Use Of Liquefied Petroleum Gas Research Articles

PEMANFAATAN TELEGRAM UNTUK PENDETEKSI KEBOCORAN GAS BERBASIS NODEMCU

A significant increase in consumption of natural resources in the household sector is the use of LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) gas, this can increase the risk of fire due to leaks from gas cylinders. These gas leaks are often unknown to users because not all LPG cylinder manufacturers provide a security system for the LPG cylinders they sell, so not all homes have gas leak sensors on LPG cylinders, therefore a tool is needed to detect LPG gas leaks. In view of these problems, in this research a device was created that can detect gas in a room with an MQ-2 sensor and apply a notification system using Telegram as an SMS notification sender and a buzzer as an alarm. The design of this detection tool as a whole is controlled by the NodeMCU ESP8226. During system testing, when a gas leak is detected at a distance of 1cm – 100cm with the MQ-2 sensor, the system will provide a notification via Telegram and activate the alarm (the buzzer will beep). The process of sending this message takes around 4-6 seconds. The tool was also tested on two different cellphones and obtained the expected results and good performance.

Impact of randomly assigned “pay-as-you-go” liquefied petroleum gas prices on energy use for cooking: Experimental pilot evidence from rural Rwanda

The disease burden related to air pollution from traditional solid-fuel cooking practices in low- and middle-income countries impacts millions of people globally. Although the use of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) fuel for cooking can meaningfully reduce household air pollution concentrations, major barriers, including affordability and accessibility, have limited widespread adoption. Using a randomized controlled trial, our objective was to evaluate the association between the cost and use of LPG among 23 rural Rwandan households. We provided a 2-burner LPG stove with accessories and incorporated a “pay-as-you-go” (PAYG) LPG service model that included fuel delivery. PAYG services remove the large up-front cost of cylinder refills by integrating “smart meter” technology that allows participants to pay in incremental amounts, as needed. We assigned three randomized discounted prices for LPG to each household at ∼4-week intervals over a 12-week period. We modeled the relationship between randomized PAYG LPG price and use (standardized to monthly periods), analyzing effect modification by relative household wealth. A 1000 Rwandan Franc (about 1 USD at the time of the study) increase in LPG price/kg was associated with a 4.1 kg/month decrease in use (95 % confidence interval [CI]: −6.7, −1.6; n = 69 observations). Wealth modified this association; we observed a 9.7 kg/month reduction (95 % CI: −14.8, −4.5) among wealthier households and a 2.5 kg/month reduction (95 % CI: −5.3, 0.3) among lower-wealth households (p-interaction = 0.01). The difference in price sensitivity was driven by higher LPG use among wealthier households at more heavily discounted prices; from an 80 % to 10 % discount, wealthy households used 17.5 to 5.3 kg/month and less wealthy households used 6.2 to 3.1 kg/month. Our pilot-level experimental evidence of PAYG LPG in a rural low-resource setting suggests that further exploration of subsidized pricing varied by household wealth is needed to ensure future policy initiatives can achieve targets without exacerbating inequities.

Factors associated with the use of liquefied petroleum gas in Ghana vary at different stages of transition

Clean-cooking transitions have the potential to generate large public health, environmental and societal gains for 2.6 billion people in the Global South. Here we use data from Ghana’s largest household energy survey (n = 7,389) to provide two main insights. First, regression analysis of 13 commonly cited socio-economic and demographic determinants of household fuel use indicates remarkably different relationships with clean-fuel use at different stages of the transition process. We propose a stage-based transition framework that can help inform the rollout of clean-cooking interventions. Second, we identify factors that are associated with the exclusive use of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) using a statistically powered sample of exclusive LPG users (n = 693). We show that, all else equal, increases in wealth and urbanicity are not—contrary to conventional wisdom—associated with a transition from primary to exclusive LPG use. Whereas further research is needed to determine causality, our findings highlight the potential for more careful measurement, isolating each stage of the clean-cooking transition, to inform new insights and policy opportunities.

Examination of the factors contributing to environmental degradation: does LPG consumption still matter?

