Lipid Output Research Articles

Integrating azo dye degradation and lipid accumulation by Candida tropicalis and Pichia kudriavzevii along with insights into underlying metabolomics for treatment of textile effluents

Azo compounds, extensively utilized across various industries, contribute to the release of toxic effluents that are detrimental to both the environment and human health. Traditional methods for azo dye removal often result in harmful byproducts or concentrated sludge, complicating disposal efforts. This study explores the potential of two yeast strains, Candida tropicalis and Pichia kudriavzevii, to effectively decolorize azo dyes (TD4, TD5, and TD6) while simultaneously accumulating lipids. The cultures achieved 80–90 % decolorization of the selected dyes during incubation, with Pichia showing higher efficiency across multiple dyes compared to Candida. Lipid profiling identified valuable fatty acids, such as palmitic acid and oleic acid, with potential applications in biofuels and other industries. Total Organic Carbon (TOC) analysis revealed a reduction in TOC, indicating degradation and mineralization of the dyes by the yeasts. Metabolic profiling via LC-MS confirmed the degradation, showing the presence of intermediates such as azoles, azolines, isoquinolines, pyridines, and benzopyrans in dye-supplemented cultures. Additionally, pathways related to energy metabolism, amino acid metabolism, drug metabolism (cytochrome P450), degradation of aromatic compounds, and steroid biosynthesis were enriched in the dye-treated cultures. Lipid output in the presence of dyes ranged from 40 % to 90 %. The study thus demonstrates a proof of concept for economically viable lipid production combined with efficient dye removal, presenting a sustainable solution to environmental and industrial challenges.

The Stressogenic Impact of Bacterial Secretomes Is Modulated by the Size of the Milk Fat Globule Used as a Substrate.

Milk fat globules (MFGs) are produced by mammary epithelial cells (MECs) and originate from intracellular lipid droplets with a wide size distribution. In the mammary gland and milk, bacteria can thrive on MFGs. Herein, we aimed to investigate whether the response of MECs to the bacterial secretome is dependent on the MFG size used as a substrate for the bacteria, and whether the response differs between pathogenic and commensal bacteria. We used secretomes from both Bacillus subtilis and E. coli. Proinflammatory gene expression in MECs was elevated by the bacteria secretomes from both bacteria sources, while higher expression was found in cells exposed to the secretome of bacteria grown on large MFGs. The secretome of B. subtilis reduced lipid droplet size in MECs. When the secretome originated from E. coli, lipid droplet size in MEC cytoplasm was elevated with a stronger response to the secretome from bacteria grown on large compared with small MFGs. These results indicate that MEC response to bacterial output is modulated by bacteria type and the size of MFGs used by the bacteria, which can modulate the stress response of the milk-producing cells, their lipid output, and consequently milk quality.

Release of Lipids Stored in the Intestine by Glucagon-Like Peptide-2 Involves a Gut-Brain Neural Pathway.

The gut hormone GLP-2 (glucagon-like peptide-2) plays important roles in lipid handling in the intestine. During postabsorptive stage, it releases preformed chylomicrons stored in the intestine, the underlying mechanisms of which are not well understood. Previous studies implicate the involvement of neural pathways in GLP-2's actions on lipid absorption in the intestine, but the role of such mechanisms in releasing postabsorptive lipid storage has not been established. Here, in mesenteric lymph duct cannulated rats, we directly tested whether gut-brain neural communication mediates GLP-2's effects on postabsorptive lipid mobilization in the intestine. We performed total subdiaphragmatic vagotomy to disrupt the gut-brain neural communication and analyzed lipid output 5 hours after a lipid load in response to intraperitoneal GLP-2 or saline. Peripheral GLP-2 administration led to increased lymph lipid output and activation of proopiomelanocortin neurons in the arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus. Disruption of gut-brain neural communication via vagotomy blunted GLP-2's effects on promoting lipid release in the intestine. These results, for the first time, demonstrate a novel mechanism in which postabsorptive mobilization of intestinal lipid storage by GLP-2 enlists a gut-brain neural pathway.

Co-culturing Chlorella vulgaris and Cystobasidium oligophagum JRC1 in the microbial fuel cell cathode for lipid biosynthesis.

