Lippia Palmeri Research Articles

Impact of Lippia palmeri S. Watson during kid suckling and growth

Objective: raising kids is a fundamental activity in goat production, since their development is the source of replacements for the dairy herd or the sale of meat. Therefore, the impact in the kids’ growth of adding Lippia palmeri S. Watson oregano to the goat diet was evaluated. Materials and methods: a total of 17 kids born from mothers who consumed the four diets (treatments) were evaluated. They were divided as follows: 6 kids in T1 (ASINC with ORE); 5 kids in T2 (ASINC without ORE); 3 kids in T3 (SINC without ORE); and 3 kids in T4 (SINC with ORE). The weight gain (kg) and daily milk consumption (kg) variables were evaluated for 60 days. Results: no significant differences were found (p>0.05) between treatments, showing an average daily weight gain of 0.0895 ±0.018 kg in T1 (ASINC with ORE), 0.0892 ±0.026 kg in T2 (ASINC without ORE), 0.0934 ±0.035 kg in T3 (SINC without ORE), and 0.118±0.026 kg in T4 (SINC with ORE). Meanwhile, the average daily milk consumption was 0.509 ±0.240 kg in T1 (ASINC with ORE), 0.580±0.205 kg in T2 (ASINC without ORE), 0.553±0.190 kg in T3 (SINC without ORE), and 0.717±0.202 kg in T4 (SINC with ORE). Conclusions: no treatment was significantly higher than the others. A significant and positive correlation (r=0.879, p=0.0001) was detected between the two variables under study.

Sincronía de la degradación ruminal de proteína cruda y materia orgánica de especies forrajeras como determinante de preferencia en cabras de libre pastoreo en el desierto sonorense de Baja California Sur

The objective of the study was to evaluate the relationship between the preference index (IP) and synchrony (IS) of forage species from Baja California Sur. Samples of the 23 forage species of trees and shrubs were obtained to perform in situ digestibility analyzes using four Creole-Nubian goats. Collections were carried out in winter and spring of 2004 and summer and autumn of 2005. The extent of degradation per hour and total of 24 h was calculated from the amount of OM and PC degraded per hour; these data were used to calculate the IS. The seasonal PI data set was obtained from previously published information. A logistic regression model was used to explain the probability of occurrence of the IP with the IS. The regression model to explain the IP from the IS was significant and predictive for six species, being positive for Adelia virgata, Amaratus palmeri, Haematoxilon brasiletto, Lippia palmeri and Prosopis sp., and negative for Bursera microphyla. For other tree species and legumes in general, the model was significant, but not predictive, therefore, it is necessary to include other factors to fit the model.

Antiproliferative Effect of Essential Oil Obtained from Oregano (Lippia palmeri S. Watson) Leaves Grown in Hydroponics and LED Light.

Nowadays, light-emitting diodes (LED) provide an alternative source to sunlight with specific intensity and wavelength that promotes plant growth. The features offered by LED could also stimulate the production of secondary metabolites of pharmaceutical interest. This work analyzed the cultivation of oregano (Lippia palmeri S. Watson) in a floating root hydroponic system supplemented by full-spectrum LED artificial light. Growth indicators like height, diameter, number of shoots, and leaf length and width were measured. The essential oil (EO) composition from the leaves of wild and hydroponic conditions found thymol (41.8 %) as the main product for the former and carvacrol (47 %) in hydroponics. The antiproliferative activity of EOs on human colorectal cancer HCT-15 shows that 6.4 μg/ml for hydroponic and 7.4 μg/ml for the wild plant reduce more than 50 % the cell viability. Overall, this study indicates that hydroponic conditions and full spectrum LED modifies the composition of the EO of L. palmeri on compared with the wild plant, which effectively induces cell growth inhibition in human colorectal cancer.

Antioxidant potential, cytokines regulation, and inflammation-related genes expression of phenolic extracts from Mexican oregano.

The Mexican population traditionally uses oregano infusions to treat oxidative and inflammation-related disorders. Therefore, this study was focused on the examination of the antioxidant capacity and potential against inflammation from three Mexican oregano species (Lippia graveolens [LG], Lippia palmeri [LP], and Hedeoma patens [HP]). The extracts from LG showed a superior total phenolic content. LG, LP, and HP exhibited a higher capacity to inhibit the radical DPPH (up to 90.33 ± 0.25%) and significantly lowered the release of MCP-1 and IL-6. At the same time, LG and HP increased the secretion of IL-10. Extracts from LG, LP, and HP did not significantly diminish the expression of il-1β or inos, although a slight decrease in inos expression was observed. Our findings support that phenolic extracts from L. graveolens, L. palmeri, and H. patens possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and might be potential therapeutic candidates against oxidative and inflammation-related diseases. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Oregano species have traditionally been exploited as remedies against inflammatory-related diseases, namely headaches, asthma, bowel disorders, and rheumatism. This study explored the antioxidant potential of three Mexican oregano species (Lippia graveolens, Lippia palmeri, and Hedeoma patens) and their anti-inflammatory effects in a murine cell model. Phenolic extracts from oregano showed antioxidant capacity and exerted activity against inflammation by improving anti-inflammatory cytokines secretion or negatively regulating pro-inflammatory cytokines. The results of our study demonstrate that the phenolic extracts from these Mexican oregano species have the potential in treating inflammation-related diseases.

