Lipid Peroxidation Inhibition Assay Research Articles

Exploring the Wound Healing Potential of a Cuscuta chinensis Extract-Loaded Nanoemulsion-Based Gel.

Cuscuta chinensis (C. chinensis) presents many pharmacological activities, including antidiabetic effects, and antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor properties. However, the wound care properties of this plant have not yet been reported. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities of ethanol and ethyl acetate C. chinensis extracts. The phytochemical markers in the extracts were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Then, the selected C. chinensis extract was developed into a nanoemulsion-based gel for wound care testing in rats. The results showed that both of the C. chinensis extracts exhibited antioxidant activity when tested using 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and lipid peroxidation inhibition assays. They reduced the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in RAW264.7 cells induced with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The ethyl acetate extract also had antibacterial properties. Kaempferol was found in both extracts, whereas hyperoside was found only in the ethanol extract. These compounds were found to be related to the biological activities of the extracts, confirmed via molecular docking. The C. chinensis extract-loaded nanoemulsions had a small particle size, a narrow polydispersity index (PDI), and good stability. Furthermore, the C. chinensis extract-loaded nanoemulsion-based gel had a positive effect on wound healing, presenting a better percentage wound contraction Fucidin cream. In conclusion, this formulation has the potential for use as an alternative wound treatment and warrants further study in clinical trials.

Comparative study between homemade and commercial hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) extracts regarding their phenolic profile and antioxidant activity

Crataegus species (hawthorn) have been commonly used in traditional medicine, especially for the treatment of congestive heart failure. Many studies confirmed that they are rich in polyphenols, thus exhibiting strong antioxidant activity, which contribute to the beneficial effects of hawthorn on the cardiovascular system. In the market, there are many herbal medicinal products based on hawthorn, which consumption as adjuvant therapy in heart-related issues is supported by European Medicines Agency. Since there is a global trend of making homemade herbal preparations, this study aimed to compare whether there is a difference in polyphenol profile and antioxidant potential between homemade and commercial ethanol extracts of hawthorn. Polyphenol profile was evaluated by determination of total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and by quantitative analysis of selected polyphenols by liquid chromatography? mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry. Antioxidant potential was examined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, ferric ion reducing antioxidant power and lipid peroxidation inhibition assays. The results of this study suggest that homemade ethanol extracts of hawthorn flowers, leaves and fruits are just as good source of polyphenols and antioxidants as commercial ones, and their utilization should be supported. Furthermore, hawthorn extracts made of leaves and flowers are better source of bioactive polyphenols and have higher antioxidant activity compared with the same of fruits, regardless of the method of preparation.

Hemagglutinin from the Root Tuber of Dioscorea preussii Pax.

In this study, Dioscorea preussii root tuber hemagglutinin was purified and its physicochemical properties were determined. The antioxidative and anti-hemolytic activities of the hemagglutinin were also investigated. The hemagglutinating assay was used to detect the presence of lectin in the phosphate-buffered saline extract of the D. preussii root tuber. The lectin was purified using ammonium sulfate fractionation and molecular sieve chromatography. The optimum pH and temperature were determined. In addition, antioxidant activity was assessed using 2,2 diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, metal chelating, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and lipid peroxidation inhibition assays. Red blood cells subjected to oxidative damage caused by H2O2 were employed to evaluate their antihemolytic ability. Starch inhibited hemagglutinin activity. Dioscorea preussii hemagglutinin (DPH) maintained full hemagglutinating activity from 30 °C to 60 °C and pH 5-13. Ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid did not affect the hemagglutinating activity of hemagglutinin. All denaturing agents (Guanidine-HCl, urea, and β-mercaptoethanol) reduced the hemagglutinating activity of the hemagglutinin to different degrees. The hemagglutinin scavenged the DPPH radical and chelated iron metal with half maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.727 ± 0.035 mg/mL and 0.583 ± 0.078 mg/mL, respectively, while the FRAP assay showed that it contained 76 mg of ascorbic acid equivalent per gram of the purified hemagglutinin. In the absence of hemolytic agents and at lower concentration tested, hemagglutinin showed positive membrane integrity protection. This study provides information on the antioxidant properties of D. preussii root tuber hemagglutinin as well as its cell membrane protective ability. The lectin is a starch-binding, which makes it a novel lectin.