This study investigated the effect of co-culturing the photobiont and mycobiont in the microbial fuel cell (MFC) cathode on biomass production, lipid generation, and power output. Chlorella vulgaris provides oxygen and nutrients for the yeast Cystobasidium oligophagum JRC1, while the latter offers CO2 and quench oxygen for higher algal growth. The MFC with co-culture enhanced the lipid output of biomass by 28.33%, and the total yield and productivity were 1.47 ± 0.18 g/l and 0.123 g/l/day, respectively. Moreover, with co-culture, the open circuit voltage of 685 ± 11 mV was two times higher than algae alone. The specific growth rate (day-1) at the cathode was 0.367 ± 0.04 in co-culture and 0.288 ± 0.05 with C. vulgaris only. The power density of the system was 5.37 ± 0.21 mW/m2 with 75.88 ± 1.89% of COD removal. The co-culture thus proved beneficial at the MFC cathode in terms of total energy output as 11.5 ± 0.035 kWh/m3, which was 1.4-fold higher than algae alone.

An overview of the potential utilisation of oleaginous yeast for biodiesel feedstock and wastewater treatment

The modern world faces a number of alarming problems, including global warming, the energy crisis brought on by the depletion of fossil fuels, and improper waste treatment. Consequently, it is essential to pursue sustainable development and find alternative energy sources that can reduce the dependence on fossil fuels. One of the most potential concepts is using lipids produced by microbes (bacteria, algae, and yeast) as the primary raw material for generating sustainable and affordable biodiesel in conjunction with the degradation of pollutants in wastewater. Numerous characteristics of oleaginous yeast have been demonstrated, including a high lipid output, resemblance of the lipids to vegetable oils, and a low land demand. Oleaginous yeasts, which can accumulate more than 20% of dry cell weight in lipids, are among the finest microbiological possibilities capable of generating lipids in high concentrations and with the proper properties. Several oleaginous yeast species are capable of degrading up to 90% of COD in wastewater. This paper aims to give a general overview of producing biodiesel from oleaginous yeast using wastewater as a substrate source. In addition, to discussing the technical aspects of producing biodiesel from oleaginous yeasts, the paper also discusses the economic feature of biodiesel production from oleaginous yeasts.

The Potential of microalgae for cellulose degradation and utilization for biofuel application

As society is becoming more reliant on fuels, a more sustainable form of energy must be investigated. Another presiding issue is the output of cellulose left over from other plants that are used for biofuels, such as corn. However, the microalgae, Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii, a unicellular organism, is an ideal source of energy, as there is evidence that it contains the genes that are responsible for the encoding of Cellulases, which allow for the degradation of cellulose, such as endoglucanases. Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii typically lives in both soil and water environments, a photosynthetic organism that utilizes light as an energy source. The uncommon trait for microalgae to express cellulase allows for external sources of carbon to be utilized by the microorganism, which could affect the biological output of macromolecules common in biofuels such as lipids and carbohydrates. The study aims to compare not only the cellulase expression levels of Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii, but also see how the lipid output of the microalgae compares to other microorganisms used in the biofuel industry such as Chlorella Vulgaris, another phototrophic microalgae, which is used for direct fuel. Additionally, Trichoderma Reesei will also be compared, which is another microorganism that is used for biofuel production. However, the industry utilizes Trichoderma Reesei’s ability to produce cellulase, rather than just taking directly from the microorganism. The conclusions unfortunately did not show any cellulase expression, and biofuel output favored algae

Intestinal Synthesis and Lymphatic Secretion of Apolipoprotein A–IV Vary with Chain Length of Intestinally Infused Fatty Acids in Rats

To evaluate the hypothesis that stimulation of intestinal apolipoprotein (apo) A–IV by dietary fat depends upon assembly and transport of chylomicrons, we examined the effect of duodenal infusion of fatty acids of graded chain length on mucosal synthesis and lymphatic output of lipid and apo A–IV. Rats with duodenal cannulas and mesenteric lymph fistulas were given 8-h duodenal infusions of lipid emulsions containing either butyric (4:0), caprylic (8:0), lauric (12:0), myristic (14:0), stearic (18:0), oleic (18:1), linoleic (18:2) or arachidonic (20:4) acids, or tributyrin, tricaprylin or triolein. Lymph outputs of triglyceride, phospholipid and apo A–IV were measured at 0, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 h after the start of lipid infusion. Significant increases in lymph lipid (triglyceride, phospholipid) and apo A–IV output were observed in response to long-chain fatty acids (14:0, 18:0, 18:1, 18:2, 20:4) or triolein; short- or medium-chain fatty acids (4:0, 8:0, 12:0) or tributyrin or tricaprylin produced no significant increase in lymph lipid output above basal levels. Similarly, increased jejunal mucosal synthesis of apo A–IV was observed in response to duodenal infusion of oleic acid but not butyric or caprylic acid. These results provide direct support for the hypothesis that stimulation of apo A–IV by dietary fat depends upon transport of absorbed lipid via chylomicrons in lymph.

