Intensity Of Lipid Peroxidation Research Articles

Effects of Lactone- and Ketone-Brassinosteroids of the 28-Homobrassinolide Series on Barley Plants under Water Deficit.

The aim of this work was to study the ability of 28-homobrassinolide (HBL) and 28-homocastasterone (HCS) to increase the resistance of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) plants to drought and to alter their endogenous brassinosteroid status. Germinated barley seeds were treated with 0.1 nM HBL or HCS solutions for two hours. A water deficit was created by stopping the watering of 7-day-old plants for the next two weeks. Plants responded to drought through growth inhibition, impaired water status, increased lipid peroxidation, differential effects on antioxidant enzymes, intense proline accumulation, altered expression of genes involved in metabolism, and decreased endogenous contents of hormones (28-homobrassinolide, B-ketones, and B-lactones). Pretreatment of plants with HBL reduced the inhibitory effect of drought on fresh and dry biomass accumulation and relative water content, whereas HCS partially reversed the negative effect of drought on fresh biomass accumulation, reduced the intensity of lipid peroxidation, and increased the osmotic potential. Compared with drought stress alone, pretreatment of plants with HCS or HBL followed by drought increased superoxide dismutase activity sevenfold or threefold and catalase activity (by 36%). The short-term action of HBL and HCS in subsequent drought conditions partially restored the endogenous B-ketone and B-lactone contents. Thus, the steroidal phytohormones HBL and HCS increased barley plant resistance to subsequent drought, showing some specificity of action.

Activity of oxidative processes and the state of the redox regulating system in tumor tissue in skin cancer

Purpose of the study. To study the intensity of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and the activity of antioxidant protection components in tumor tissues, peritumoral zone and conditionally healthy skin tissue in basal cell carcinoma, depending on the type of tumor growth, gender of patients, and the presence of concomitant diseases.Materials and methods. Tissues from 34 patients with basal cell carcinoma (BCC) were studied, including 17 women (10 with superficial tumor growth and 7 with solid growth) and 17 men (5 and 12 patients, respectively). We used skin flaps obtained during operations on 12 men and 10 women without malignant pathology (“norm”) as a comparison material. The content of malondialdehyde (MDA), diene conjugates (DC), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and total peroxidase activity (TPA) were determined. Statistical processing of the results was carried out using the Statistica 10.0 program.Results. In women, the level of MDA was increased in all tissues: with superficial growth of BCC by 2.1–2.5 times (p ≤ 0.05), with solid growth by 1.6–2.1 times (p < 0.05) relative to the “norm”. In men with superficial growth, an MDA increase by 3.2 and 3.1 times in tumor tissue and conditionally healthy tissue was observed (p < 0.02), and no increase in MDA in the tumor was detected in 11 of 12 patients with solid growth. An increase in DC (on average 2–5 times) in BCC patients with concomitant hypertension and diabetes mellitus was observed mainly in women. Activation of SOD in tumor tissue, to a greater extent in men (2.4 times with superficial growth and 1.7 times with solid growth, p < 0.05 relative to conditionally healthy tissue), can be considered as a mechanism of antiradical protection of the tumor.Conclusions. An increase in the level of MDA in BCC was observed in tumor and nearby tissues in women with both types of growth, in men only with superficial growth. Analysis of individual characteristics of LPO indicators in patients with skin carcinoma revealed a dependence of the severity of the increase in MDA and especially DC on the presence of concomitant pathology (hypertension, diabetes mellitus).

Ferroptosis and its role in gastric and colorectal cancers.

Ferroptosis is a novel mechanism of programmed cell death, characterized by intracellular iron overload, intensified lipid peroxidation, and abnormal accumulation of reactive oxygen species, which ultimately resulting in cell membrane impairment and demise. Research has revealed that cancer cells exhibit a greater demand for iron compared to normal cells, indicating a potential susceptibility of cancer cells to ferroptosis. Stomach and colorectal cancers are common gastrointestinal malignancies, and their elevated occurrence and mortality rates render them a global health concern. Despite significant advancements in medical treatments, certain unfavorable consequences and drug resistance persist. Consequently, directing attention towards the phenomenon of ferroptosis in gastric and colorectal cancers holds promise for enhancing therapeutic efficacy. This review aims to elucidate the intricate cellular metabolism associated with ferroptosis, encompassing lipid and amino acid metabolism, as well as iron metabolic processes. Furthermore, the significance of ferroptosis in the context of gastric and colorectal cancer is thoroughly examined and discussed.