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is one of the energy resources that deserve to be qualified as a transition fuel for developing countries that cannot abandon their dependence on non-renewable energy use and adopt renewable alternatives. The current study examines how environmental degradation is affected by financial development, LPG use, and economic growth in the BRICS-T countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, and Turkiye) in the period of 1993-2018. For this purpose, four models were tested with Pedroni, Kao,PMG Panel ARDLcointegration and Dumitrescu-Hurlin causality methods. The results show that LPG consumption has a positive effect on the ecological footprint and an adverse influence on the CO2 emission of BRICS - T countries. The financial institutions exhibited to have a positive and significant impact on ecology. Economic growth displayed negative effects on environmental degradation and a positive influence on CO2. Additionally, there is significant evidence for the validity of the EKC hypothesis. Unidirectional causality exists between ecological footprint, LPG, financial market, and economic growth. The financial institution index shows bidirectional causality with the ecological footprint. There is also unidirectional causality between ecological footprint, LPG, financial market, and economic growth. Furthermore, the financial institutions' index shows a bidirectional causality with the ecological footprint. Also, economic development and financial institution index have a bidirectional relationship with CO2 emissions. On the other hand, the financial market index showed unidirectional causality with CO2 emissions. In short, our study highlights the need for a comprehensive and integrated approach to sustainable development in BRICS - T countries. Policymakers must balance economic growth with environmental protection and consider the potential trade-offs between policy options to promote sustainable and inclusive development.

Health perceptions of smart meter liquefied petroleum gas users in Nairobi's Informal Settlement

Introduction : Household air pollution (HAP) from cooking with polluting fuels increases the risk of developing respiratory diseases. The use of a smart-meter liquefied petroleum gas (LPG); Pay-as-you-go (PAYG) model that eliminates cost barriers may increase the use of LPG, reduce HAP exposure, and lower the burden of respiratory diseases. Lack of awareness of the effects of HAP is a barrier to the exclusive use of LPG. This cross-sectional study examined smart meter users' awareness of air quality and perception of health risks associated with HAP among PAYG customers in Mukuru informal settlement, Nairobi Kenya.
 Materials and Methods : The study targeted household customers who have been cooking with PAYG LPG for at least two years. Surveys (n=330) and focus group discussions (FGDs) (n=32) participants were selected using multistage and purposive sampling techniques respectively. Quantitative and qualitative data were descriptively and thematically analyzed using STATA and NVIVO respectively.
 Results : The majority, who cooked with no separate kitchen room 147(60%) were worried about kitchen smoke (p-value=0.038). Also, 129(65%) of those who used smart meter LPG with other polluting fuels (p-value =0.021), and most 79(63%) who had experienced respiratory symptoms were concerned about kitchen smoke (p-value<0.05). Results further revealed participants' overall low awareness of indoor/outdoor pollution and little concern about respiratory health risks associated with HAP, due to a focus on more immediate issues, like; food security. The motivation to use LPG was more linked to economic considerations than health benefits.
 Conclusion/Recommendation : Results highlighted the potential for the smart-meter LPG (PAYG) model for exclusive adoption of LPG especially in the informal settlement and recommended the need to create awareness of the negative effects of HAP.

Experimental and reaction kinetics studies on deflagration characteristics of liquefied petroleum gas-air mixture with different compositions in confined space

To assess the hazardous impact of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), this study investigated its macro–micro deflagration characteristics under various compositions and equivalence ratios using a 20 L spherical experimental apparatus and CHEMKIN-Pro kinetic software. The findings are as follows: when the equivalence ratio was 1.2, the LPG exhibited peak values for the maximum explosion pressure (pmax), maximum explosion pressure rise rate ((dp/dt)max), deflagration index (KG), and average flame propagation velocity (v). Furthermore, the (dp/dt)max, KG, and v increased with increasing the proportion of C3H8. In the LPG chain reaction, the most influential steps in terms of promotion and inhibition were R1: H + O2 = O + OH and R104: 2CH3(+M) = C2H6(+M), respectively. C2H4 gradually accumulated during the chain initiation phase and rapidly depleted as the temperature sharply increased. Hence, to effectively inhibit LPG explosion, it is recommended to develop inhibitors capable of eliminating reactive radicals (such as H*, O*, and OH*) and targeted inhibitors that specifically inhibit the reaction involving C2H4. Additionally, augmenting the C3H8 proportion in LPG can mitigate the emission of toxic and harmful gases, such as CO and CO2. This study has significant theoretical and practical implications for the safe, environmentally friendly, and efficient use of LPG.

