical case. Materials and methodsAccording to the clinical efficacy of ASR, the intestinal absorption liquid of ASRDGs (IAL-ASRDGs) in 15 batches prepared by the everted gut sac (EGS) method was used to evaluate its effects of vasodilatation on isolated vascular rings. Then, the chemical profiling analysis of IAL-ASRDGs from the 15 batches was carried out by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS). The components in IAL-ASRDGs were identified using mass spectrometry data and the obtained reference standards. Pearson correlation analysis was further performed for the selection of quality control markers based on the extracted ion chromatograms of the identified compounds and vasodilatory activities of different batches of IAL-ASRDGs. Moreover, the selected chemical components in ASRDGs were further verified by vasodilatory activities and quantitatively analyzed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-QQQ-MS). ResultsThe IAL-ASRDGs showed favorable vasodilatory activities. There were significant differences among the 15 batches. The ranges of maximum vasodilation rate (%) and EC50 were 69.33 ± 7.16 to 19.52 ± 5.05 and 0.07–25.58 g raw materials/mL, respectively. A total of 46 compounds in IAL-ASRDGs were identified based on accurate mass measurements, fragmentation behavior and the reference standards. Among them, 8 compounds including butylidenephthalide, butylphthalide and senkyunolide A showed positive correlation with vasodilatory effect of IAL-ASRDGs. The 8 compounds were further verified, showing obvious vasodilatory activities. The content of the 8 compounds also showed some differences in 15 batches of ASRDGs. Among them, the content of ferulic acid, senkyunolide I and senkyunolide H varied the most in different batches of ASRDGs. By Pearson correlation analysis, the total content of senkyunolides (senkyunolide A, senkyunolide I and senkyunolide H) in ASRDGs was found to reflect the vasodilatory activity of ASRDGs mostly. ConclusionThis study provides new strategies for the quality assessment by bioequivalence and explore the chemical quality control markers for ASRDGs.

An ultrathin natural cellulose based hydrogel membrane for the high-performance quasi-solid-state zinc-ion batteries

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) are regarded as promising candidates for next-generation energy storage systems due to their high capacity, inherent safety, and cost-effectiveness. However, the practical application of ZIBs is currently hindered by the insufficient stability of the zinc metal electrode and the spontaneous growth of dendrites during operation. Furthermore, the use of petroleum-based materials in batteries raises environmental concerns that must be addressed. This study proposes a natural cellulose-based biodegradable hydrogel membrane with an ultrathin and non-porous structure. Paper scraps are utilized as raw materials, and DMAc/LiCl serves as the dissolution system. The quasi-solid cellulose membrane demonstrates a high liquid absorption ability, favorable mechanical properties (39.5 MPa), excellent ion conductivity (0.643 mS cm−1), a wide electrochemical window (1.6 V), and a low activation energy for Zn2+ conduction (3.195 kJ mol−1). The Zn//Zn symmetric battery, assembled with the cellulose membrane, exhibits prolonged reversible Zn2+ stripping/plating behavior (up to 1800 h at 1 mA cm−2), highlighting its superior capability to suppress dendrite formation. Additionally, the corresponding Zn//V2O5 battery shows enhanced electrochemical stability, long cycle life, and high capacity. This research provides valuable insights for the development of polymer electrolytes that enable the realization of safe, lightweight, and environmentally friendly aqueous ZIBs.

Transgenic ferret models define pulmonary ionocyte diversity and function.

Speciation leads to adaptive changes in organ cellular physiology and creates challenges for studying rare cell-type functions that diverge between humans and mice. Rare cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)-rich pulmonary ionocytes exist throughout the cartilaginous airways of humans1,2, but limited presence and divergent biology in the proximal trachea of mice has prevented the use of traditional transgenic models to elucidate ionocyte functions in the airway. Here we describe the creation and use of conditional genetic ferret models to dissect pulmonary ionocyte biology and function by enabling ionocyte lineage tracing (FOXI1-CreERT2::ROSA-TG), ionocyte ablation (FOXI1-KO) and ionocyte-specific deletion of CFTR (FOXI1-CreERT2::CFTRL/L). By comparing these models with cystic fibrosis ferrets3,4, we demonstrate that ionocytes control airway surface liquid absorption, secretion, pH and mucus viscosity-leading to reduced airway surface liquid volume and impaired mucociliary clearance in cystic fibrosis, FOXI1-KO and FOXI1-CreERT2::CFTRL/L ferrets. These processes are regulated by CFTR-dependent ionocyte transport of Cl- and HCO3-. Single-cell transcriptomics and in vivo lineage tracing revealed three subtypes of pulmonary ionocytes and a FOXI1-lineage common rare cell progenitor for ionocytes, tuft cells and neuroendocrine cells during airway development. Thus, rare pulmonary ionocytes perform critical CFTR-dependent functions in the proximal airway that are hallmark features of cystic fibrosis airway disease. These studies provide a road map for using conditional genetics in the first non-rodent mammal to address gene function, cell biology and disease processes that have greater evolutionary conservation between humans and ferrets.