Cytotoxic Activity of Polyphenol Extracts from Three Oregano Species: Hedeoma patens, Lippia graveolens and Lippia palmeri, and Antiproliferative Potential of Lippia graveolens against Two Types of Breast Cancer Cell Lines (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7).

Oregano infusions have traditionally been used to treat some diseases related to inflammation and cancer; also, some species have shown antiproliferative activity on cancer cell lines, for example, colon and liver, and this has been attributed to its phytochemical profile, mainly its phenolic compounds. This study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxicity and antiproliferative potential of the polyphenols-rich extracts (PRE) of the oregano species H. patens, L. graveolens, and L. palmeri on breast cancer cell lines. The PRE of the three oregano species were obtained from dried leaves. The extract was characterized by determining antioxidant activity, total phenols content, and identifying the profile of phenolic acids and flavonoids by chromatography UPLC-MS/MS. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity of the extracts was evaluated in vitro on a non-cancer cell line of fibroblast NIH3T3 and the antiproliferative potential on the breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7. L. graveolens showed the highest antioxidant capacity and significantly inhibited the proliferation of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells at non-cytotoxic concentrations in normal cells, with a similar effect to that cisplatin in MDA-MB-231 cells. Therefore, the polyphenol-rich extract from L. graveolens showed the greatest potential to guide future research on the antiproliferative mechanism of action.

Anti-infective properties of medicinal plants from the Baja California peninsula, Mexico for the treatment of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. basilici in organic sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum)

Certified-organic farming systems in Baja California Peninsula and Northwest Mexico are nationally and globally recognized, especially due to the production of vegetables and aromatic herbs under protected agriculture systems. Based on the background of some species of the flora of Baja California Sur (BCS) to inhibit a diversity of microorganisms, the effect of 22 medicinal plants of the region was explored to know the in vitro activity against the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. basilici isolated from basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). The plants processed as crude ethanolic and aqueous extracts were analyzed in duplicate (three replicates) evaluating the inhibition of mycelial growth and spore germination. In mycelial inhibition test, all plants extracts (1000 mg L-1) showed an effectiveness of 11 to 40% to inhibit F. oxysporum. The most effective plant extracts according to 50% effective inhibition dose (ED50), were Larrea tridentata, Hymenoclea monogyra and Lippia palmeri with an ED50 of 220, 303 and 3000 mg L-1, respectively. Tukey’s PostHoc tests indicated that H. monogyra and L. tridentata are ten times (ED50 <300 mg L-1) more effective than L. palmeri (ED50 3000 mg L-1). In addition, the dose-response trend analyzes according to the logarithmic-logistic model (drc packages), showed the maximum slope values ​​between 100 and 1000 mg L-1. In the spore germination inhibition tests, most ethanolic extracts (5000 mg L-1) showed an effectiveness between 21 and 80%. The results of this study demonstrated that the inhibitory potential of these plants used in BCS traditional medicine are a viable alternative for the control of F. oxysporum f. sp. basilici in organic basil production systems. Highlights 22 medicinal native plants from the Baja California peninsula can effectively inhibit (in vitro) oxysporum f. sp. basilica. The most effective species were Larrea tridentata, Hymenoclea monogyra and Lippia palmeri with a mycelial growth inhibition (ED50) of 220, 300 and 3000 mg L-1, respectively. In vitro effectiveness of Fusarium-growth inhibition of medicinal plants of BCS were in ED50 ranges from 220 to 3000 mg L-1. Creosote bush (L. tridentata) extract at a dose of 5000 mg L-1 can inhibit the fungal sporulation by up 80%. The ethanol-aqueous extract of the medicinal plants of BCS have the potential to be used for long-term control of the fusariosis disease in basil.

Composition, antioxidant capacity, intestinal, and immunobiological effects of oregano (Lippia palmeri Watts) in goats: preliminary in vitro and in vivo studies.