The influence of newly synthesized tellurium-containing cyanine dyes on the intensity of oxidative processes in the bodies of mammals

The purpose of this work was to study the influence of new synthesized organotellurium compounds (TOCs) on the intensity of oxidative processes in the body of mammals – in this case, the blood and liver of rats.The experiments were performed on white outbred rats, which were given a single dose of various TOC derivatives (0.01 g/kg). The next day, the animals were decapitated, blood was collected and the liver was isolated. The content of products of oxidative modification of lipids and proteins, as well as the low molecular weight antioxidant glutathione, was determined in blood plasma, erythrocytes and liver homogenate.It was found that all TOC derivatives studied significantly increase the intensity of lipid peroxidation in erythrocytes and hepatocytes, as evidenced by a multiple increase in the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) in them. At the same time, TOC suppresses the levels of oxidative damage to liver proteins, which is expressed in a significant decrease in the content of carbonyl groups. A study of glutathione content in the rat erythrocytes showed the absence of any significant effects of TOS on this antioxidant in erythrocytes.However, changes in its concentration were found in the liver, which depend on the nature of TOS (for TOS1 and TOS3 a decrease and for TOS2 a slight increase). Newly synthesized TOC demonstrate pronounced prooxidant properties, significantly increasing the intensity of oxidative processes in lipids, which makes them promising agents for antibacterial, antiviral and antitumor therapy.

Changes in Endogenous Intoxication and Antioxidant Defense System Markers in Patients with Tumor-Induced Acute Colonic Obstruction

A comprehensive evaluation of clinical and biochemical markers defining the status of endotoxemia in patients diagnosed with acute colonic obstruction (ACO) was conducted. The findings revealed that advancing stages of ACO corresponded to an increase in serum levels of endogenous intoxication markers and a simultaneous decrease in antioxidant defense system (ADS) markers.
 The aim of the study was to analyze changes in endogenous intoxication and ADS markers in patients with tumor-induced ACO throughout the disease progression and evaluate the outcomes.
 Materials and Methods. The study is based on examining serum levels of endogenous intoxication markers, including middle weight molecules (MWM), products of lipid peroxidation (LPO) - conjugated dienes (CD), malonaldehyde (MA), protein oxidative modification (POM), and key ADS markers, specifically superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ceruloplasmin (CP), in 155 patients with ACO throughout the disease progression and 20 apparently healthy individuals.
 Results. Upon patient admission to the hospital, the duration of ACO was found to correlate with an increase in endogenous intoxication markers and a decrease in antioxidant defense markers. Depending on ACO stage, MWM levels were 0.42 (0.38; 0.43) IU, 0.56 (0.51; 0.58) IU, and 0.72 (0.69; 0.73) IU, respectively (р1<0.01, р2<0.01, р3<0.01), with a normal range of 0.23 (0.18; 0.25) IU. In the compensated stage of ACO, MA levels significantly increased compared to the control group, reaching 6.39 (6.25; 6.42) nmol/mL (р1<0.001, р2<0.01, р3<0.05). Additionally, with the progression of the disease, a gradual increase in MA levels up to 6.39 (6.25; 6.42) nmol/mL, 7.88 (7.62; 7.92) nmol/mL, and 8.11 (8.05; 8.15) nmol/mL, respectively, was noted (р1<0.001, р2<0.01, р3<0.05), with a normal range of 3.14 (2.58; 3.17) nmol/mL. Similar trend was observed in serum CD levels - 3.11 (3.02; 3.18) IU, 3.69 (3.52; 3.72) IU, and 4.69 (4.53; 4.82) IU, respectively, with a normal range of 1.41 (1.32; 1.46) IU (р1<0.01, р2<0.01, р3<0.01). The study of LPO intensity via the optical density of aldehyde and ketone derivatives of neutral and basic dinitrophenylhydrazones (POM 356, POM 370, POM 430, POM 530) revealed an increase in POM product levels with the disease progression compared to the control group (р1<0.001, р2<0.01, р3<0.01). The analysis of the ADS showed an opposite trend, characterized by a significant decrease in marker levels. In patients with different ACO stages, serum CAT levels were 8.08 (7.95; 8.12) Н2О2/mL, 6.32 (6.25;6.41) Н2О2/mL, and 5.67 (5.59; 5.75) Н2О2/mL, respectively, with a normal range of 12.36 (12.21; 12.55) Н2О2/ml (р1<0.001, р2<0.01, р3<0.01), while SOD concentration decreased with the disease progression as well - 42.43 (31.75; 51.84) IU, 35.65 (24.72; 45.53) IU, and 32.18 (18.72; 41.15) IU, respectively, with a normal range of 63.60 (54.41; 74.56) IU (р1<0.001, р2<0.01, р3<0.01). In the compensated stage of ACO, CP level exceeded the normal value - 39.21 (38.92; 39.41) IU, with a normal range of 28.9 (28.4; 29.1) IU, indicating a compensatory defensive response of the body to a dramatic increase in LPO products. CP reserves, however, were depleted with the disease progression and a consistent decrease in this marker was subsequently observed: 19.10 (18.91; 19.23) IU in the subcompensated stage and 16.12 (16.01; 16.15) IU in the decompensated stage (р1<0.001, р2<0.01, р3<0.01).
 Conclusions. As a systemic process that induces various metabolic homeostasis disorders, endogenous intoxication serves as the pathogenetic foundation for the development of multiple organ failure in ACO patients. With ACO progression, endogenous intoxication caused an increase in LPO and POM activity, resulting in elevation of highly toxic middle-molecular weight substances, concurrently accompanied by a decline in the AOS activity.