O035 Elevated liver enzymes in paediatric sleep disordered breathing

Abstract Introduction Paediatric sleep disordered breathing (SDB) is associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and dyslipidaemia are potential modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease, often coexisting in adults with SDB. Increases in lipid outputs from the liver have been identified in obese adults and children with SDB. Whether children with SDB compared to healthy non-snoring controls have evidence of elevated serum lipids and associated liver enzyme changes were assessed. Methods Seventy-five children (SDB=49, controls=26) between the ages of 6-17 years matched for age, gender and BMI underwent overnight polysomnography to measure SDB severity and provided a fasting blood sample to assess lipid and liver panels. Results OAHI was significantly increased in children with SDB compared to healthy non-snoring controls (p < 0.05). Serum potassium, alanine aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase were significantly increased in children with SDB, while albumin was significantly decreased (p < 0.05). No differences were found between serum lipid levels. Conclusion The presence of paediatric SDB may increase the risk of developing NAFLD. Further investigation is required to determine whether routine assessment of liver enzymes should be implemented in paediatric SDB. Whether surgical removal of the adenoids and tonsils to treat paediatric SDB can stabilise liver enzyme levels requires further research.

Highly efficient fed-batch modes for enzymatic hydrolysis and microbial lipogenesis from alkaline organosolv pretreated corn stover for biodiesel production

High-density culture for microbial lipid preparation from low-cost lignocellulosic feedstocks is crucial for commercial-scale biodiesel production. Herein, fed-batch saccharification of alkaline organosolv pretreatment (AOP) of corn stover at an extremely high solids content of 47% (w/v) released 299.5 g/L of lignocellulosic sugars including 18.3% of soluble oligosaccharides. Three types of liquid hydrolysates for seed culture, fermentation, and feeding during fed-batch culture were obtained from the hydrolysate slurry using a two-step washing strategy with 99.3% of sugars recovery. Cutaneotrichosporon oleaginosum showed excellent capacity for assimilating both monosaccharides and oligosaccharides for lipid production using the fed-batch culture mode. Lipid concentration, content, and yield gained 42.3 g/L, 64.6%, and 20.4 g/100 g, respectively. Turbid hydrolysate collected with high recovery of high-concentration sugars and simplified process could be directly served as feeding medium. In general, the overall hydrolysis yield and lipid yield using fed-batch mode accounted for 93.2% and 97.6% of those using batch mode, respectively, resulting in a lipid output of 102.8 g/kg raw corn stover. The fatty acid composition and the prediction of biodiesel properties of lipid samples indicated the suitability for high-quality fuel production. This study provided valuable information for designing highly efficient lignocelluloses-to-biodiesel routes.

Impact of Sequential Lipid Meals on Lymphatic Lipid Absorption and Transport in Rats.

The sequential meal pattern has recently received more attention because it reflects a phycological diet style for human beings. The present study investigated the effects of the second lipid meal on lymphatic lipid absorption and transport in adult rats following a previous lipid meal. Using the well-established lymph fistula model, we found that the second lipid meal significantly increased the lymphatic output of triglycerides, cholesterol, phospholipids, and non-esterified fatty acids compared with a single lipid meal. Besides that, the time reaching the peak of each lipid output was significantly faster compared with the first lipid meal. Additionally, the second lipid meal significantly increased the lymphatic output of apolipoprotein A-IV (ApoA-IV), but not apolipoprotein B-48 (ApoB-48) or apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I). Interestingly, the triglyceride/apoB-48 ratio was significantly increased after the second lipid meal, indicating the increased chylomicron size in the lymph. Finally, the second lipid meal increased the lymphatic output of rat mucosal mast cell protease II (RMCPII). No change was found in the expression of genes related to the permeability of lymphatic lacteals, including vascular endothelial growth factor-A (Vegfa), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (Flt1), and Neuropilin1 (Nrp1). Collectively, the second lipid meal led to the rapid appearance of bigger-sized chylomicrons in the lymph. It also increased the lymphatic output of various lipids and apoA-IV, and mucosal mast cell activity in the intestine.