Influence of Benincasa hispida Peel Extracts on Antioxidant and Anti-Aging Activities, including Molecular Docking Simulation.

Benincasa hispida peel, a type of postconsumer waste, is considered a source of beneficial phytochemicals. Therefore, it was subjected to investigation for biological activities in this study. B. hispida peel was extracted using 95% v/v, 50% v/v ethanol and water. The obtained extracts were B95, B50 and BW. B95 had a high flavonoid content (212.88 ± 4.73 mg QE/g extract) and phenolic content (131.52 ± 0.38 mg GAE/g extract) and possessed high antioxidant activities as confirmed by DPPH, ABTS and lipid peroxidation inhibition assays. Moreover, B95 showed inhibitory effects against collagenase and hyaluronidase with values of 41.68 ± 0.92% and 29.17 ± 0.66%, which related to anti-aging activities. Via the HPLC analysis, one of the potential compounds found in B95 was rutin. Molecular docking has provided an understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the interaction of extracts with collagenase and hyaluronidase. All extracts were not toxic to fibroblast cells and did not irritate the hen's egg chorioallantoic membrane, which indicated its safe use. In conclusion, B. hispida peel extracts are promising potential candidates for further use as antioxidant and anti-aging agents in the food and cosmetic industries.

The in vitro effects of black soldier fly larvae (Hermitia illucens) oil as a high-functional active ingredient for inhibiting hyaluronidase, anti-oxidation benefits, whitening, and UVB protection.

Objective: Larvae of Hermitia illucens, or black soldier fly larvae (BSFL), have been recognized for their high lipid yield with a remarkable fatty acid profile. BSFL oil (SFO) offers the added value of a low environmental footprint and a sustainable product. In this study, the characteristics and cosmetic-related activities of SFO were investigated and compared with rice bran oil, olive oil and krill oil which are commonly used in cosmetics and supplements. Methods: The physicochemical characteristics were determined including acid value, saponification value, unsaponifiable matter and water content of SFO. The fatty acid composition was determined using GC-MS equipped with TR-FAME. The in vitro antioxidant properties were determined using DPPH, FRAP and lipid peroxidation inhibition assays. Antihyaluronidase (anti-HAase) activity was measured by detecting enzyme activity and molecular docking of candidate compounds toward the HAase enzyme. The safety assessment towards normal human cells was determined using the MTT assay and the UVB protection upon UVB-irradiated fibroblasts was determined using the DCF-DA assay. The whitening effect of SFO was determined using melanin content inhibition. Results: SFO contains more than 60% polyunsaturated fatty acids followed by saturated fatty acids (up to 37%). The most abundant component found in SFO was linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6 cis). Multiple anti-oxidant mechanisms of SFO were discovered. In addition, SFO and krill oil prevented hyaluronic acid (HA) degradation via strong HAase inhibition comparable with the positive control, oleanolic acid. The molecular docking confirmed the binding interactions and molecular recognition of major free fatty acids toward HAase. Furthermore, SFO exhibited no cytotoxicity on primary human skin fibroblasts, HaCaT keratinocytes and PBMCs (IC50 values > 200μg/mL). SFO possessed significant in-situ anti-oxidant activity in UVB-irradiated fibroblasts and the melanin inhibition activity as effective as well-known anti-pigmenting compounds (kojic acid and arbutin, p < 0.05). Conclusion: This study provides scientific support for various aspects of SFO. SFO can be considered an alternative oil ingredient in cosmetic products with potential implications for anti-skin aging, whitening and UVB protection properties, making it a potential candidate oil in the cosmetic industry.