Superoxide dismutase and catalase activity in the blood and liver of rats of different age groups with experimental type 2 diabetes mellitus and skeletal muscle injury

According to 2022 statistics from the Federal State Budgetary Institution National Medical Research Center for Endocrinology, the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Russia is 92.4% (4.49 million) of patients, and every tenth inhabitant of the Earth already suffers from diabetes mellitus.Purpose of the study: to analyze the dynamics of superoxide dismutase and catalase activity at the systemic and local levels in rats of different ages when modeling type 2 diabetes followed by mechanical injury to skeletal muscle.Object and methods. The study was conducted on white outbred healthy male rats 24 months old (120 individuals) and 6 months old (120 individuals). All old and young animals were divided into four subgroups within their group, 30 animals in each. Animals of the first subgroup in groups of old and young rats are intact rats. Animals of the second subgroup of the group in each group had a mechanical dissection in the area of the middle third of the gastrocnemius muscle of the hind limb. Animals of the third and fourth subgroups of each group were subjected to modeling type 2 diabetes mellitus.After the specified time, the animals of the fourth subgroup of both groups were injured in the middle third of the gastrocnemius muscle of the hind limb.Conclusions. Mechanical injury to the gastrocnemius muscle in combination with type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by an intensification of lipid peroxidation and leads to an increase in superoxide dismutase activity in the liver tissue and blood serum of rats, and in young animals the increase in superoxide dismutase activity is more intense than in old ones.

Effects of ultrasound waves on rat liver mitochondria

Succinate dehydrogenase has a wide range of properties in plant and animal cells and is distributed throughout the inner membrane of mitochondria, therefore it is the enzyme without which energy metabolism cannot occur. The goal of our research was to investigate the effect of ultrasonic waves on the intensity of lipid peroxidation, activity of succinate dehydrogenase and cytochrome c oxidase in rat liver mitochondria, as well as antioxidant effect of mulberry leaf extract and biosep oil extract. Study involved white lab rats weighing 180-200 grams. The ultrasound device used was Mindrey DP-50 Vet. The work was based on the following methods: Schneider differential centrifugation, spectrophotometry, chromatography, pH-metry, photometry. The results of the study explain the elucidation of the mechanisms of damage to liver tissue by ultrasonic waves and the correction of the mitochondrial dysfunction caused by it with the extract of mulberry leaves and the oil extract of biosep. It was revealed that changes in lipid peroxidation led to disruption of the functional activity of membrane-bound cytochrome c oxidase and succinate dehydrogenase.

Long-term consequences of acute toxic prenatal hypoxia induced by sodium nitrite in rat experiments

Introduction. Gestational hypoxia plays an important role in fetal development, as it causes the development of oxidative stress and delayed psychomotor development. The aim of the study was to evaluate the prenatal effect of sodium nitrite on indices characterizing orienting and exploratory activity, mental activity and the degree of hypoxia in rat offspring. Materials and methods. Acute hypoxia was modeled by administration of sodium nitrite at a dose of 30 mg/kg intramuscularly to five pregnant rats during 16–19 days of gestation. Five females constituted a control group. In 50 born rats, orientation and exploration activity, cognitive functions, intensity of lipid peroxidation and glycolysis were studied. Results. The offspring of females that underwent acute hypoxia significantly lagged behind in the positive dynamics of body weight gain compared to control individuals. Thirty-day-old rats showed a pronounced disorder of the structure of behavioral pattern, learning process and long-term memory, increased content of diene conjugates, malonic dialdehyde and the level of lactate dehydrogenase activity in blood. Discussion. It was found that offspring whose mothers suffered acute hypoxia of toxic genesis developed pronounced behavioral disorders of psychomotor agitation and cognitive dysfunction characterized by decreased learning ability and impaired long-term memory. The content of primary and secondary products of lipid peroxidation and lactate dehydrogenase was increased in rats. The development of cellular oxidative stress under conditions of intrauterine hypoxia leads to oxygen deficiency in the fetus and a switch from tissue respiration to glycolysis, which underlies CNS damage. Conclusion. It was shown that sodium nitrite administration during the period from the 16th to the 19th day of gestation caused hyperactivity, depressed emotional status, and decreased orienting and exploratory activity and the ability to learn and retain a memory trace in rat offspring. Increased levels of diene conjugates and malonic dialdehyde, lactate dehydrogenase activity were observed in rats.