Fidelity and adherence to a liquefied petroleum gas stove and fuel intervention: The multi-country Household Air Pollution Intervention Network (HAPIN) trial

BackgroundReducing household air pollution (HAP) to levels associated with health benefits requires nearly exclusive use of clean cooking fuels and abandonment of traditional biomass fuels. MethodsThe Household Air Pollution Intervention Network (HAPIN) trial randomized 3,195 pregnant women in Guatemala, India, Peru, and Rwanda to receive a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) stove intervention (n = 1,590), with controls expected to continue cooking with biomass fuels (n = 1,605). We assessed fidelity to intervention implementation and participant adherence to the intervention starting in pregnancy through the infant’s first birthday using fuel delivery and repair records, surveys, observations, and temperature-logging stove use monitors (SUMs). ResultsFidelity and adherence to the HAPIN intervention were high. Median time required to refill LPG cylinders was 1 day (interquartile range 0–2). Although 26% (n = 410) of intervention participants reported running out of LPG at some point, the number of times was low (median: 1 day [Q1, Q3: 1, 2]) and mostly limited to the first four months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Most repairs were completed on the same day as problems were reported. Traditional stove use was observed in only 3% of observation visits, and 89% of these observations were followed up with behavioral reinforcement. According to SUMs data, intervention households used their traditional stove a median of 0.4% of all monitored days, and 81% used the traditional stove < 1 day per month. Traditional stove use was slightly higher post-COVID-19 (detected on a median [Q1, Q3] of 0.0% [0.0%, 3.4%] of days) than pre-COVID-19 (0.0% [0.0%, 1.6%] of days). There was no significant difference in intervention adherence pre- and post-birth. ConclusionFree stoves and an unlimited supply of LPG fuel delivered to participating homes combined with timely repairs, behavioral messaging, and comprehensive stove use monitoring contributed to high intervention fidelity and near-exclusive LPG use within the HAPIN trial.

Reduction of household air pollution through clean fuel intervention and recovery of cellular immune balance

BackgroundWe conducted a clean fuel intervention trial (Bangladesh Global Environmental and Occupational Health (GEOHealth) (NCT02824237) with liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) for 26 months among rural Bangladeshi women chronically exposed to household air pollution (HAP) from biomass fuel (BMF) use. We aimed to evaluate the effect of HAP reduction following LPG intervention on immune response outcome. MethodsWe supplied LPG cook stove and refills in cylinder in 200 households for 26 months. We measured personal exposure to HAP [particulate matter 2.5 (PM2·5), black carbon (BC) and carbon monoxide (CO)] in 200 women (main cook) by personal monitors at pre- and post-intervention. Immune function was assessed before and after intervention, in blood collected within 2 weeks of HAP measurements. Primary endpoints included reduction in HAP, lymphocyte proliferation and oxidative stress response, and alterations in T and B cell proportions. FindingsExclusive LPG use for 26 months resulted in significant reduction in PM2·5 (43.5%), BC (13%) and CO (48%) exposure in the women. For one unit decrease in BC, Treg cells and memory B cells increased by 7% and 34% respectively, in the peripheral circulation. One unit decrease in CO was significantly associated with increase in early B cells and plasmablasts by 66% and 5% respectively. For one unit decrease in BC, percent-dividing cells, proliferation and expansion indices increased by 2%, 0.4%, and 1%, respectively. InterpretationReduced personal exposure to HAP through clean fuel intervention was related to a return towards cellular immune balance.