Microwave-assisted puffing of Dendrobium officinale for higher extraction rate of polysaccharides

In order to increase the extraction rate of Dendrobium officinale polysaccharides, microwave puffing was used to process its fresh stems and the processing parameters were optimized. Response surface methodology was used to analyze the effects of sample length (1–5cm), moisture content (15%–25%), microwave power (550–790 W), and microwave processing time (20–40 s) on the expansion ratio. The results showed that the optimized expansion ratio of 371.7% was achieved at the following conditions, i.e., sample length of 3.5 cm, moisture content of 23%, microwave power of 706 W, and processing time of 35 s. It was found that polysaccharides were extracted more readily from puffed D. officinale than from non-puffed D. officinale by 41.8%. Moreover, the bioactivities of polysaccharides from puffing D. officinale and non-puffing D. officinale were evaluated and compared in lipid peroxidation inhibition and anti-hyperglycemic assays.&#x0D; Keywords: Dendrobium officinale; Microwave puffing; Polysaccharides; Lipid peroxidation; Anti-hyperglycemic activity

Impact of the Season on Total Polyphenol and Antioxidant Properties of Tea Cultivars of Industrial Importance in Northeast India.

Tocklai vegetative (TV) cultivars are extensively planted in the tea-growing regions of Northeast India. The present investigation explores the impact of season on the total polyphenol (TP) content and the antioxidant activity of thirty-one TV cultivars (TV1-TV31) and four other commercially popular cultivars, namely, Betjan, Kharijan, S.3A/3, and T.3E/3. The TP content of the cultivars was observed to be highest in the monsoon season, with values ranging from 230.57 to 283.53 mg g-1. In the pre-monsoon season and autumn, the TP content ranged from 197.87 to 256.77 mg g-1 and from 169.97 to 223.50 mg g-1, respectively. Antioxidant activity was measured through DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and lipid peroxidation inhibition assays. The cultivars showed the highest antioxidant activity in the monsoon in tandem with TP content. A bivariate correlation indicated a highly significant (p ≤ 0.01) positive correlation of antioxidant activity with TP content (R2 = 0.83-0.96).

Antioxidant, Anti-Tyrosinase, Antiglycation and Safety of Longan Leaf Extract for Cosmeceutical Application

Abstract Many potential bioactive phytoconstituents in longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) leaf have been reported. Most chemical compounds belong to either phenolics or flavonoids, known as potent antioxidants. This research explores the multifunctional potential as a bioactive cosmetic ingredient used in skin care for adding value to longan leaves. The dried powder of longan leaves was extracted with 50%(v/v) ethanol in de-ionized water, then quantified for total phenolic and flavonoid contents. The hydroethanolic extract was investigated for various antioxidant methods including DPPH, nitric oxide (NO) scavenging and lipid peroxidation inhibition assays. The anti-tyrosinase activity was also evaluated for skin-whitening properties. Furthermore, Anti-aging activity in term of antiglycation was also conducted. The high number of polyphenols within the extract possessed a high antioxidant potential with IC50 0.023 ± 0.002, 0.478 ± 0.033 and 1.495 ± 0.153 mg/ml for DPPH scavenging, NO scavenging and lipid peroxidation inhibition, respectively. The extract could inhibit the tyrosinase enzyme with IC50 4.90 ± 0.50 and 6.60 ± 0.18 mg/ml for L-tyrosine and L-DOPA as substrates. The extract also exhibited a potent antiglycation activity with IC50 0.023 ± 0.003 mg/ml. Moreover, it showed no irritation effect on the chorioallantoic membranes (CAMs) within 5 min using the Hen’s Egg Test-Chorioallantoic Membranes (HET-CAMs). In conclusion, the polyphenolic-rich longan leaf extract displayed a good antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase and excellent antiglycation potential with safety that could constitute a promising multifunctional bioactive ingredient for skin care cosmeceutical products. Keywords: Longan leaf extract, Antioxidants, Anti-tyrosinase, Antiglycation, Irritation, HET-CAMs, Cosmeceutical

Ultrasonic-Assisted Synthesis of Heterocyclic Curcumin Analogs as Antidiabetic, Antibacterial, and Antioxidant Agents Combined with in vitro and in silico Studies.