This study investigated Lippia palmeri Watt (oregano) phytochemical compounds, their antioxidant capacity, and immunological effects on goat peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL), and on the presence of intermediate polar compounds in goat feces fed dietary oregano. The polar and nonpolar fractions of L. palmeri W. were characterized and phytochemical contents and antioxidant capacity were determined. Twelve healthy Anglo-Nubian goats were used for the in vivo trials, which were randomly assigned to control fed with basal diet, or oregano group fed with basal diet + 2.6% (DM basis) dried oregano leaves. Goat peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) were isolated for the in vitro study, and PBL were stimulated with oregano extracts at 100 and 150μg/mL after 24h. For the in vivo trial, dietary oregano (2.6% on DM basis) was evaluated in the goats for 90days. Relatively high abundance of carvacrol and thymol phytochemical compounds was found in oregano. The highest antioxidant capacity of oregano extracts was detected at 100 and 150μg/mL. Nitric oxide production, phagocytosis, and superoxide dismutase activities increased (p < 0.05) in stimulated PBL with oregano extracts, whereas the pro-inflammatory (TNF-α and IL-1β) transcription and antioxidant (CAT and GPX-4) genes downregulated. In the in vivo experiment, dietary oregano enabled the detection of nine compounds found in goat feces, from which caproic (C6) was in a high relative quantity compared with the control group. Oregano has phytochemical compounds with strong antioxidant capacity that protect cells against oxidative stress damage and could modulate immune response and feces composition in goats.

Cellular antioxidant activity and in vitro inhibition of α-glucosidase, α-amylase and pancreatic lipase of oregano polyphenols under simulated gastrointestinal digestion

Different oregano species have been traditionally used as infusions in folk medicine. Oregano medicinal properties, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory, have been partially attributed to its polyphenolic content. However, information regarding bioaccessibility of oregano polyphenols is limited. Cell-based antioxidant activity, and in vitro hypoglycemic, and hypolipidemic properties of polyphenolic extracts from three species of oregano species, namely, Hedeoma patens (HP), Lippia graveolens (LG) and Lippia palmeri (LP), subjected to simulated gastrointestinal digestion were evaluated. LC-TOF-MS analysis of HP, LG and LP allowed the identification of 9 flavonoids and 6 hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives with nutraceutical significance. Oregano polyphenolic extracts and digests from HP, LG, and LP exhibited cellular antioxidant capacity, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties. Altogether, our results suggest that HP, LG and LP polyphenols exhibit potential for use as hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and antioxidant agents.

Protective role of terpenes and polyphenols from three species of Oregano (Lippia graveolens, Lippia palmeri and Hedeoma patens) on the suppression of lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells

Ethnopharmacological relevanceMexican oregano infusions have been traditionally used in México for the treatment of inflammation-related diseases, such as respiratory and digestive disorders, headaches and rheumatism, among others. Nevertheless, there is limited information regarding the phenolic compounds, terpenes and composition as well as biological activity of Mexican oregano. Aim of the studyTo determine the phenolic and terpene composition and to evaluate the anti-inflammatory potential of three species of Mexican oregano (Lippia graveolens (LG), Lippia palmeri (LP) and Hedeoma patens (HP)) in order to provide a scientific basis for their use. Materials and methodsWe obtained methanol and chloroform extracts from dried oregano leaves of each species. We used LC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS and GC-MS to determine the phenolic and terpene profiles of the leaves, respectively. We evaluated anti-inflammatory potential by measuring the effect of Mexican oregano extracts on some pro-inflammatory mediators, such as nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) using lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells and evaluating cyclooxygenase activity (COX-1, COX-2). ResultsNine phenolic compounds (phenolic acids and flavonoids) and 22 terpenes (monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes) were detected in LG, LP and HP. We studied extracts from LG, LP and HP, and fractions from LG and LP in order to know their effect on some pro-inflammatory mediators. The phenolic and terpene extracts from LG, LP and HP exhibited significant inhibitory effect on ROS and NO production and mitochondrial activity in LPS-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Nitric oxide production was also diminished by the terpene LG fraction LGF2 and the LP fractions LPF1, LPF2 and LPF3, confirming that both monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes are active compounds of oregano. Furthermore, the total extracts of LG, LP and HP exhibited non-selective inhibitions against the activity of the cyclooxygenases COX-1 and COX-2. ConclusionsOur results suggest that Lippia graveolens, Lippia palmeri and Hedeoma patens extracts have the potential to treat inflammatory diseases; their activity is mediated by polyphenols and terpenes. These findings support the claim for their traditional use in the treatment of inflammation-related diseases.

Insecticidal Efficacy and Repellency of Oregano (Lippia palmeri) Essential Oil for Control ofSitophilus zeamaisandProstephanus truncatusin Stored Maize

Abstract. Maize, Zea mays L., is the most important crop in Mexico. The maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, and larger grain borer, Prostephanus truncatus (Horn), cause significant loss to stored maize. The insects are controlled by insecticides that are toxic to humans and pollute the environment. An alternative to control insect damage is essential oil from plants. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of oregano (Lippia palmeri S. Watson) oil at different concentrations on repellence, emergence, and mortality of maize weevil and larger grain borer. All maize weevils died at 48 hours, while most (92%) larger grain borer died at 72 hours with 1,000 µl/liter of oregano oil. Emergence of treated insects was significantly (p < 0.05) less than the check. The repellency index at 24 hours for larger grain borer was 0.15 at a concentration of 20 µl/liter of oregano oil. The repellency index for maize weevil was zero, indicating total repellence at 24 hours. Components of the oil were det...