Antibacterial Activity and Biocompatibility of Ag-Montmorillonite/Chitosan Colloidal Dressing in a Skin Infection Rat Model: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study.

(1) Background: Traditional dressings can only superficially cover the wound, they have widespread issues with inadequate bacterial isolation and liquid absorption, and it is simple to inflict secondary wound injury when changing dressings. Therefore, it is crucial for wound healing to develop a new kind of antimicrobial colloidal dressing with good antibacterial, hygroscopic, and biocompatible qualities. (2) Methods: Ag-montmorillonite/chitosan (Ag-MMT/CS) colloid, a new type of antibacterial material, was prepared from two eco-friendly materials-namely, montmorillonite and chitosan-as auxiliary materials, wherein these materials were mixed with the natural metal Ag, which is an antibacterial agent. The optimum preparation technology was explored, and Ag-MMT/CS was characterized. Next, Staphylococcus aureus, which is a common skin infection bacterium, was considered as the experimental strain, and the in vitro antibacterial activity and cytocompatibility of the Ag-MMT/CS colloid were investigated through various experiments. Subsequently, a rat skin infection model was established to explore the in vivo antibacterial effect. (3) Results: In vitro studies revealed that the Ag-MMT/CS colloid had a good antibacterial effect on S. aureus, with an inhibition zone diameter of 18 mm and an antibacterial rate of 99.18%. After co-culture with cells for 24 h and 72 h, the cell survival rates were 88% and 94%, respectively. The cells showed normal growth and proliferation, and no evident dead cells were observed under the laser confocal microscope. After applying the colloid to the rat skin infection model, the Ag-MMT/CS treatment group exhibited faster wound healing and better local exudation and absorption in the wound than the control group, suggesting that the Ag-MMT/CS colloid exhibited a better antibacterial effect on the S. aureus. (4) Conclusions: Ag+, chitosan, and MMT present in the Ag-MMT/CS colloid dressing exert synergistic effects, and it has good antibacterial effects, cytocompatibility, and hygroscopicity, indicating that this colloid has the potential to become a next-generation clinical antibacterial dressing.

Integrated life cycle assessment and emergy analysis of liquid dehumidification absorption refrigeration driven by solar energy

The cascade utilization of solar energy is significant in alleviating energy and environmental problems. A novel solar-driven liquid dehumidification cascade absorption refrigeration (SLDAR) system applied to hot summer and cold winter areas of China is proposed in this paper. In order to evaluate the environmental and economic sustainability of the system, an integrating life cycle assessment and emergy analysis (LCA-EmA) method is developed. Parameter sensitivity analysis is conducted to determine the effects of solar radiation intensity, air temperature and relative humidity on the sustainability of the system. The results reveal that the total potential environmental impact of the system is 7.29E+03, of which the construction stage accounted for the most part of 65.36%. The total emergy input of the system is 1.61E+17 sej/yr, the operation stage accounted for the highest proportion of 73.29%. According to the integrated LCA-EmA, the emergy sustainability index of the system is 3.89, which reduces by 29.01% than the result of the emergy analysis. The parameter sensitivity analysis states that the system has higher resource use efficiency and emergy yield ratio in higher solar radiation intensity. And the emergy sustainability index of the system increases first and then decreases as the air temperature increases. The environmental load rate increases by 15.19% and the emergy sustainability index decreases by 44.50% as the increase of relative humidity. This study proves the feasibility and sustainability of the solar-driven cascade system.

Reconfigurable integrated structures with functions of Fabry–Perot antenna and wideband liquid absorber for radar system stealth