SISTEM PENDETEKSI KEBOCORAN TABUNG GAS ELPIJI (LPG) BERBASIS NODEMCU DAN TELEGRAM

The increasing population level of society makes the level of public consumption of natural resources also increase, in this case the increase occurs in the use of LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) fuel. With the increasing use of LPG fuel, it is possible for fires to occur caused by LPG gas leaks. However, not all LPG gas cylinder providers provide additional safety systems on the LPG cylinders they sell. So an LPG gas leak detection device and a system that can provide information in the event of an LPG cylinder leak are needed. For this reason, an LPG gas leak detection device is made using a Telegram notification system, and an MQ-2 Sensor that can detect LPG gas and provide an alarm sound and LED indicator and LCD display display. so that it can provide a warning if the owner of the LPG cylinder is outside the house. All of these components are controlled using a Nodemcu Microcontroller. This tool has the advantage of being easy to use and compatible with all Telegram-based communication devices.

Household cooking fuel choice and associated factors in a rural and peri-urban community in Western Kenya

Polluting fuels such as biomass and kerosene are used for cooking by approximately 85% of the population in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) despite the well-known associated negative health effects. Many governments across SSA are aiming to scale up the use of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), a cleaner-burning fuel in terms of black carbon and fine particulate matter emissions, to promote public health and protect the environment by reducing deforestation. In Kenya, the government has been promoting rapid scale-up of LPG as a household fuel by zero rating it. A census survey was administered to over 2000 households in a peri-urban and rural sub-county of Uasin Gishu County to determine cooking characteristics and factors associated with the primary cooking fuel (biomass versus LPG). We found that the majority 72% ( n = 1619) of the households mainly use biomass as a primary fuel (86% wood, 12% charcoal, 1.5% wood chips, and 1% kerosene) while about 28% ( n = 629) use clean fuels (86.8% LPG, 12.9% biogas/solar, and 0.3% electricity). Peri-urban residents had up to 2.5 times increased odds of using LPG compared to those in the rural sub-county. Supply factors such as easy access to refills affect the number of days the LPG is used per week. Urbanization at sub-county leads to increases in use of LPG for cooking, irrespective of household-level SES. The Government is encouraged to enact policies that would increase the availability of LPG refills to rural communities hence reducing the time and transportation costs that are likely to affect access with consequent low usage.

Analysis of household LPG demand elasticity in Cameroon and policy implications

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is rapidly becoming a key part of Cameroon's energy mix, with enormous future potential. However, there are still many uncertainties about the extent of its potential market, which has so far often led to supply shortages. These shortages therefore constitute a major obstacle to the objective of promoting LPG as the main fuel in Cameroonian households. Accordingly, the short and long-run elasticities of LPG consumption in Cameroon are investigated in this work. This work uses annual time series data from 1994 to 2017. A basic model and four alternative specifications are used. Mid-run price and income elasticities of LPG consumption are found to be between −0.330 and −0.401, and, 0.159 and 0.569, respectively. Of all the five models, the error correction model is the most robust and the elasticities estimates reveal that price, income and urbanization are important determinants of LPG consumption in Cameroon. These results are consistent with those given by the other models, and in line with previous research on developing countries whose economic and demographic situation is similar to that of Cameroon. These results have serious implications on demand side management and calls for policy makers to promote widespread use of LPG especially in the savannah zone in order to reduce deforestation and overdependence on biomass.

Experimental and numerical study of using of LPG on characteristics of dual fuel diesel engine under variable compression ratio

In this work, an experimental and numerical investigation are carried out to study the impact of adding Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) on the characteristics of diesel engine. New injection control system (ICS) is designed to manage an LPG injector on intake manifold a single-cylinder diesel engine. The engine test rig is powered with traditional diesel fuel to generate the base line data for comparison. Different conditions of load (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) in terms of brake power with three compression ratios of 14.5, 15.5 and 16.5 at constant engine speed of 1500 rpm. LPG is tested in four rates (5 L/min, 10 L/min, 15 L/min, and 20 L/min). The numerical analysis is performed with the help of Diesel-RK simulation software. The multizone combustion model is adopted. Same operating conditions in the experimental work are followed in the numerical simulation. The obtained results revealed that brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and exhaust temperature are reduced while brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) is increased as the rate of LPG increased. Inducting LPG with (5,10,15,20) L/min reduced carbon monoxide (CO) by 16.6%, 14.7%, 20.3%, and 18.8% respectively. The maximum reduction in hydrocarbon emission (HC) is 8% at the rate of 15 L/min compared to diesel. The volumetric efficiency and NOx emissions are decreased with the use of LPG. As the compression ratio increases, BTE increases and BSFC decreases because of increasing combustion temperature and pressure which decreases delay period, ignites fuel fast and produces more power in small time. The impact of increasing compression ratio reported significant reduction in, CO, HC while NOx are increased. The experimental findings are compared to the results of the Diesel-RK software, as well as with the results of other researchers and good harmony among them is noticed.