Oxidative and nitrosative stress — the leading mechanisms of chronic pancreatitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease interaction and inducers of their progression

Background. The frequency of chronic pancreatitis (CP) comorbidity with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has significantly increased recently. It may be accompanied by changes in oxidant-antioxidant homeostasis and activates a cascade of reactions of mutual burdening of these pathologies. The purpose of the current research was to evaluate the intensity of lipid peroxidation, oxidative modification of proteins and the state of individual factors of the antioxidant defense system in the development and course of CP, depending on the comorbid COPD. Materials and methods. Three hundred and seventeen patients were examined, including 62 patients with CP alone (group 1), 132 CP patients with comorbid COPD (group 2), 123 patients with COPD alone (group 3). The content in blood of isolated double bonds in compounds, conjugated dienes, ketodienes and conjugated trienes, malonic aldehyde, nitrites/nitrates, reduced glutathione, the activity of catalase, glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase were evaluated in all patients. Results. In CP patients with comorbid COPD, the maximum oxidative stress intensity among the compared groups was registered. There was a reliable increase in the content of malonic aldehyde — by 2.0 times (p < 0.05), isolated double bonds — by 2.2 times (p < 0.05), conjugated dienes — by 1.9 times (p < 0.05), ketodienes and conjugated trienes — by 1.9 times (p < 0.05), nitrites/nitrates — by 2.6 times (p < 0.05). A reliable decrease in reduced glutathione content of erythrocytes was detec­ted: in group 1 — by 1.5 times, in group 2 — by 1.9 times (p < 0.05), in group 3 — by 1.2 times (p < 0.05). The compensatory increase in the activity of glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase and blood catalase was revealed: in group 1 — by 1.3, 1.2 and 1.5 times (p < 0.05); in group 2 — by 1.5, 1.3 and 1.8 times (p < 0.05), in group 3 — by 1.2, 1.2 and 1.4 times, respectively (p < 0.05). Conclusions. The comorbid course of CP and COPD is accompanied by the maximum intensity of oxidative and nitrosative stress compared to the isolated course of the disease. An increase was detected in intermediate and final metabolites of peroxide oxidation in the blood, oxidative modification of proteins, nitrites/nitrates in the blood against the background of a deep imbalance of antioxidant defense factors, an increase in ceruloplasmin content in the blood, which requires the administration of antioxidant agents to correct detected disorders and prevent the progression of both comorbid diseases.

Physicochemical properties and composition of the liposome lipids from lecithin depending on conditions that lead to the formation of liposome lipids

The effects of the composition and physicochemical properties of lecithin lipids, ultrasound exposure and centrifugation time on the composition and physicochemical properties of liposomes formed from lecithin were studied. It was found that the intensity of lipid peroxidation of liposomes is interrelated by the reversal correlation with the phospholipids share in the total lipid composition of lecithin and the direct correlation with the relative content of cardiolipin in the lecithin phospholipid composition. It was shown that ultrasound exposure and centrifugation produce stage changes in the composition and properties of the liposome lipids. Decreases in the levels of medium pH and the intensity of lipid peroxidation of liposomes were observed under centrifugal conditions. It was found that the stage changes in the ability of liposome lipids for oxidation depending on the time of ultrasound exposure and centrifugation are due to the relative changes in the sum share of the acid minor fractions in the composition of their phospholipids.

Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS) in Dog’s Hair as a Sign of Oxidative Stress – Preliminary Study

Abstract Various endogenous and exogenous factors influence the occurrence of oxidative stress in all organisms, as well as in dogs. An increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration and the occurrence of oxidative stress can lead to changes in the structure of proteins, lipids, and DNA. The level of oxidative stress can be determined by measuring the end products of lipid peroxidation known as reactive substances of thiobarbituric acid (TBARS) of which malondialdehyde (MDA) is the most important. The concentration of MDA can be easily measured in various tissues and body excretions, but also by a non-invasive method of hair sampling. In this research, we have collected dog hair in grooming saloons, fluorometrically measured TBARS levels and compared the obtained values with factors such as breed, sex, age, passive smoking, sterilization, and season. No significant difference between sterilized and non-sterilized dogs was observed. The intensity of lipid peroxidation differed between the sexes, dog breeds, status of smoking by owner and exposure to UV radiation.