Heterocyclic analogs of curcumin have a wide range of therapeutic potential and the ability to control the activity of a variety of metabolic enzymes. 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectroscopic techniques were used to determine the structures of synthesized compounds. The agar disc diffusion method and α-amylase inhibition assay were used to examine the antibacterial and anti-diabetic potential of the compounds against α-amylase enzyme inhibitory activity, respectively. DPPH-free radical scavenging and lipid peroxidation inhibition assays were used to assess the in vitro antioxidant potential. In this work, nine heterocyclic analogs derived from curcumin precursors under ultrasonic irradiation were synthesized in excellent yields (81.4-93.7%) with improved reaction time. Results of antibacterial activities revealed that compounds 8, and 11 displayed mean inhibition zone of 13.00±0.57, and 19.66±00 mm, respectively, compared to amoxicillin (12.87±1.41 mm) at 500 μg/mL against E. coli, while compounds 8, 11 and 16 displayed mean inhibition zone of 17.67±0.57, 14.33±0.57 and 23.33±00 mm, respectively, compared to amoxicillin (13.75±1.83 mm) at 500 μg/mL against P. aeruginosa. Compound 11 displayed a mean inhibition zone of 11.33±0.57 mm compared to amoxicillin (10.75±1.83 mm) at 500 μg/mL against S. aureus. Compound 11 displayed higher binding affinities of -7.5 and -8.3 Kcal/mol with penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) and β-lactamases producing bacterial strains, compared to amoxicillin (-7.2 and -7.9 Kcal/mol, respectively), these results are in good agreement with the in vitro antibacterial activities. In vitro antidiabetic potential on α-amylase enzyme revealed that compounds 11 (IC50=7.59 µg/mL) and 16 (IC50=4.08 µg/mL) have higher inhibitory activities than acarbose (IC50=8.0 µg/mL). Compound 8 showed promising antioxidant inhibition efficacy of DPPH (IC50 = 2.44 g/mL) compared to ascorbic acid (IC50=1.24 g/mL), while compound 16 revealed 89.9±20.42% inhibition of peroxide generation showing its potential in reducing the development of lipid peroxides. In silico molecular docking analysis, results are in good agreement with in vitro biological activity. In silico ADMET profiles suggested the adequate oral drug-likeness potential of the compounds without adverse effects. According to our findings, both biological activities and in silico computational studies results demonstrated that compounds 8, 11, and 16 are promising α-amylase inhibitors and antibacterial agents against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus, whereas compound 8 was found to be a promising antioxidant agent.

Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Activities of Phenolic Compounds from Heliciopsis terminalis

Objective Heliciopsis terminalis (Kurz.) Sleum (family Proteaceae) is distributed in India, Mianma, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, and China. In Vietnamese traditional medicine, it is used as an antidote for detoxifying the liver and detoxifying alcohol, a contraceptive, and to treat infections. The purpose of this study is to determine the chemical constituents of the plant, as well as their in vitro hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities. Methods The dried powdered sample was ultrasonically extracted with MeOH, and the extract was fractionated by various chromatographic methods, including high-performance liquid chromatography. The structures of the isolated compounds were identified by NMR, high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, and CD spectral analysis, and then screened for their in vitro hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities. Results One new phenolic glycoside, named helitermioside (1), and eight known compounds (2-9) were isolated from the trunk and branches of H terminalis. All of the isolates were reported from H terminalis for the first time. Compound 6 showed antioxidant activity in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) lipid peroxidation inhibition assays, with an IC50 value of 61.16 ± 1.17 µg/mL, compared to that of Trolox (positive control), IC50 = 7.06 ± 0.11 µg/mL. At a concentration of 100 µg/mL, none of the isolates exhibited hepatocellular protective activity. Conclusion Nine phenolic compounds (1–9) were recorded from H terminalis. Of these, compound 1 was new. Compound 6 exhibited moderate antioxidant activity in TBARS lipid peroxidation inhibition assays, but none of the compounds exhibited hepatocellular protective activity against CCl4-induced toxicity.