The use of liquefied petroleum gas as fuel in tractor diesel engines

BACKGROUND: The use of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) as alternative helps to eliminate a number of drawbacks related to fuel-air ratio. The high-priority problem is development of means and methods of reduction of environment pollution, specifically targeted researches in the field of alternative fuel with minimal harmful emissions into the environment, increase of availability of this technology by means of reducing the costs of adaptation of the fuel injection system of a diesel engine.&#x0D; AIMS: The main aim of the study is justification of parameters of the diesel engine operating according to gas-diesel cycle with the spark dose ignition.&#x0D; METHODS: The studies were carried out at the brake bench equipment of the MMZ D-243 diesel engine. The distributed liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) supply system with an ignition dose of diesel fuel was tested with automatic change of the gas supply angle and including exhaust gases in the intake manifold in the recycling system. Adaptation of the diesel engine to LPG allows the fuel injection system to operate in both diesel and gas-diesel mode, while the electronic regulation of the diesel fuel supply in the "diesel" mode occurs more accurately and helps to reduce the consumption and final combustion of diesel fuel in the exhaust manifold. The standard equipment for distributed LPG supply widely used for transferring gasoline engines with spark ignition is applied. The chosen domestically made electronic control unit was configured according to the methodology for controlling the gas supply in the cylinders developed in Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM.&#x0D; RESULTS: The studies showed that the emission of pollutants into the atmosphere decreased in all operation modes of the engine in the gas-diesel mode and complies with the Euro-5 standard. Due to the 2,5 times lower price of LPG compared to diesel fuel, the cost of using LPG as a replacement for diesel fuel in the "gas diesel" mode is reduced by 2530% of the cost of agricultural crops. The use of LPG in gas-diesel engines reduces the cost of agricultural products by 1518%.&#x0D; CONCLUSIONS: These indicators confirm the relevance of scientific research in the development of the diesel engine adaptation system. The gas-diesel fuel injection system of the engine is the main effective way to reduce diesel fuel costs.

Does access to liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) reduce the household burden of women? Evidence from India

Using the nationally representative Indian Time Use Survey, we study whether the use of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) as cooking fuel affects the time spent in cooking and employment activities for Indian rural women. We instrument the use of LPG by a leave-one-out spatial instrument constructed by taking the average level of LPG use in the village where the average is calculated leaving the concerned household. We find no impact of LPG on the probability of women participating in cooking activities. However, the use of LPG reduces (increases) time spent in cooking (employment) activities. We also find evidence of rebound effect where the use of LPG leads to marginally more cooking events in a day. We find that LPG’s impact on time spent in cooking and employment is mostly driven by married women.

Sustained use of liquefied petroleum gas following one year of free fuel and behavioral support in Puno, Peru

BackgroundExisting efforts to promote cleaner fuels have not achieved exclusive use. We investigated whether receiving 12 months of free liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and behavioral support could motivate continued purchase and use. MethodsThe Cardiopulmonary outcomes and Household Air Pollution (CHAP) trial enrolled 180 women. Half were randomly assigned to an intervention group, which included free LPG delivered in months 1–12 followed by a post-intervention period in which they no longer received free fuel (months 13–24). For the purposes of comparison, we also include months 1–12 of data from control participants. We tracked stove use with temperature monitors, surveys, and observations, and conducted in-depth interviews with 19 participants from the intervention group at the end of their post-intervention period. ResultsParticipants from the intervention group used their LPG stove for 85.4 % of monitored days and 63.2 % of cooking minutes during the post-intervention months (13–24) when they were not receiving free fuel from the trial. They used a traditional stove (fogón) on 45.1 % of days post-intervention, which is significantly lower than fogón use by control participants during the intervention period (72.2 % of days). In months 13–24 post-intervention, participants from the intervention group purchased on average 12.3 kg and spent 34.1 soles (10.3 USD) per month on LPG. Continued LPG use was higher among participants who said they could afford two tanks of LPG per month, did not cook for animals, and removed their traditional stove. Women described that becoming accustomed to LPG, support and training from the project, consistent LPG supply, choice between LPG providers, and access to delivery services facilitated sustained LPG use. However, high cost was a major barrier to exclusive use. ConclusionA 12-month period of intensive LPG support achieved a high level of sustained LPG use post-intervention, but other strategies are needed to sustain exclusive use.