Rapeseed Lecithin Increases Lymphatic Lipid Output and α-Linolenic Acid Bioavailability in Rats

Soybean lecithin, a plant-based emulsifier widely used in food, is capable of modulating postprandial lipid metabolism. With arising concerns of sustainability, alternative sources of vegetal lecithin are urgently needed, and their metabolic effects must be characterized. We evaluated the impact of increasing doses of rapeseed lecithin (RL), rich in essential α-linolenic acid (ALA), on postprandial lipid metabolism and ALA bioavailability in lymph-cannulated rats. Male Wistar rats (8 weeks old) undergoing a mesenteric lymph duct cannulation were intragastrically administered 1 gof an oil mixture containing 4% ALA and 0, 1, 3, 10, or 30% RL (5 groups). Lymph fractions were collected for 6 h.Lymphlipidsandchylomicrons (CMs) were characterized. The expression of genes implicated in intestinal lipid metabolism was determined in the duodenum at 6 h.Datawasanalyzedusing either sigmoidal or linear mixed-effects models, or one-way ANOVA, where appropriate. RL dose-dependently increased the lymphatic recovery (AUC) of total lipids (1100 μg/mL·hperadditional RL%; P=0.010) and ALA (50 μg/mL·hperadditional RL%; P=0.0076). RL induced a faster appearance of ALA in lymph, as evidenced by the exponential decrease of the rate of appearance of ALA with RL (R2=0.26; P=0.0064). Although the number of CMs was unaffected by RL, CM diameter was increased in the 30%-RL group, compared to the control group (0% RL), by 86% at 3-4 h(P=0.065) and by 81% at 4-6 h(P=0.0002) following administration. This increase was positively correlated with the duodenal mRNA expression of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (Mttp; ρ= 0.63; P=0.0052). The expression of Mttp and secretion-associated, ras-related GTPase 1 gene homolog B (Sar1b, CM secretion), carnitine palmitoyltransferase IA (Cpt1a) and acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1 (Acox1, beta-oxidation), and fatty acid desaturase 2 (Fads2, bioconversion of ALA into long-chain n-3 PUFAs) were, respectively, 49%, 29%, 74%, 48%, and 55% higher in the 30%-RL group vs. the control group (P<0.05). In rats, RL enhanced lymphatic lipid output, as well as the rate of appearance of ALA, which may promote its subsequent bioavailability and metabolic fate.

Effects of high intake of cod or salmon on gut microbiota profile, faecal output and serum concentrations of lipids and bile acids in overweight adults: a randomised clinical trial

PurposeTo explore whether high intake of cod or salmon would affect gut microbiota profile, faecal output and serum concentrations of lipids and bile acids.MethodsSeventy-six adults with overweight/obesity with no reported gastrointestinal disease were randomly assigned to consume 750 g/week of either cod or salmon, or to avoid fish intake (Control group) for 8 weeks. Fifteen participants from each group were randomly selected for 72 h faeces collection at baseline and end point for gut microbiota profile analyses using 54 bacterial DNA probes. Food intake was registered, and fasting serum and morning urine were collected at baseline and end point.ResultsSixty-five participants were included in serum and urine analyses, and gut microbiota profile was analysed for 33 participants. Principal component analysis of gut microbiota showed an almost complete separation of the Salmon group from the Control group, with lower counts for bacteria in the Bacteroidetes phylum and the Clostridiales order of the Firmicutes phyla, and higher counts for bacteria in the Selenomonadales order of the Firmicutes phylum. The Cod group showed greater similarity to the Salmon group than to the Control group. Intake of fibres, proteins, fats and carbohydrates, faecal daily mass and output of fat, cholesterol and total bile acids, and serum concentrations of cholesterol, triacylglycerols, non-esterified fatty acids and total bile acids were not altered in the experimental groups.ConclusionA high intake of cod or salmon fillet modulated gut microbiota but did not affect faecal output or serum concentrations of lipids and total bile acids.Clinical trial registrationThis trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02350595.

Enhanced microalgae biomass and lipid output for increased biodiesel productivity

This paper investigated the cumulative impact of salinity, carbon source (glycerol and glucose) and photoperiod on the cultivation of the microalga Phaeodactylum tricornutum in mixotrophic growth in pure air supplied photobioreactors aiming at biomass output and lipid content enhancement for increased biodiesel productivity. For that, Phaeodactylum tricornutum was grown for 18 and 20 days in modified F2 medium which was supplied in the beginning of the culture, and with daily addition of glycerol (0.1 M) or glucose (0.05 M); salinity at 15 and 30‰, with the luminosity of 165 μmols photons m−2s−2 for 24 h day−1 or partial 12 h day−1. Biomass production was registered, total lipids quantified with the Bligh and Dyer methodology, and the lipids’ drops observed with Nile Red staining. Regarding salinity, a value of 15‰ led to the highest microalgae growth. Glycerol 0.1 M was the carbon source which provided the best assimilation by the microalgae, reaching up to 1.3 g L−1 of biomass. The 24 h-illumination photoperiod with glycerol in mixotrophic cultivation led to 338.97 mg L−1 of lipids, which was roughly 80% higher than the lipid content obtained with autotrophic growth. In conclusion, the most effective conditions were glycerol 0.1 M (carbon source), 15‰ salinity, and 24 h-illumination.