Enhancement of physicochemical properties, antioxidant, antitumor, and anticoagulant activities via acetylation of Hypsizygus ulmarius polysaccharide

SummaryA polysaccharide (HUP1) was extracted and purified from Hypsizygus ulmarius fruiting bodies and further acetylated (Ac‐HUP1) to improve their physicochemical properties and bioactivities. Chemical and FT‐IR spectrum analyses results indicated differences in functionality and activity between HUP1 and Ac‐HUP1, demonstrating the efficacy of the acetylation. HUP1 has an acetyl group with a degree of substitution (DS) 0.34. The molecular weight of the modified acetylated derivatives was reduced, according to the HPSEC findings. The native and acetylated polysaccharides included varying molar percentages of Ara, Man, Glu, GlcA, and GalA. The Ac‐HUP1 outperformed HUP1 in antioxidant activity using the radical scavengers ABTS, DMPD, DPPH, superoxide, and OH radicals. In addition, Ac‐HUP1 demonstrated higher activity in reducing power using Prussian blue, cupric ion, ferric ion, and phosphomolybdenum, as well as in lipid peroxidation inhibition assay. HUP1 and Ac‐HUP1 inhibited five cancer cells (HT29, PC3, HeLa, Jurkat, and HepG‐2) at concentrations from 10 to 320 μg mL−1, and the impact was more pronounced in acetylated derivative, which was determined by MTT assay. Ac‐HUP1, compared to HUP1, considerably prolonged the APTT, PT, and TT exhibiting anticoagulant activities. Therefore, acetylation modification may improve polysaccharide'sphysicochemical and biological characteristics, allowing them to be employed in the food, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical industries.

Multifunctional Biological Activities and Cytotoxic Evaluation of Bouea macrophylla for Cosmetic Applications

This study aimed to investigate the biological activities, cytotoxicity, phytochemical constituents and stability profile of Bouea macrophylla Griff. peel extracts for cosmeceutical applications. Extraction using maceration or fractionation was optimized using various solvents; ethyl acetate, ethanol, 50%v/v ethanol. The antioxidant activities were determined using DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging, lipid peroxidation inhibition and FRAP assays. Anti-tyrosinase activity was also performed for implying skin depigmentation effects. Total phenolics content, total flavonoids content and total anthocyanin content were also investigated. In addition, ex vivo cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory effects of the selected extract were studied. Moreover, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique was used to analyze and quantify phytochemical components of the extract to study the stability profile. The results revealed that the highest percentage yield was shown in hydroethanolic extract (BPHE). Regarding phytochemical contents, BPHE contained 83.91 ± 0.00 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g extract, 12.98 ± 0.01 mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/g extract. Additionally, BPHE exhibited the strongest antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase properties along with good anti-inflammatory effects. Furthermore, BPHE had no cytotoxicity to human fibroblast cells. The HPLC results showed two major peaks in BPHE, i.e., gallic and ellagic acids. Accordingly, B. macrophylla peel extract could be a promising bioactive ingredient to develop further as anti-aging cosmetic and cosmeceutical products. Keywords: Bouea macrophylla Griff. peel extract, Antioxidant, Anti-tyrosinase, Anti-inflammatory, Cytotoxicity

Exploring the Antioxidant Potential of Hen Egg White Lysozyme N-acetylmuramide Glycan Hydrolase in Full Fat Mozzarella Cheese

To explore the antioxidant potential of hen egg white lysozyme N-acetylmuramide Glycan hydrolase in full fat Mozzarella cheese, an experiment was conducted where control sample was brined without the addition of lysozyme; while four samples were brined along with 0.02%;w/v (T1), 0.04%;w/v (T2), 0.06%;w/v (T3) and 0.08%;w/v (T4) lysozyme. The antioxidant potential of hen egg white lysozyme in full fat Mozzarella cheese samples were measured through several methods, including 2, 2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid assay (ABTS), 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, superoxide radical scavenging activity (PMS-NADH system), free fatty acid analysis and lipid peroxidation inhibition assay in a linoleic acid emulsion system. Intensity scale was used to evaluate the sensory characteristics of cheese. The results showed the percentage inhibition for DPPH, ABTS and superoxide anion activity in control sample increased up to 30 days; but decreased afterwards till 40 days of storage However in case of lysozyme treated samples % inhibition increased throughout storage. Free fatty acid % in full fat Mozzarella cheese was affected by lysozyme and storage days. Lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity in α-linoleic acid model system of lysozyme added samples showed lower absorbance at 500 nm showing higher lipid peroxidation inhibition. Furthermore, it was observed that absorbance was decreased till 30 days of storage which increased further upto 40 days storage period. The study showed that addition of lysozyme improved the shelf life and sensory characteristics of full fat Mozzarella cheese.&#x0D; Keywords: Lysozyme, Antioxidants, N-acetylmuramide Glycan Hydrolase, Full fat Mozzarella cheese,