Performance, emission and cost analysis of LPG and gasoline in a single cylinder engine

An experimental investigation has been carried out on a single cylinder 4-stroke carburetor engine using gasoline and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). As there is urgent need to diversify to sustainable and low carbon fuel for transportation and power generation across the globe due to the limited availability, non renewable, global and environmental impact of fossil fuel. In this transition stage there is need for energy vector for propulsion and power generation. This investigation provides a practical study in comparing the use of LPG and gasoline in terms of emissions and cost from a single cylinder production engine. This is necessary as we are now in energy transition stage, and all energy vectors must be investigated for suitability and sustainability as a replacement of high carbon fossil fuel. In this work we are focusing on making internal combustion engine (ICE) fuel to be zero emission compliance or ultra low-carbon. In the obtained test results, it was observed that LPG has a better fuel economy, cheaper, and more environmental friendly. The emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), unburnt hydrocarbon (UHC), and nitric oxide (NOx) in using LPG were about 50% lower than gasoline. In addition using LPG also leads to an improved engine service life and lubricants because there is no accumulation of carbon.

Estimating the spill-over impacts of a clean cooking fuel program: Evidence from Ghana

• We investigate the spill-over impacts of Ghana's Rural LPG Promotion Program (RLPGPP) • No significant increase in LPG use nor reduction in dirty fuel use is observed among beneficiary districts • After matching beneficiary and non-beneficiary districts, significant reduction in poverty is observed. • The increase in refill station construction and operation during the period of the RLPGPP implementation might play a role in reducing poverty in beneficiary districts. Transition to cleaner cooking fuels is a key challenge for sustainable development. This study evaluates the spill-over impact of a program that distributes liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) cylinders and accessories for free on cooking fuel choice and poverty alleviation in Ghana. We construct a district-level dataset based on the Ghana Living Standards Surveys 6 and 7, collected before and after the program implementation, respectively. Using difference-in-differences combined with matching techniques, we find that the program had no significant spill-over impacts on primary household cooking fuel; LPG use did not increase and firewood use did not decrease among rural households in treated districts. However, there is a possible association between the program and poverty reduction in treated districts, and the likely channel is investments in refill stations. The results suggest that the program should refine its implementation strategy to yield substantial effects on cooking fuel choice. In addition, implementing the program with the right infrastructure in place could increase the benefits associated with it.

Patterns of fuel use, cooking practices and factors associated with the non use of liquefied petroleum gas for cooking in peri-urban Cameroon

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Over three billion people, mostly living in low and middle income countries are exposed to household air pollution from reliance on polluting cooking fuels (e.g. wood, charcoal). There is a dearth of information on barriers to adoption and sustained use of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). METHODS: A cross-sectional demographic and fuel use survey was conducted in peri-urban Mbalmayo in Central Cameroon. Stratified random sampling was conducted to identify LPG users and solid fuel users. Participants completed in-depth surveys on individual and household characteristics. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with the non use of LPG. RESULTS: Among households using solid fuels (n=196), the main reported barrier to LPG adoption included the initial cost of LPG equipment (n=87; 59%). Concerns over LPG safety were a significant concern in both users and non-users of LPG (n=366; 83.6%) perceived LPG to be dangerous). More than a quarter reporting difficulty in obtaining an LPG cylinder refill when the cylinder was empty (n=127; 29%). Stacking was universal (100%) amongst LPG users, with cost of refills, free secondary fuel, and distance from retail point influencing the more exclusive use of LPG for clean cooking. The determinants of the non use of LPG were: education level (P = 0.023), non access to flush toilet (P=0.000), age group of 36-45 years (P = 0.037), low cash income (P=0.047); no pipe for water at home (P=0.047), the cost of LPG (P=0.018), behaviour on LPG dangerousness (0.034). CONCLUSIONS: To scale LPG adoption in peri-urban Cameroon, addressing safety concerns through education, and financially supporting households should be prioritized. Policies to facilitate uptake of LPG should be targeted on populations with low socioeconomic status. KEY WORDS: LPG, clean cooking, adoption