This paper proposes a functionally reconfigurable integrated structure of a Fabry–Perot (FP) antenna and wideband liquid absorber. First, a two-layer partial reflecting surface (PRS) has been designed. Then, a patch antenna is used to act as the source antenna. By combining the source antenna with the PRS, an FP antenna has been designed. What’s more, taking full advantage of the reflective properties of PRS, a liquid broadband absorber is then designed. Last, the integrated structure with two functions has been realized. It can be used as the FP antenna or the liquid absorber through the extraction and injection of ethanol. In this way, it is effective to switch between stealth and detection states which can be used in different electromagnetic environments. The PRS is elaborately tailored to serve as both a component of the FP antenna and the metal ground of the broadband liquid absorber. Then the integrated structure is realized by combining the FP antenna with the liquid absorber. The PRS is composed of patches on the top layer of the substrate and the square loop on the bottom. The liquid absorber is composed of a 3-D printed container, 45% ethanol layer and the PRS is used to serve as the metal ground. The formula of Mie resonance theory has been extended and used to design the liquid absorber. The gain of the antenna is 19.7 dBi when the ethanol is extracted. When the ethanol is injected, a wideband liquid absorber is achieved. The absorption band (S11 < − 10 dB) ranges from 4 to 18 GHz. The absorption bandwidth is over 133%. The monostatic RCS reduction bands of the structure with ethanol range from 4 to 18 GHz and the average RCS reduction is 28.4 dBsm. The measured and simulated results are in good agreement.

Great potentials of lignin-based separator for Li-ion battery with electrospinning in aqueous system

Abstract Separator plays a key role in the safety and performances of lithium-ion batteries with the needs of good thermal stability and wettability. Compared with the commercial separator mainly made by polyolefins in organic solvents, the electrospinning of lignin/polyvinyl alcohol in an aqueous solution has been investigated as a green and economically viable method to produce high-performance separators without any other chemical additives. Lignin/polyvinyl alcohol (mass ratio: 3:7) nanofiber separators outperform commercial polypropylene separators in terms of porosity (71 %), liquid absorption (373 %), and outstanding thermal stability at 200 °C. Additionally, Li-ion battery cells that were constructed using different separators were assessed to demonstrate favorable electrochemical performance. The results showed that fabricated Li-ion battery with Lignin/polyvinyl alcohol (mass ratio: 3:7) nanofiber separators possesses a superior capacitance of 154.1 mA h g−1 at 0.5 C, and maintained outstanding cycle stability after 50 times of charging and discharging process at 0.5 C with the capacitance retention rate up to 98.7 %. The facile and sustainable synthesis strategy of lignin-based separator materials for Li-ion batteries developed in this work provides new perspectives for related research, especially based on environmentally friendly aqueous systems.

Advances in haemostatic sponges: Characteristics and the underlying mechanisms for rapid haemostasis

In traumatized patients, the primary cause of mortality is uncontrollable continuous bleeding and unexpected intraoperative bleeding which is likely to increase the risk of complications and surgical failure. High expansion sponges are effective clinical practice for the treatment of wound bleeding (irregular/deep/narrow) that are caused by capillaries, veins and even arterioles as they possess a high liquid absorption ratio so can absorb blood platelets easily in comparison with traditional haemostasis treatments, which involve compression, ligation, or electrical coagulation etc. When in contact with blood, haemostatic sponges can cause platelet adhesion, aggregation, and thrombosis, preventing blood from flowing out from wounds, triggering the release of coagulation factors, causing the blood to form a stable polymerized fibre protein, forming blood clots, and achieving the goal of wound bleeding control. Haemostatic sponges are found in a variety of shapes and sizes. The aim of this review is to facilitate an overview of recent research around haemostatic sponge materials, products, and technology. This paper reviews the synthesis, properties, and characteristics of haemostatic sponges, together with the haemostasis mechanisms of haemostatic sponges (composite materials), such as chitosan, cellulose, gelatin, starch, graphene oxide, hyaluronic acid, alginate, polyethylene glycol, silk fibroin, synthetic polymers silver nanoparticles, zinc oxide nanoparticles, mesoporous silica nanoparticles, and silica nanoparticles. Also, this paper reviews commercial sponges and their properties. In addition to this, we discuss various in-vitro/in-vivo approaches for the evaluation of the effect of sponges on haemostasis.

Preparation and characterization of polyvinylidene fluoride/graphene composite membranes via the electrostatic spinning method

The polyvinylidene fluoride/graphene composite membranes were prepared by electrostatic spinning under different conditions. Statistical analysis was conducted on the film-forming properties and liquid absorption rate. Scanning electron imaging technology observed the typical morphologies of the prepared membranes. The influences of process conditions, such as the graphene content, the applied voltage, the needle-collector distance, and the spinning flow rate on the typical morphology of the composites, were compared. It was found that the applied and the needle-collector distance significantly affected the thin film’s film-forming properties. In contrast, the flow rate had a smaller effect on the film properties and morphology. Comprehensive comparison results suggested that the morphology and uniformity of the fibers in the prepared composite material were relatively better at the needle-collector distance of 13 cm with a graphene content of 0.5%, the applied voltage of 18 KV, and the spinning flow rate of 0.12 μL/min.