Effect of storage process on nutritive properties of preterm human milk

Freeze storage and pasteurization of human milk are common treatments in milk banks. However, thermal treatment changes milk quality for preterm infants? nutrition. Therefore, this paper aimed to examine preterm human milk's nutritional profile and antioxidant potential after storage, pasteurization, and after supplementation with a fortifier. The effects of storage processes were estimated on the mature preterm milk of 30 breastfeeding women. Total proteins, lipids, and lactose were determined after thermal processing and supplementing mature preterm milk with a fortifier. The ferric-reducing antioxidant potential method and lipid peroxidation inhibition assay determined the antioxidant capacity. Protein concentration decreased after frozen storage and pasteurization (p&lt;0.05). Pasteurization further reduced the lipid concentration after freezing. The ferric-reducing antioxidant potential decreased after thermal treatments (p&lt;0.05). Supplementing mature milk with a fortifier increased the concentration of proteins, lipids, and lactose. Our findings demonstrated that storage and pasteurization processes affect preterm human milk's basic nutritional composition and antioxidant capacity. To ensure adequate nutrition for preterm infants with preterm human milk, supplementation, especially with high concentrations of proteins and lipids, is necessary after thermal treatments.

Characterization of polyphenols by RP-HPLC in Basilicum polystachyon (L.) Moench with their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties

• Ultrasonic assisted leaf extract of Basilicum polystachyon revealed the phenolic compounds present in the free, esterified and glycosylated forms. • First comparative RP-HPLC analysis of different phenolic forms in vivo and in vitro B. polystachyon leaf. • Gallic acid, trans -cinnamic acid, ellagic acid, quercetin and vanillic acid in B. polystachyon for the first time along with caffeic acid, p- coumaric acid and rosmarinic acid were identified. • B. polystachyon could serve as a souce of antioxidants. • Phenolic compounds of in vivo plants exhibited the higher antimicrobial activities against B. subtilis, S. aureus, M. smegmatis, E. coli and C. albicans. Basilicum polystachyon (L.) Moench is a member of Lamiaceae family and important ethnomedicinal that is widely used in the treatment of several ailments and is reputed to possess an inhibitor of the dengue virus. In vitro propagation is an efficient strategy for large-scale production of plantlets. Such process is a good alternative method for the production of valuable secondary metabolites. Hence, the present study assesses the contents of phenolic compounds, radical scavenging activity and antimicrobial efficacy of in vivo grown compared with the in vitro grown B. polystachyon plants. Thus, the antioxidant capacity of leaf extracts was determined by scavengers like ABTS .+ , DPPH . , hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, nitric oxide along with lipid peroxidation inhibition, FRAP, reducing power and DNA damage protection assay. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated through disk diffusion assay and minimum inhibitory concentration assay. RP-HPLC was used to identify and quantify the phenolic compounds in the following forms: free, esterified and glycosylated. The leaf extract of in vivo plants exhibited stronger antioxidant activities. The FRAP assay revealed a maximum reducing power with leaf extract of in vivo grown plants (43.73±0.52 µM Fe(II) equivalent). Total phenolic content of in vivo plants presented a strong positive correlation to IC 50 values of ABTS, DPPH, and HPSA, whereas total flavonoid content of in vitro grown plant was strongly correlated to IC 50 values of DPPH and HPSA. In vivo plants showed the highest inhibition zone against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli , and Staphylococcus aureus. RP-HPLC analysis showed the phenolic compounds present in all tested forms of B. polystachyon leaf. For the first time, gallic acid, trans -cinnamic acid, ellagic acid, quercetin and vanillic acid were identified in this extract. Also, caffeic acid, p -coumaric acid and rosmarinic acid were quantified. These findings strongly suggest that B. polystachyon may be exploited as a promising natural source of antioxidants along with efficient antimicrobial agents.