Patterns of fuel use, cooking practices and factors associated with the use of LPG for cooking in peri-urban Cameroon

Background/Aim: Over three billion people, mostly living in low and middle income countries (LMICs), are exposed to household air pollution from reliance on polluting fuels (e.g. wood, charcoal). There is a dearth of information on barriers to adoption and sustained use of clean cooking fuels, (e.g. liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)) in remote locations in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods: A cross-sectional demographic and fuel use survey was completed by approximately 1500 household cooks from peri-urban Mbalmayo in Central Cameroon. Stratified random sampling was conducted to identify approximately 200 clean (LPG) and 200 polluting (e.g. wood) cooking fuel users who completed in-depth surveys on individual and household characteristics that were potentially associated with cooking behavior and fuel choice. Results: Among households using solid fuels (n=196), the main reported barrier to LPG adoption included the initial cost of LPG equipment (n=87; 59%). Concerns over LPG safety were a significant concern in both users and non-users of LPG (n=366; 83.6% perceived LPG to be dangerous). Decision making over choice of cooking fuel was approximately equally split between the main cook (typically women) and the head of household (usually men); men were in charge of decision making regarding cooking fuel adoption among 41.4% (n=121) LPG users and 56.2% (n=82) of biomass users. Stacking was universal (100%) amongst LPG users, with 70% LPG use. Free secondary fuel and a distance 20-30minutes from retail point reduced LPG use by 20% and 10% respectively. Household head unemployed (O.R 2,057, p-value .000), No formal education (O.R 15.200,p-value .006), and Cost (O.R 2.489, p-value 0.000) were all associated with the non-adoption of LPG. Conclusions: Addressing safety concerns through education, and financially supporting households (e.g. through microfinance) will considerably scale LPG adoption in peri-urban Cameroon. Policies to facilitate LPG adoption should be targeted to both genders. Key words: LPG, clean cooking, adoption

Determinants of clean cooking fuels utilization in three peri-urban communities in Ghana: key lessons to inform national policy

Use of polluting fuels has negative effect on human health and the environment. Use of clean cooking fuels (liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) can address this burden but in Ghana adoption is low with accessibility, convenience and safety concerns being potential barriers to LPG use. In order to address these issues, the Ghanaian government launched a new LPG distribution model through cylinder recirculation in 2019 on a pilot basis As part of the CLEAN-Air (Africa) project, we collaborated with National Petroleum Authority implementing the CRM to conduct face-to-face surveys of randomly selected households on household cooking fuels preferences and use in three peri-urban CRM pilot communities in Ghana. To analyse determinants of adoption and sustained use of LPG for cooking, individual, household and wider community characteristics were entered as covariates into logistic regression models as potential predictors. A total of 5,008 respondents completed the questionnaires across the three communities (Obuasi; 1,987 (40.0%), Kwaebibirem; 1,731 (34.9%) and Hohoe; 1,248 (25.1%)). A total of 48.6% (Obuasi (50.1%); Kwaebibirem (44.4%); Hohoe (52.2%)) households reported currently using LPG as the main cooking fuel. Being head of the household, increased household size, home ownership, an indoor cooking area, increased educational status and an increased number of LPG burners were associated with household’s choice of using LPG as a primary fuel. Households using an LPG stove with three or more-burners, were 68% [OR:1.68 (95%CI: 1.32, 2.14), 001] more likely to use LPG as a primary fuel than those using a single burner on top of the cylinder. Given the importance of the CRM, understanding household level characteristics for adoption are important. Better education and awareness raising of benefits will be important in scaling adoption of LPG as a clean fuel for cooking at the household level. Keywords: clean cooking fuels, LPG, Cylinder Recirculation Model, primary fuel use