Adaptive reactions of wheat plants to drought conditions under the influence of salicylic acid

Background. Drought is one of the most important factors affecting plant growth and productivity. The study addressed the perspectives of usage of salicylic acid, a stress protective compound, to increase the adaptive potential of Triticum aestivum L. plants under drought conditions. The effect of salicylic acid on the photosynthetic apparatus of wheat plants under the conditions of drought with a subsequent gradual resumption of watering was investigated. Materials and methods. Plants of the Podolyanka variety of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were the objects of our study. Seeds were pre-soaked in a solution of salicylic acid (50 mM) for 3 h. First seeds germinated in an incubator, and on the 3rd day of growth were transplanted into plastic pots (d = 14 cm). Plants were grown on soil substrate, whose humidity was maintained at 60 % of full moisture capacity – the optimal water supply. The model of drought was created by the simultaneous cessation of irrigation (30 % of soil moisture capacity) for 12 days. Upon termination of the drought, soil moisture in the pots was adjusted to 60 % of its full capacity. The control plants were grown from the seeds not treated with salicylic acid under conditions of optimal water supply (60 %). Study samples were taken from the shoots of wheat on the 7th, 9th and 12th days of the drought period and on the first day after the resumption of irrigation (14 days). The concentrations of TBA-active products, chlorophyll, carotenoids, glucose, sucrose and chlorophyllase activity were determined. Results. The influence of salicylic acid on the content of chlorophyll, carotenoids and TBA-active products along with chlorophyllase activity in shoots of wheat under the drought conditions on the early stages of ontogenesis was determined. It was found that both drought and salicylic acid modify the content of chlorophyll and carotenoids in the shoots of Triticum aestivum L., apparently by altering their metabolism. Chlorophyllase plays an important role in the adaptation of photosynthetic apparatus to the drought conditions. Our results suggest that salicylic acid causes an increase in the content of photosynthetic pigments and a decrease in chlorophyllase activity in drought conditions. In addition, salicylate causes the accumulation of glucose and sucrose in the shoot tissues of wheat plants under stressful conditions. Conclusions. Our research suggests participation of salicylic acid in the plants’ adaptation processes under the conditions of moisture deficiency. It was also found that under the effect of salicylic acid the content of TBA-active products decreases in the plant shoots under the conditions of drought. Considering the fact that the content of TBA-active products is an important indicator of lipid peroxidation intensity, the decrease of this index reveals the reduced activity of free radical processes in plant tissues under the effect of salicylic acid. Thus, it can be assumed that SA has a positive effect on plant metabolism under drought conditions.

Polymer Gel Substrate: Synthesis and Application in the Intensive Light Artificial Culture of Agricultural Plants.

This work is devoted to the description of the synthesis of hydrogels in the process of cryotropic gel formation based on copolymerization of synthesized potassium 3-sulfopropyl methacrylate and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (SPMA-co-HEMA) and assessing the potential possibility of their use as substrates for growing plants in intensive light culture in a greenhouse. Gel substrates based on the SPMA-co-HEMA were created in two compositions, differing from each other in the presence of macro- and microelements, and their effects were studied on the plants' physiological state (content of chlorophylls a and b, activity of catalase and peroxidase enzymes, intensity of lipid peroxidation, elemental compositions) at the vegetative period of their development and on the plants' growth, productivity and quality of plant production at the final stages of development. Experiments were carried out under controlled microclimate conditions. Modern and standard generally accepted methods of gels were employed (ATR-FTIR and 13C NMR spectral studies, scanning electron microscopy, measurement of specific surface area and pore volume), as well as the methods of the physiological and chemical analysis of plants. The study demonstrated the swelling ability of the created gel substrates. Hydrogels' structure, their specific surface area, porosity, and pore volume were investigated. Using the example of representatives of leaf, fruit and root vegetable crops, the high biological activity of gel substrates was revealed throughout the vegetation period. Species specificity in the reaction of plants to the presence of gel substrates in the root-inhabited environment was revealed. Lettuce, tomato and cucumber plants were more responsive to the effect of the gel substrate, and radish plants were less responsive. At the same time, more pronounced positive changes in plant growth, quality and productivity were observed in cucumber and lettuce in the variant of gel substrates with macro- and microelements and in tomato plants in both variants of gel substrates. Further research into the mechanisms of the influence of gel substrates on plants, as well as the synthesis of new gel substrates with more pronounced properties to sorb and retain moisture is promising.