Chemical Composition and Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Origanum compactum Benth Essential Oils from Two Regions: In Vitro and In Vivo Evidence and In Silico Molecular Investigations.

The purposes of this investigatory study were to determine the chemical composition of the essential oils (EOs) of Origanum compactum from two Moroccan regions (Boulemane and Taounate), as well as the evaluation of their biological effects. Determining EOs' chemical composition was performed by a gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometer (GC-MS). The antioxidant activity of EOs was evaluated using free radical scavenging ability (DPPH method), fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), and lipid peroxidation inhibition assays. The anti-inflammatory effect was assessed in vitro using the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) inhibition test and in vivo using the carrageenan-induced paw edema model. Finally, the antibacterial effect was evaluated against several strains using the disk-diffusion assay and the micro-dilution method. The chemical constituent of O. compactum EO (OCEO) from the Boulemane zone is dominated by carvacrol (45.80%), thymol (18.86%), and α-pinene (13.43%). However, OCEO from the Taounate zone is rich in 3-carene (19.56%), thymol (12.98%), and o-cymene (11.16%). OCEO from Taounate showed higher antioxidant activity than EO from Boulemane. Nevertheless, EO from Boulemane considerably inhibited 5-LOX (IC50 = 0.68 ± 0.02 µg/mL) compared to EO from Taounate (IC50 = 1.33 ± 0.01 µg/mL). A similar result was obtained for tyrosinase inhibition with Boulemane EO and Taounate EO, which gave IC50s of 27.51 ± 0.03 μg/mL and 41.83 ± 0.01 μg/mL, respectively. The in vivo anti-inflammatory test showed promising effects; both EOs inhibit and reduce inflammation in mice. For antibacterial activity, both EOs were found to be significantly active against all strains tested in the disk-diffusion test, but O. compactum EO from the Boulemane region showed the highest activity. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) for O. compactum EO from the Boulemane region ranged from 0.06 to 0.25% (v/v) and from 0.15 to 0.21% (v/v) for O. compactum from the Taounate region. The MBC/MIC index revealed that both EOs exhibited remarkable bactericidal effects.

Fe(III) and Cu(II) Complexes of Chlorogenic Acid: Spectroscopic, Thermal, Anti-/Pro-Oxidant, and Cytotoxic Studies.

Complexes of chlorogenic acid (5-CQA) with copper(II) and iron(III) were synthesized in a solid state and examined by means of FT-IR, thermogravimetric, and elemental analyses. The molar stoichiometric ratios of metal:ligand for the solid forms of the complexes were established as Cu(II):L = 1:2 and Fe(III):L = 2:3 (L: 5-CQA), with the possible coordination through the carboxylate group and the hydroxyl group from the catechol moiety. In an aqueous solution at pH = 7.4, the composition of the complexes was Cu(II):L = 1:1, and Fe(III):L = 1:1 and 1:2. The Cu(II) and Fe(III) complexes with 5-CQA showed lower antioxidant properties, as estimated by the spectrophotometric methods with DPPH•, ABTS•+, and HO• radicals, than the ligand alone, whereas in the lipid peroxidation inhibition assay, the metal complexes revealed a higher antioxidant activity than 5-CQA. Cu(II) 5-CQA showed the highest pro-oxidant activity in the Trolox oxidation assays compared to the other studied compounds. The lipophilic parameters of the compounds were estimated using the HPLC method. 5-CQA and its complexes with Fe(III) and Cu(II) were not toxic to HaCaT cells in a tested concentration range of 0.15–1000 nM after a 24 h incubation time.