New Frontiers for the Use of IP6 and Inositol Combination in Treating Diabetes Mellitus: A Review.

Inositol, or myo-inositol, and associated analog molecules, including myo-inositol hexakisphosphate, are known to possess beneficial biomedical properties and are now being widely studied. The impact of these compounds in improving diabetic indices is significant, especially in light of the high cost of treating diabetes mellitus and associated disorders globally. It is theorized that, within ten years, the global population of people with the disease will reach 578 million individuals, with the cost of care projected to be approximately 2.5 trillion dollars. Natural alternatives to pharmaceuticals are being sought, and this has led to studies involving inositol, and myo-inositol-hexakisphosphate, also referred to as IP6. It has been reported that IP6 can improve diabetic indices and regulate the activities of some metabolic enzymes involved in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Current research activities have been focusing on the mechanisms of action of inositol and IP6 in the amelioration of the indices of diabetes mellitus. We demonstrated that an IP6 and inositol combination supplement may regulate insulin secretion, modulate serum leptin concentrations, food intake, and associated weight gain, which may be beneficial in both prediabetic and diabetic states. The supplement attenuates vascular damage by reducing red cell distribution width. Serum HDL is increased while serum triglycerides tend to decrease with consumption of the combination supplement, perhaps due to the modulation of lipogenesis involving reduced serum lipase activity. We also noted increased fecal lipid output following combination supplement consumption. Importantly, liver function was found to be preserved. Concurrently, serum reactive oxygen species production was reduced, indicating that inositol and IP6 supplement consumption may reduce free radical damage to tissues and organs as well as serum lipids and blood glucose by preserving liver function. This review provides an overview of the findings associated with inositol and IP6 supplementation in the effective treatment of diabetes with a view to proposing the potential mechanisms of action.

Enhancement of biodiesel production from the green microalga Micractinium reisseri via optimization of cultivation regimes

The present work introduces a new strategy for enhancing a sustainable biodiesel from Micractinium reisseri by combining mixotrophic nutrition with nutrients stresses. Cultivating of Micractinium reisseri in 25 mg/l promoted lipid yield reaching 206%. While mixotrophic nutrition by 0.1 M glycerol promoted dry weight by 2.8 folds, 0.05 M glycerol enhanced lipid yield by 26% only. However, supplementation algal culture by 1 g/l sugarcane molasses promoted lipid content by 61% and total lipid yield by 31%. While polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUSFA) reduced from 48% to 31%, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUSFA) increased from 14% to 30% and Oleic and Stearic acids increased by 383% and 284%, respectively under optimized conditions. Evaluation of the produced biodiesel by monetarystandard EN 14214 and ASTM D-6751 analysis exhibited high-quality products. Combining mixotrophic nutrition with salts and nitrogen stresses led to encouragement switching the metabolic pathways towards lipid output that used as a biodiesel source.

Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides improves microbiota dysbiosis and liver metabolism imbalance and ameliorates the correlation between dihydroceramide and strains of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria in high fat diet obese mice.

Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides is widely isolated from fermented foods; however, the underlying molecular mechanism behind its anti-obesity function has rarely been studied. This study aims to explore the role of alterations in gut microbes and liver metabolites mediated by Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides (Tu) in obese mice for a period of 8 weeks through UPLC/Q-TOF-MS and 16S rRNA sequencing. Our results showed that Tu administration at a dosage of 1 × 109 CFU per day per mouse effectively attenuated the weight of mice, significantly reduced serum lipids, and markedly improved fecal lipid output. Tu also ameliorated the lipid profiles in the liver and epididymal fat tissues, and restored intestinal disorder caused by a high-fat diet. Moreover, glycerophospholipid metabolism in the liver was altered by increased dihydroceramide levels. Surprisingly, the correlation between dihydroceramide and strains of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria was found for the first time. Collectively, these findings highlight that Tu could be a potential dietary supplement for weight control.