HBO aftereffect on lipid peroxidation and enzyme antioxidants of the brain: prospective experiental study

OBJECTIVE. Study the effect of a single and multiple administration of hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) in the therapeutic regime on the processes of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and enzyme of antioxidative defense in phylogenetically various structures of the brain in the period of the immediate and remote aftereffect of expositions.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS. Experiments were carried out on 87 nonlinear white male rats weighing 180-230 grams. Hyperbaric oxygenation was conducted by medical oxygen in the experimental pressure chamber in the “mild” mode (2 ata, 50 min isopression), 1 session per day in the morning. The study was carried out after 1, 5, 10 sessions, in 5 and 10 days after 1 session and in 5 days after 5 sessions of HBO. The content of malondialdehyde (MDA) was determined in the brain stem, cerebellum and large brain hemispheres. The state of an enzyme element of antioxidant defense was evaluated by superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase.
 RESULTS. It was found that exposure to oxygen under high pressure caused increased intensity of LPO processes in the brain that progresses from 1 to 5 sessions. While MDA changes in the brain stem were detected later than in the hemispheres and cerebellum. LPO intensification in the brain proceeded against the background of increased activity of SOD. After 10 sessions of HBO LPO intensity decreased that was confirmed by reduced MDA content and SOD activity in examined brain tissue. Catalase activity reduced in the stem after 5 sessions and increased in the cerebellum and hemispheres after 10 sessions of HBO. Aftereffect of 1 HBO session was characterized by persistent increase in MDA concentration in the brain regions, detected in 5 and 10 days after exposure and was accompanied by increased SOD activity against the background of reduced catalase activity. In 5 days after 5 sessions the increase in MDA content and SOD activation was observed only in the tissue of the cerebral hemispheres.
 DISCUSSION. The use of HBO in the mode 2 ata, 50 min stimulates reactions of free radical oxidation (FRO) in the brain. The dynamics of their development with continued exposure shows that there are enough resources of the brain antioxidant defense to compensate hyperoxic load, including 10-fold exposure and no depletion of the reserves of enzyme antioxidant element in the brain is observed. After a single exposure of hyperbaric oxygen FRO activation remains during 10 days that can be concluded from an increased level of MDA and an increased activity of SOD in all the brain regions against the background of reduced catalase activity of stem structures and cerebellum. Repeated 5-fold exposures have a shorter metabolic “footprint”: in 5 days LPO effect and SOD activation are less pronounced than in the period of 1 session aftereffect both in 5 and 10 days.
 CONCLUSION. The therapeutic “mild” mode of HBO (2 ata, 50 min, 1 session per day) causes FRO activation in the brain tissue of experimental animals. Its intensity is controlled by the activation of enzyme protection mechanisms that is enough to compensate FRO changes with this mode of hyperoxic load. After ending exposures more pronounced aftereffect of HBO in the brain regions is found after 1 session compared to 5 sessions.

Indicators of free radical oxidation in neutrophils of patients with primary and recurrent soft tissue sarcomas

Purpose of the study. To carry out a comparative analysis of lipid peroxidation intensity and antioxidant system indices in blood neutrophils of patients with primary and relapsed soft tissue sarcomas (STS) depending on sex and age.Patients and methods. Of the 81 patients included in the study, 48 had primary STS, 5 patients with continued growth, and 28 patients with recurrent STS. The patients were divided by sex and age; the level of lipid peroxidation products, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, total peroxidase activity (TPA), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity and reduced glutathione (RG) content in blood neutrophils were investigated by conventional spectrophotometric methods. The comparison groups (donors) consisted of 12 men and 17 women divided into the same age subgroups: ≤ 45 years and > 45 years.Results. In donors, there was a multiple decrease in the SOD/TPA ratio with age, especially in women, and in men this was accompanied by an age-related decrease in GPx activity. In primary sarcomas in older women and in men with continued growth and recurrence, there was an increase in diene conjugates (DC). In men over 45 years of age, there was an increase in SOD, TPA, and GPx. Women of the older age group were characterized by activation of SOD and GPx, expressed in the relapsed process to a significantly greater extent than in men, and an increase in RG was observed in women. The increase in both components of the glutathione system and SOD activity was especially significant in the development of relapses in women for periods exceeding three years, which was accompanied by a decrease in DC content. Conclusions. Neutrophils are characterized by an increase in DC content in patients of both sexes in the older age group with primary and recurrent STS, with its highest content in men with continued growth and relapses. GPx activity, increased in both men and women in the older age group in all variants of STS development, may play an important role in the antioxidant protection of blood cells in STS. Thus, the most pronounced activation of GPx, accompanied by a maximum increase in reduced glutathione and activation of SOD, contributes to a decrease in the level of DC and the absence of MDA increase in women with slow development of recurrences.