Toxic and Persistent Effect of Oregano's Essential Oil againstZabrotessubfasciatus(Coleoptera: Bruchidae) in Stored Dry Beans

Zabrotes subfasciatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae), is one of the most destructive species with greater abundance and distribution in stored beans Phaseolus vulgaris L., causing great economic losses in Sonora, Mexico. Control of this pest has been based mainly on the use of broad-spectrum synthetic insecticides. Their intensive application has caused insect resistance, environmental pollution and impact on human health, therefore increasing research to control it has the aim of developing safe alternatives with potential to replace synthetic insecticides, while not being harmful. We studied the toxic effect and persistence of the essential oil (EO) of Lippia palmeri (Watson) (Verbenaceae) on Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boheman) in stored beans. The EO was compared between plant leaves collected from two locations: Puerto of Oregano (POEO) and Alamos Sonora (AEO). Beans were treated with 0, 0.135, 1.35, 4.0, and 8.0 µl/g of EO and infested with Z. subfasciatus. Mortality, oviposition, insect emergence, and percentage of damaged grain were assessed for 4 months. The POEO caused greater mortality, and both EOs showed ovicidal effects that persisted for 2 months with the 1.35 µl/g dose. Moreover, lethal effects after 3 months of storage at 4 and 8 µl/g were observed, either in insect emergence or damaged grain. This seems to be caused by the persistence of the essential oils carvacrol, thymol, and p-cymene in the Lippia palmeri samples.

Mineral content of browse species from Baja California Sur, Mexico

The legumes Acacia peninsularis (Brit. L. Rose) Standley; Cercidium floridium Benth; Mimosa xantii, Gray; Pithecellobium confine Standley and Prosopis sp. Torr. and non-legumes Bursera microphylla Gray (Burceraceae); Cyrtocarpa edulis (Brand) Stand (Anacordiaceae); Lippia palmeri, S. Wats (Verbenaceae); Opuntia cholla, Weber (Cactaceae) and Turnera diffusa Wild (Turneraceae) were evaluated in their mineral content. Shrubs were collected from 16 linear transects of 30 m. Collections were carried out in each season during three consecutive years. Potential mineral intake of range goats consuming these shrubs was also estimated. Non-legumes were highest in Na content than legumes in all seasons. Both legumes and non-legumes were lower in K and Cu, whereas Na and Fe were highest during spring than in other seasons. In summer, Ca was lower and P was highest in all plants. Levels of Ca were nine times higher than requirements for range ruminants. Potential intake of Ca, Mg, K, Na, Mn and Fe by range goats consuming these shrubs was sufficient to satisfy their requirements. However, consumption of P, Cu, Zn was low. It is concluded that range goats grazing these shrub species must be supplemented with P, Cu and Zn throughout the year in order to sustain goat productivity.

Seasonal Dynamics of Organic Matter Digestion in Browse Species from Baja California Sur, Mexico

Ramírez-Orduña, R., Ramírez, R.G., Gomez-Meza, M.V., Armenta-Quintana, J.A., Ramírez-Orduña, J.M., Cepeda-Palacios, R. and Ávila-Sandoval, J.M. 2003. Seasonal dynamics of organic matter digestion in browse species from Baja California Sur, Mexico. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 24: 65–78. With the aim to estimate seasonally the rate and extent of organic matter degradability (EDOM), ten native species from Baja California Sur, Mexico were evaluated. Branches from the legumes: Acacia peninsularis (Brit. L. Rose) Standley; Cercidium floridium (Benth); Mimosa xantii, Gray; Pithecellobium confine (Staiidley) and Prosopis sp. (Torr) and non legumes: Bursera microphylla Gray (Burceraceae); Cyrtocarpa edulis (Brand) Stand (Anacordiaceae); Lippia palmeri, S. Wats (Verbenaceae); Opuntia cholla, Weber (Cactaceae) and Turnera diffusa Wild (Turneraceae) were collected from 16 linear transects of 30m, located randomly. Collections were carried out in each season during three consecutive years. Non legumes species were significantly different in their EDOM during spring and summer, whereas legumes species were not affected by season. Differences between plant types were significant only during spring. Cercidium floridium and O. cholla had EDOM values comparable to alfalfa hay. Other plant species resulted with lower EDOM than alfalfa hay. Turnera diffusa had the lowest EDOM. It may appear that forage quality vary according to season, during fall and winter good quality and during the spring and autumn low quality forages are available.