A Chemical Investigation of the Antioxidant Capacity of Extracts from Red Macroalga Gracilaria domingensis

Extracts that were obtained with solvents of increasing polarity (hexane, dichloromethane, methanol, 80% methanol, and water) from the red macroalga Gracilaria domingensis were evaluated by reducing power with ferric reduction antioxidant power (FRAP) and Folin–Ciocalteu (FC) assays, lipid peroxidation inhibition by β-carotene-linoleic acid assay, and metal chelating ability based on the iron-ferrozine system. The highest antioxidant capacity was reported for the hexane (Hx) extract by the FRAP, metal chelating, and lipid peroxidation inhibition assays. An activity-guided fractionation of the Hx extract was carried out for the identification of its active constituents. The primary components were the most active antioxidant compounds. Despite the high antioxidant activities, the Hx extract was not active in the FC assay. In this assay, the activities were found in the methanol (M) and 80% methanol (80M) extracts. The FC assay is commonly used to measure the total phenolic compounds. However, no phenolic compounds were detected by GC-MS and HPLC analyses in the M and 80M extracts. Thus, non-phenolic components influenced the FC assay. The M and 80M extracts showed high content of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs). A fraction contained two MAAs (porphyra-334 and shinorine) (156 mg GAE·g−1) showed a similar performance to the values that were found for well-known antioxidants (BHT = 156 mg GAE·g−1 and Trolox = 166 mg GAE·g−1) and 30 times higher than those of the original extracts (~5 mg GAE·g−1) in the FC assay. Thus, MAAs contribute to the antioxidant activities that were observed in the FC assay within the studied samples. Together, these results advance our understanding of the antioxidant properties of algal extracts.

In Vitro Evaluation of Antioxidant, Anticancer, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Adenium obesum.

Adenium obesum commonly known as “desert rose” belongs to the family Apopcynaceae and has previously been reported for its anti-influenza, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic efficacies and well-known for their ethno-medicinal applications. In the present study, ethanolic extracts of A. obesum (AOE) were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) to identify the important phytochemical compounds. The GC–MS analysis of AOE detected the presence of 26 phytochemical compounds. This plant is traditionally used for the treatment of various diseases. In this report, the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities of ethanolic leaf extract from A. obesum (AOE) were studied. The antioxidant potential of ethanolic extract of AOE was examined by different antioxidant assays, such as antioxidant capacity by the DPPH, ABTS, superoxide, hydroxyl radical scavenging, and lipid peroxidation inhibition assays. The antioxidant activities of various reaction mixtures of AOE were compared with a reference or standard antioxidant (ascorbic acid). In addition, we also evaluated the anticancer activity of AOE, and it was observed that AOE was found to be cytotoxic against A549 lung cancer cells. It was found that AOE inhibited the viability of A549 lung cancer cells by inducing nuclear condensation and fragmentation. Furthermore, ethanolic AOE demonstrated the anti-inflammatory potential of AOE in murine alveolar macrophages (J774A.1) as an in vitro model system. AOE showed its potential in reducing the levels of inflammatory mediators including the proinflammatory cytokines and TNF-α. The results obtained in the present investigation established the antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory potency of AOE, which may account for subsequent studies in the formulation of herbal-based medicine.

In Vitro Antioxidant, Hypolipidemic and Anti-Lipase Potential of Joha Rice of Assam India

Present research accounts for in vitro antioxidant, hypolipidemic and pancreatic lipase inhibitory potential of two scented rice of Assam, India, namely ketoki joha and kola joha. Our result showed that ethanol extract of ketoki joha and kola joha (whole rice), particularly ketoki joha, exhibits a potent antioxidant potential when tested through DPPH•, NO•, H2O2 scavenging and lipid peroxidation inhibition assay. Among different whole rice extracts, ethanol extract of ketoki joha and kola joha at 100 μg/ml produced 76.67 % and 62.47 % inhibition of β-Hydroxy β-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity respectively. Ethanol and petroleum ether extracts potently inhibit cholesterol esterase. Ethyl acetate extract of ketoki joha showed the highest pancreatic lipase half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50)= 254.28 μg/ml). In conclusion, the results showed that both rice varieties, mainly ketoki joha, possess potent antioxidant, β-Hydroxy β-methylglutaryl- CoA reductase, pancreatic lipase inhibitory effect, and cholesterol esterase inhibitory effect. Observations might suggest the role of whole joha rice in combating oxidative stress and obesity-related cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis.