Liquefied Petroleum Gas Cylinder Research Articles

PEMANFAATAN TELEGRAM UNTUK PENDETEKSI KEBOCORAN GAS BERBASIS NODEMCU

A significant increase in consumption of natural resources in the household sector is the use of LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) gas, this can increase the risk of fire due to leaks from gas cylinders. These gas leaks are often unknown to users because not all LPG cylinder manufacturers provide a security system for the LPG cylinders they sell, so not all homes have gas leak sensors on LPG cylinders, therefore a tool is needed to detect LPG gas leaks. In view of these problems, in this research a device was created that can detect gas in a room with an MQ-2 sensor and apply a notification system using Telegram as an SMS notification sender and a buzzer as an alarm. The design of this detection tool as a whole is controlled by the NodeMCU ESP8226. During system testing, when a gas leak is detected at a distance of 1cm – 100cm with the MQ-2 sensor, the system will provide a notification via Telegram and activate the alarm (the buzzer will beep). The process of sending this message takes around 4-6 seconds. The tool was also tested on two different cellphones and obtained the expected results and good performance.

Development of a Smart Monitoring System for Advancing LPG Cylinder Safety and Efficiency in Sub-Saharan Africa

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is widely recognized as a safe option for household cooking. However, in settings like Nigeria, within sub-Saharan Africa, hazardous events related to LPG are not uncommon, often resulting from inadequate handling and utilization practices. Despite LPG's growing popularity for its sustainability and efficiency, safety concerns persist. This study introduces a smart system tailored to boost gas cylinder safety and efficiency. This system incorporates a compact and robust smart platform that integrates various smart components, provides real-time LPG level information, a load cell is available to continuously monitor LPG levels within the cylinder and issues alert upon reaching predefined thresholds. Furthermore, the system can detect gas leaks, promptly alerting users via a buzzer and LEDs. It is recommended for deployment in households, offices, and industrial environments, ensuring safety, convenience, and effectiveness in LPG usage. This research makes a notable contribution to LPG utilization, presenting an innovative solution to the challenges intrinsic to its application.

Domestic Cylinder Blasts: A Neglected Torpedo.

High-pressure cylinders are used to store liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). An instant and swift explosion of these cylinders can result in serious burn injuries. This current research was conducted to study the epidemiological characteristics of LPG-related burns to highlight a major public health issue. Analysis was conducted on patients with LPG-related burns over a span of 10 years admitted to our center between January 2011 and December 2020. The data recorded included demographic features, site of burn, %TBSA, associated injuries, and outcomes. The variable data were documented for every patient in a Microsoft Excel file and analyzed by IBM SPSS version 25.0. Over the span of 10 years, 678 patients were affected by LPG-related accidents. The peak incidence was seen in 2019 when there was a surge to 18.03%. The patient's age ranged from 1 to 79 years, with a median of 40.86 ± 15.27 years. Of the 678 patients, 52.50% were males and 47.50% were females. The majority (57.96%) of patients had a total BSA of >60% and 86.72% were diagnosed with inhalation injury. The majority of burns (84.66%) occurred at home. The mean hospital stay was 24.5 days. The total mortality rate was 59.58%. This study concludes that LPG cylinder blast is a preventable cause that can be minimized by making people aware of its safe use and by arranging awareness programs at every national level.

SISTEM PENDETEKSI KEBOCORAN TABUNG GAS ELPIJI (LPG) BERBASIS NODEMCU DAN TELEGRAM

The increasing population level of society makes the level of public consumption of natural resources also increase, in this case the increase occurs in the use of LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) fuel. With the increasing use of LPG fuel, it is possible for fires to occur caused by LPG gas leaks. However, not all LPG gas cylinder providers provide additional safety systems on the LPG cylinders they sell. So an LPG gas leak detection device and a system that can provide information in the event of an LPG cylinder leak are needed. For this reason, an LPG gas leak detection device is made using a Telegram notification system, and an MQ-2 Sensor that can detect LPG gas and provide an alarm sound and LED indicator and LCD display display. so that it can provide a warning if the owner of the LPG cylinder is outside the house. All of these components are controlled using a Nodemcu Microcontroller. This tool has the advantage of being easy to use and compatible with all Telegram-based communication devices.

Identifying the environmental hotspots of sulfur-free odorant for LPG storage and filling by life cycle approach

The main objective of this study is to determine the potential environmental impact of storage and filling the liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) with sulfur-containing (ethyl mercaptan) and sulfur-free (Greenodor) odorants by comparative life cycle assessment (LCA). The LCA was carried out within the scope of ISO 14040 and 14044 Standards in a facility that stores and fills LPG and potential environmental impact was calculated for eleven different impact categories. According to the characterization results, it was determined that the overseas transportation process had the highest impact among all impact categories. Because environmental impact was suppressed by other processes in characterization results due to the very low inclusion of the odorants in LPG, the percentage contribution of consumption of both odorants was compared and it was revealed that Greenodor had a lower environmental impact in all mid-point impact categories. For both tanker and cylinder filling, the impact category with the highest difference was photochemical oxidation with a rate of 79 %. The lowest difference was found in the global warming impact category with 18 % for tanker filling and 19 % for cylinder filling. Considering uncertainty analysis results for LPG tanker filling, Greenodor preceded ethyl mercaptan for all mid-point categories. However, in terms of LPG cylinder filling, there was no significant difference between two odorants.

Recommendation Machine for Gas Outflow in LPG Cylinder

Abstract: Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is commonly used in hotels and homes for all cooking purposes. Furthermore, despite the fact that many explosions have occurred as a result of LPG outflow, it is very user friendly to all users. We have implemented a module in our system to address these societal issues. In this system that includes a gas sensor to detect gas outflow. If the sensor detects the level of gas outflow and compares it to the threshold value previously set in the software. If it exceeds the fixed threshold value, the buzzer activates and the relay connected to the circuit turns on. The entire power supply will then be turned off. People nowadays are unaware of their daily gas usage, which causes a delay in refilling the LPG cylinder. To overcome such difficulties, our system has one more module. The load sensor is used to continuously monitor the gas level. The load cell's output is connected to the microcontroller. The microcontroller manipulates the data so that the weight of the gas cylinder, the level of gas leakage, and the amount of gas used per day are displayed on the LCD. If the gas cylinder's level falls dangerously low, a new cylinder is automatically booked and the status is transmitted to the user via the Wi-Fi module

LPG Cylinder Level Indication and Automatic Gas Booking System

Abstract: People may now live more effectively because of the quick growth of technology. When it comes to utilizing liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), one of the most frequent problems is that the tank is empty during prime cooking times. Other issues that may arise include failing to foresee the gas cylinder's operational days and being unaware of the gasoline's present level inside the container. One of the most frequent causes of these problems while using liquefied petroleum gas is a lack of awareness of the level of gasoline within the container. We frequently forget to order a new cylinder when the one we have is empty or consumed. The electronic gadget created here is highly helpful for domestic users in these situations since it automatically sends a booking notification to the appropriate authorities right before being emptied. The system designed here is used to measure continuously and display the gasoline content in the cylinder. And when the gasoline content is less the 10% of the original weight then the alert will be given with the buzzer alongside sending the text message to the LPG cylinder distributor to book the cylinder with the texted customer details. In this research, a framework is proposed for automating the whole LPG cylinder booking system without the need for human intervention. For the authorized LPG distributor to deliver the LPG chamber on time, this system continuously measures the weight of the cylinder, and if below 10% then delivers messages as a result to the LPG cylinder agent.

Experimental and numerical investigation on temperature uniformity of LPG cylinder in incineration test

The liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) cylinder incineration test is an important part of the cylinder periodic inspection to clean up the residual gas and ensure the safety of subsequent inspection items. However, the cylinder needs to be incinerated several times due to the uneven temperature distribution of the cylinder, leading to low incineration efficiency and waste of energy. In this study, a cylinder incineration test is experimentally investigated and a CFD model is established to analyze the influence of incinerator structure parameters and cylinder types on the temperature uniformity of the cylinder. The results show that the temperature distribution of the middle surface of the cylinder is most uneven. With the increase of the burner nozzle diameter and the incinerator diameter, the standard deviation of temperature decreases at first and then increases, and the minimum is reached at 150 mm and 530 mm, respectively. The optimized design is found to have a better temperature uniformity of the cylinder with the burner nozzle angle of 0?. The optimal incinerator diameter for different types of LPG cylinders is different and decreases as the cylinder diameter decreases.

Patterns of fuel use, cooking practices and factors associated with the non use of liquefied petroleum gas for cooking in peri-urban Cameroon

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Over three billion people, mostly living in low and middle income countries are exposed to household air pollution from reliance on polluting cooking fuels (e.g. wood, charcoal). There is a dearth of information on barriers to adoption and sustained use of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). METHODS: A cross-sectional demographic and fuel use survey was conducted in peri-urban Mbalmayo in Central Cameroon. Stratified random sampling was conducted to identify LPG users and solid fuel users. Participants completed in-depth surveys on individual and household characteristics. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with the non use of LPG. RESULTS: Among households using solid fuels (n=196), the main reported barrier to LPG adoption included the initial cost of LPG equipment (n=87; 59%). Concerns over LPG safety were a significant concern in both users and non-users of LPG (n=366; 83.6%) perceived LPG to be dangerous). More than a quarter reporting difficulty in obtaining an LPG cylinder refill when the cylinder was empty (n=127; 29%). Stacking was universal (100%) amongst LPG users, with cost of refills, free secondary fuel, and distance from retail point influencing the more exclusive use of LPG for clean cooking. The determinants of the non use of LPG were: education level (P = 0.023), non access to flush toilet (P=0.000), age group of 36-45 years (P = 0.037), low cash income (P=0.047); no pipe for water at home (P=0.047), the cost of LPG (P=0.018), behaviour on LPG dangerousness (0.034). CONCLUSIONS: To scale LPG adoption in peri-urban Cameroon, addressing safety concerns through education, and financially supporting households should be prioritized. Policies to facilitate uptake of LPG should be targeted on populations with low socioeconomic status. KEY WORDS: LPG, clean cooking, adoption

Fuel stacking implications for willingness to pay for cooking fuels in peri-urban Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

Overcoming cooking fuel “stacking” is a major challenge impeding transitions to clean cooking in low- and middle-income countries. Though clean fuels are increasingly available in these countries' urban centers, continued use of polluting technology reinforces energy poverty, due to time costs associated with fuel collection, the household air pollution generated, and the contribution of the latter to dangerous levels of ambient air pollution. While there is much evidence of the association between income and clean fuel use, the impacts of policy instruments that alter fuel prices have been underexplored. We conducted a double-bounded contingent valuation experiment with 360 households who use firewood and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) in peri-urban areas of Kathmandu Valley, to elicit respondents' strength of preference regarding their primary cooking fuels. We examine the determinants of cooking fuel stacking, the relationship between fuel stacking behavior and preferences for cooking fuel, and calculate willingness to pay (WTP) for households' primary fuels. We find that stacking is associated with household demographic variables and the time burden of firewood collection; meanwhile, wealthier households, those having more empowered women, and those affected by the 2015 trade blockade in Nepal use more LPG. Fuel stacking among primary LPG users is negatively related to demand for LPG. Among primary LPG users, WTP for a 14.2 kg LPG cylinder ranges between 1267 and 1496 NPR (11–15 USD, or between 3.5 and 4.9 NPR/MJ of useful energy), but WTP for 1 MJ of useful cooking energy is considerably higher due to the highly price inelastic demand for firewood (42–145 NPR/MJ, 0.36–1.25 USD/MJ). Our findings have implications for the pricing of clean fuels in urban Nepal, as they indicate an asymmetric response around price changes for LPG and firewood.

Assessing the feasibility of a migration policy from LPG cookers to induction cookers to reduce LPG subsidies

Several developing countries have attempted to reduce liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) imports and subsidies by shifting from the use of LPG to electric stoves. In Indonesia, the LPG subsidy reached US$ 4.9 billion and LPG imports increased to 6.3 million tonnes in 2021. Our study aims to analyse the feasibility of an induction cooker program in Indonesia to reduce LPG subsidies. Firstly, we calculated the energy equivalent factor of the induction cooker compared to the LPG cooker. Subsequently, we surveyed 1006 respondents with different electricity connection capacities regarding their monthly LPG consumption and perceptions of induction cookers. We found monthly electricity consumption for the induction cooker to be around 62 kWh to 235 kWh, depending on the customer group. Cooking with the induction cooker has a lower energy cost compared to cooking with the unsubsidised 12 kg LPG cylinder. However, for customers previously using the subsidised 3 kg LPG cylinder, the induction cooker program only reduces energy costs for cooking for the 450 VA customers. The LPG subsidy saving can compensate for the capital costs of switching to induction cooking within three years. Several policy recommendations are discussed based on these findings.

Investigation of the Effect of Solid Wire and Flux Combinations Used in Submerged Arc Welding of the LPG Cylinders on Mechanical Properties

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) cylinder is a type of pressure vessel that used to store and transport liquefied gases. In this study, S460MC steel with a thickness of 1.50 mm and submerged arc welding method were used in the manufacturing of LPG cylinders. Selection of the welding consumables (wire, flux) and optimization of the welding parameters (current, voltage, travel speed) are the primary focus of the study. Selected welding parameters have been verified as a result of visual and radiographic (X-ray) tests and macroscopic examinations. In order to analyze the effects of welding consumables on mechanical properties, test specimens were prepared, then tensile and hardness tests were performed and it was observed that molybdenum element increased the mechanical strength. In order to fulfill the requirements of the LPG cylinder production standard, bursting & volumetric expansion tests and pressure fatigue tests were performed and the requirements were met.

Deployment of treated and compressed biogas as a sustainable fuel for ceramic kiln firing

Inefficiency, emission of greenhouses gases and the deleterious effects of carbonaceous fuels on both human health and the environment are responsible for the increased in exploration and adoption of eco-friendly and sustainable fuels to various aspects of human development and production processes. This study was aimed at the generation, treatment and compressing of biogas into Liquefied Petroleum Gas Cylinder (LPGC) for deployment to firing ceramic kiln. The methodology involved the anaerobic digestion of cow dung and the treatment of the generated gas using water scrubbing technology. The results of the study showed an increased in methane content from an untreated value of 43.5% to 93.98%, the elimination of CO2, and H2S; reduction in volume of gas used in firing a ceramic kiln to 1030 °C from 22,300 L of untreated biogas to 492 L of treated biogas, as well as the prevention of 108,000 g of methane, 124,00 g of CO2, 74,400 g of CO and 173.6 g of NO2 from venting into the climate system.

Enhancement and Analytical Assessment of Single Cylinder Spark Ignition Engine Operated on Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)

Utilizing gaseous fuels, such as Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) and Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), has become widespread in the realm of commercial vehicles. This undertaking is driven by the primary goal of adapting an existing gasoline-fuelled Spark Ignition (SI) engine to seamlessly operate with LPG. Simultaneously, the secondary aim of this Endeavor involves a meticulous examination of the theoretical performance of the engine when fuelled with both LPG and gasoline. A comprehensive analytical comparison has been conducted to scrutinize the engine's performance under these diverse fuel scenarios. The engine under consideration for this scholarly pursuit is a four-stroke single cylinder 7 kW TVS King Bajaj engine. To achieve the desired modification, a meticulously chosen first-generation LPG conversion kit has been identified and seamlessly integrated into the existing gasoline-fuelled engine. This conversion kit comprises essential components such as a mixing unit, pressure regulator, vacuum lock-off and filter, selector switch, solenoid valve, multi-functional valve, and LPG cylinder. After the successful adaptation of the engine to run on both fuels, it was mounted on a water dynamometer to systematically assess its performance and emission characteristics. The outcomes of the analytical engine performance evaluation are remarkable. The brake power output exhibited an impressive 7.2% improvement, coupled with a noteworthy 1.98% reduction in brake specific fuel consumption when the engine operated on LPG instead of gasoline. Moreover, when running on LPG, the engine's brake thermal efficiency experienced a commendable boost of 2.66%. These discerning parametric analyses underscore LPG as an up-and-coming alternative to gasoline, not only in terms of performance but also in consideration of anti knock properties, emission characteristics, and the cost-effectiveness of the fuel.

Development of a smart liquified petroleum gas stove with real-time protection and notification using IoT

The world is advancing technologically in all sectors including the use gas as cooking energy. Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is one of the gases used for cooking. The use of LPG by cooking protects the environment against deforestation and air pollution. But people are not very comfortable using it due to some issues related to the manual frame regulation that sometimes cause fire sparks, manual switch and LPG cylinder explosion that are causing many accidents in daily life. The previous related works reviewed have provided some solutions like alerting notifying and closing the Gas flow while there is a Gas leakage and auto fire extinguisher system against the fire caused by that Gas. But still, those solutions did not help users to maximize the benefits of using that gas. This project aims to develop a smart Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) stove powered by the integration of Internet of things (IoT) and Embedded Systems to auto-switch the stove, monitor the gas level, prevent the gas explosion and notify the userthe state of the stove.

Metallic debossed characters industrial online non‐segmentation identification based on improved multi‐scale image fusion enhancement and deep neural network

This paper investigates accurate industry online scene text recognition techniques for metallic debossed characters (MDCs). As MDCs have low contrast with its background and easy to interfere with corrosion rust, oxidate skin or specular reflection and so forth, a multi-scale image fusion algorithm is first proposed to restore the MDCs’ shape and appearance information to enhance the sample's contrast by using the MDCs' depth characteristic with the help of four-directional illumination. With this method, the three most important reflection-related picture quality evaluation standards, namely contrast, saturation, and exposure, can be enhanced simultaneously. Next, based on the fusion result, a U-shaped network based on VGG-16 network architecture is used for text localization. In order to improve network receptive fields, an improved post-processing output module that combines a text sequence score map for coarsening localization with a single-character score map for fine localization is proposed, so that the network's adaptability and accuracy for long texts are improved. Finally, a convolutional recurrent neural network is adopted to realize the recognition of sequence characters. The advantages and effectiveness of the proposed method are statistically analyzed with the data from a liquefied petroleum gas cylinder annual periodic inspection production line.

IoT Based LPG Gas Level Detection & Gas Leakage Accident Prevention with Alert System

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is widely used for cooking fuel in developing countries for economic reasons, for energy-rich fuel source that contains the higher calorific value, for clean fuel with low carbon emission and for a portable that is available in even the faraway of areas. Therefore the proposed gas leakage detection and monitoring system for the gasoline content present in household LPG cylinder is developed. Usually, the capacity of LPG in cylinder is not determined in an exact manner and a cylinder when the gas is about to empty will be a difficult situation for the one who uses LPG gas for cooking continuously. By using IoT, the information of the near to the empty level of LPG gas in the cylinder will send to the user and the gas refill method by using telephonic ordering can be conducted. The purpose of this research is the detection of gas leakage and monitoring the LPG gas cylinder weight regularly to know the remaining value of gas in the cylinder. When the gas leakage is sensed, the warning signal and alarm sound will be active and also switch on exhaust fan automatically to decrease the gas concentration. The weight of LPG is measured using the load sensor (SEN-10245) and the output of the sensor is connected with Arduino MKR Wifi 1010 microcontroller. The user can know the validity of LPG usage daily because the amount of LPG gas will publish as events and watch them come through in real-time using the Wia IoT cloud platform. Consequently, the user is alerted by giving SMS notification to their mobile phone when the LPG level is critically low (below 20%) by use of the integration function of the Wia IoT platform call Twilio, using its web service APIs. Then by detecting the gas leakage with MQ6 gas sensor, this research work indicates for gas leakage condition and also helps to prevent the LPG gas burst accidents in the home.

The effect of clean cooking interventions on mother and child personal exposure to air pollution: results from the Ghana Randomized Air Pollution and Health Study (GRAPHS).

Background:Clean cooking interventions to reduce air pollution exposure from burning biomass for daily cooking and heating needs have the potential to reduce a large burden of disease globally.Objective:To evaluate the air pollution exposure impacts of a fan-assisted efficient biomass-burning cookstove and a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) stove intervention in rural Ghana.Methods:We randomized 1 414 households in rural Ghana with pregnant mothers into a control arm (N = 526) or one of two clean cooking intervention arms: a fan-assisted efficient biomass-burning cookstove (N = 527) or an LPG stove and cylinder refills as needed (N = 361). We monitored personal maternal carbon monoxide (CO) at baseline and six times after intervention and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure twice after intervention. Children received three CO exposure monitoring sessions.Results:We obtained 5 655 48-hour maternal CO exposure estimates and 1 903 for children, as well as 1 379 maternal PM2.5 exposure estimates. Median baseline CO exposures in the Control, improved biomass, and LPG arms were 1.17, 1.17, and 1.30 ppm, respectively. Based on a differences-in-differences approach, the LPG arm showed a 47% reduction (95% CI: 34–57%) in mean 48-hr CO exposure compared to the control arm. Mean maternal PM2.5 exposure in the LPG arm was 32% lower than the control arm during the post-intervention period (52 ± 29 μg/m3 vs 77 ± 44 μg/m3). The biomass stove did not meaningfully reduce CO or PM2.5 exposure.Conclusions:We show that LPG interventions lowered air pollution exposure significantly compared to three-stone fires. However, post-intervention exposures still exceeded health-relevant targets.Significance:In a large controlled trial of cleaner cooking interventions, an LPG stove and fuel intervention reduced air pollution exposure in a vulnerable population in a low-resource setting.

Perancangan Detektor Kebocoran Gas LPG Berbasis Arduino yang Terhubung dengan Smartphone

LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) has become the fuel for cooking for most households in Indonesia. The use of LPG for cooking requires high level of caution, due to the danger that may arise from gas leakage. If the molecules of flammable LPG gas are present in the air at a certain concentration and there is a triggerring factor in the form of flame or sparks, explosion and fire may occur. To prevent disasters caused by a LPG gas leakage, the author proposed an Arduino-based LPG gas leak detector (GLD). The GLD is equipped with a MQ-2 gas sensor, capable of measuring the LPG concentration in air in units of parts per million (ppm). Based on the measurement result, the GLD provides an early warning of LPG leakage through 3 condition levels: Normal, Alert, and Danger. Each condition level is characterized by the activation of LED indicators, a miniature air circulation fan , and a buzzer. Alert warning is released when the sensor reads more than 400 ppm (2.05% of LPG Lower Explosive Level). Danger warning is given at 800 ppm (4.10% of LPG Lower Explosive Level) or higher reading. An HC-06 Bluetooth module creates a wireless connection between the GLD and a smartphone. Through an application created on Blynk platform, the smartphone can monitor the LPG concentration at a distance of 10 m from the GLD. The GLD is tested and succeeded to detect gases coming from an LPG cylinder and from a gas lighter. The GLD also runs perfectly for the designed early warning scheme.

The refill gap: clean cooking fuel adoption in rural India

From 2016 to 2019, the Indian Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY) distributed over 80 million liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) stoves, making it the largest clean cooking program ever. Yet, evidence shows widespread continued use of the traditional chulha, negating the potential health benefits of LPG. Here we use semi-structured interviews with female and male adults to understand the drivers of LPG usage in Mulbagal, Karnataka, the site of a proto-PMUY program. We find that respondents perceive the main value of LPG to be saving time, rather than better health. We also find that norms of low female power in the household, in addition to costs, delay saving for and ordering LPG cylinder refills. Namely, female cooks controlled neither the money nor the mobile phone required to order a timely refill. These factors together contribute to the ‘refill gap’: the period of non-use between refilling cylinders, which may range from days to even months. Our work reveals how gender norms can amplify affordability challenges in low-income households.