Роль Δ-9-десатуразы в катарактогенезе

Cataract is one of the most common eye diseases and one of the leading causes of blindness in the world, along with glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration. In this regard, understanding the molecular mechanism of lens pathology may be useful for the development of alternative treatments and the creation of new drugs that can delay the development of this disease. Aim. To study the content of Δ-9-desaturase and macroelements in the lenses of the eyes against the background of cataract development. Material and methods. The study was conducted on mature male Wistar rats (n = 40), from which two groups were formed: control and experimental. animals of the experimental group modeled age-related cataract using ultraviolet irradiation for 6 months. On the 2nd and 6th month of the experiment, eye lenses were taken to assess the level of desaturases by enzyme immunoassay; macronutrients by mass spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma. Results. At the stage of initial and mature cataracts, the level of Δ-9-desaturase in the lenses of the eyes of laboratory animals was lower than in intact animals by 53% (p ≤ 0.05) and 53.3% (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. With the progression of cataracts, a violation of macronutrient homeostasis was observed, which was accompanied by an increase in the level of ca and na against the background of a decrease in K, mg and p in the lenses of the eyes. Conclusions. The decrease in the concentration of stearyl-coenzyme-a-desaturase in the lenses of the eyes of laboratory animals during the development of cataracts is of a local protective and compensatory nature, aimed at increasing the “rigidity” of cell membranes against the background of an increase in the intensity of lipid peroxidation and a decrease in the activity of the antioxidant system. Such a change in the properties of cell membranes leads to a violation of their functional abilities, in particular, permeability, and, as a result, disruption of macronutrient homeostasis. Keywords: eye lens, cataract, Δ-9-desaturase, fatty acids, macronutrients

GENDER DIFFERENCES IN THE EFFECT OF ANTIULCER DRUGS AND PLACENTA CRYOEXTRACT ON THE INTENSITY OF LIPID PEROXIDATION AND THE ACTIVITY OF THE ANTIOXIDANT SYSTEM IN EXPERIMENTAL HEPATITIS WITH ETHANOL-INDUCED CIRRHOSIS

Introduction. It is well recognized that drug metabolism products in the liver can induce oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to the development of hepatocellular injury. As a potential agent capable of counteracting the hepatotoxic effects of drugs, we focused our attention on a domestic biotechnological preparation – cryopreserved placental extract (CPE).
 The aim. To characterize gender differences in the effect of esomeprazole, clarithromycin, metronidazole (E/C/M), and CPE on the intensity of lipid peroxidation and the activity of the antioxidant system in tetrachloromethane (CCl4) hepatitis with a background of ethanol-induced cirrhosis (ETCM).
 Materials and methods. The study was conducted with varying levels of sex hormones on 112 male and female rats. Chronic ETCM was induced by administering a 50.0% oil solution of CCl4 at a dose of 8 ml/kg body weight of the animals twice a week, in combination with a 5.0% ethanol solution for drinking over a period of 45 days. The content of TBA-RP in liver homogenates was determined spectrophotometrically by the method described by Asakawa T. et al. Catalase activity in liver homogenates was determined spectrophotometrically according to the method of Korolyuk M.A. and co-authors.
 Results. The most pronounced increase in lipid peroxidation processes was observed in females with chronic ETCM-induced liver damage and administration of antiulcer drugs following ovariectomy, resulting in a TBA-RS content of 36.1±2.79 μmol/kg of tissue. Administration of E/C/M in animals with chronic liver damage led to a suppression of the antioxidant system, as evidenced by a decrease in catalase activity in liver tissues.
 Conclusion. The combined use of anti-ulcer drugs and CPE on the background of chronic ETCM mitigated the activation of lipid peroxidation processes, which was indicated by a statistically significant (p < 0.001) 2.7-fold lower content of TBA-RP in liver homogenates. Additionally, it was established that the administration of CPE was accompanied by a statistically significant increase in catalase activity in females, more prominently than in males. In females without changes in hormonal status, the introduction of CPE resulted in a growth (p < 0.001) of catalase activity by 75.0%, with the most significant increase observed in females after ovariectomy – catalase activity statistically significantly (p < 0.001) increased by 2.6 times compared to the indicators of females not administered with CPE. The administration of CPE in female rats without altering hormonal status was accompanied by a twofold (p < 0.01) increase in the antioxidant-prooxidant index compared to male rats, indicating more pronounced antioxidant properties of CPE in female rats.

Immunological Reactivity and Intensity of Oxidative Stress in Stable Coronary Artery Disease

The aim. To analyze the relationship between immune response factors and the intensity of oxidation of lipoproteins and proteins in patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD) to clarify the pathogenesis of coronary atherosclerosis.
 Materials and methods. A total of 179 patients with stable CAD of II-IV functional class, mean age 56 (49-62) years (main group) and 30 healthy individuals, mean age 49 (45-53) years (control group) were examined. The material for immunological research was peripheral venous blood. To determine the indicators of immunity, flow laser cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used. Spectrophotometric and fluorometric methods were used to determine the levels of intermediate and final oxidation products of lipids and proteins, as well as antioxidant protection enzymes in the blood serum and in atherogenic lipoproteins.
 Results. A direct relationship between the activity of lipoprotein peroxidation and protein oxidation with a cell-type immune response and immune inflammation was revealed.
 Conclusions. The high intensity of lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation in patients with stable CAD (stable angina pectoris) is combined with significant activation of the T-cell component of the immune response (in terms of the ratio of helper and cytotoxic subpopulations of T-lymphocytes, high concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines, the state of the CD40/CD40L system, the level of expression of the CD95 apoptosis marker on cells), which indicates interdependence of T-cell immunity and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The dependence of the hyperproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines by mononuclear blood cells on free radical oxidation of proteins, peroxidation of apoB proteins and the intensity of antiperoxide protection (catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymes) in patients with stable CAD indicates a contribution to the presence of oxidative stress and the development of immune inflammation. A comprehensive study of the factors of immunological reactivity, the violation of which can lead to the development of immunopathological reactions, and the intensity of oxidation of lipoproteins and proteins in patients with stable CAD helps to clarify the pathogenetic relationship between chronic immune inflammation, endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress, and also substantiates the expediency of general therapeutic approaches to the treatment of CAD.

Phytotoxic and Insecticidal Activity of Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Extracts against Plodia interpunctella Hübner—A Potential Sunflower Grain Protectant

The biological activity (contact and contact-digestive toxicity, repellent and fumigant effects, effect on the insect’s development and life cycle parameters) of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) ethanolic extract was assessed against Plodia interpunctella, the most destructive storage pest of sunflower. Additionally, the study aimed to examine the phytotoxic activity of the extract in order to assess its potential as a sunflower grain protectant. Phytotoxicity assessment was based on the effect on germination energy and seed germination and the activity of antioxidative enzymes, enzymes of the polyphenolic metabolism, and the intensity of lipid peroxidation in sunflower seedlings. The antioxidant capacity and content of phenolic compounds (total phenolics and total tannins) were also measured in seedlings. In the experiments, 70% ethanolic extract of dried flowering buds of industrial hemp (variety Helena) was applied at 0.5%, 1.0% and 2.0% concentrations directly on sunflower seeds. Ethanol solution (70%) was the control. The hemp extract (1% and 2%) revealed medium repellence for P. interpunctella larvae (L3–4) while at 2% concentration it caused 42.5% larval mortality after 72 h. Moreover, the insect’s development was prolonged and fecundity significantly reduced in hemp treatments. The extract did not exhibit fumigant activity. Germination energy and germination of sunflower seeds were stimulated in treatment with 2% hemp extract, while most biochemical parameters of the seedlings were not significantly affected by the hemp extract.

Salicylic Acid Improves Cold Resistance of Solanum tuberosum Regenerants via Regulation of the Antioxidant System

Pretreatment of roots with salicylic acid (SA) and its role in control over morphophysiological parameters characterizing cold resistance of plant regenerants were examined in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). It was found that potato plants exposed to low above-zero temperatures (4°C, 3 days) failed to restore initial growth parameters (plant height, leaf surface area, number of stolons, and weight of the organs) and oxidative status (intensity of lipid peroxidation) of the roots and leaves after transfer to favorable conditions (22°C, 10 days). A short-term (4-h-long) pretreatment of the roots with 0.1 μM SA minimized the adverse effect of deferred chilling. SA treatment promoted restoration of the initial plant phenotype after hypothermia, which caused a rise in growth parameters (number and surface area of the leaves and number of stolons) as compared with plants exposed to chilling without SA treatment. It was shown that pretreatment with SA improves cold resistance of potato plants owing to changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and guaiacol-dependent peroxidase) and in the level of nonenzymatic antioxidants (ascorbic acid, anthocyans, total flavonoids and phenolic compounds). Depending on conditions, SA alters the ratio between individual flavonoids in the leaf. An ambiguous response to chilling and SA treatment was observed in two lines of potato regenerants produced by means of in vitro microcloning from the apical and middle part of the shoot, which is probably associated with their differing hormonal status.