Acetate Affects the Process of Lipid Metabolism in Rabbit Liver, Skeletal Muscle and Adipose Tissue.

Simple SummaryLots of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are produced in the rabbit cecum after dietary fiber fermentation. In addition to supplying energy, SCFAs could regulate lipid metabolism, but the related mechanism is still unknown. In our experiment, we study the effect of acetate (major SCFAs, 70–80%) on rabbit lipid metabolism. The present study found that acetate alters the process of lipid metabolism in rabbit liver, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, and inferred some signaling pathways related to the process. A mechanism of acetate-regulating lipid metabolism is useful to identify the function in fat metabolism of microbiological products from rabbit and rabbit processes for nutrition metabolism.Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) (a microbial fermentation production in the rabbit gut) have an important role in many physiological processes, which may be related to the reduced body fat of rabbits. In the present experiment, we study the function of acetate (a major SCFA in the rabbit gut) on fat metabolism. Ninety rabbits (40 days of age) were randomly divided into three groups: a sham control group (injection of saline for four days); a group experiencing subcutaneous injection of acetate for four days (2 g/kg BM per day, one injection each day, acetate); and a pair-fed sham treatment group. The results show that acetate-inhibited lipid accumulation by promoting lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation and inhibiting fatty acid synthesis. Activated G protein-coupled receptor 41/43, adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) and extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 signal pathways were likely to participate in the regulation in lipid accumulation of acetate. Acetate reduced hepatic triglyceride content by inhibiting fatty acid synthesis, enhancing fatty acid oxidation and lipid output. Inhibited peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) and activated AMPK and ERK1/2 signal pathways were related to the process in liver. Acetate reduced intramuscular triglyceride level via increasing fatty acid uptake and fatty acid oxidation. PPARα was associated with the acetate-reduced intracellular fat content.

Lemna Minor Cultivation for Biofuel Production

In this paper we consider usage of duckweed for national economy: for lifestock feed, for bioethanol and biogas production, in medicine and for phytoremediation. Cultivation of duckweed Lemna minor in conditions of St.Petersburg was carried out in order to obtain biomass. Two cultivation variants were studied: in a natural reservoir and in an artificial reservoir during a period from May to July 2017. The following cultivation conditions were determined: lighting, temperature. The population growth intensity was estimated. The most favourable conditions appeared to be at natural pond in Petergof. Daylight features, lightning intensity of the Leningrad Oblast’ are less favourable than that for south Russian regions, so biomass production rate is drastically lower. The obtained L. minor biomass was dried out under the infrared lamp up to constant weight. The obtained dry biomass was used to produce lipids extracts by Sohxlet technique. Lipids output was 4% of dry biomass for duckweed grown in natural pond and 6% for duckweed grown in artificial pond. Most likely it is driven by stress factor of duckweed growth, which is limited by insufficient solar illumination. The lipid output of duckweed is not high, but we are planning to choose optimum cultivation conditions for duckweeds, which will result in increased lipids output.

Influence of SHF Treatment on Lipid Output from Microalga Chlorella Sorokiniana

This work is devoted to investigation of methods of obtaining and usage of lipid fraction from microalgae. We describe methods for obtaining lipid fractions from microalgae Chlorella Sorokiniana by means of Sohxlet apparatus. We studied influence of microalga biomass drying technique (IR and lyophilization) and cell disintegration technique on lipid output from biomass. We investigated physical (SHF-radiation) and mechanical (grinding) treatments aiming at cell disintegration. It was shown, that maximum lipid output is obtained at combined treatment of biomass by lyophilization and SHF-irradiation. When comparing total lipids output from lyophilized biomass without and after disintegration (by mechanical and physical treatments), we didn’t notice any notable difference. Lyophilic treatment simultaneously dehydrates biomass and results in maximum cell disintegration, which provides maximum lipids output without additional disintegration stage (13.2%). It was proved that biomass lyophilization results in maximum lipids output.

1845-P: Divergent Effects on T2D of Alleles Associated with Increased Liver Fat Reflect Differential Impact on Hepatic Glucose and Lipid Output: An IMI DIRECT Study

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) often coincide but the physiological relationship is unclear. Important clues are provided by human genetics: variants associated with NAFLD-risk have divergent effects on T2D. At TM6SF2 the NAFLD-risk allele (rs58542926:T) predisposes to T2D whilst at GCKR (rs1260326:T), it protects. We hypothesize that these divergent effects result from the impact of NAFLD-raising alleles on hepatic lipid output (HLO) and hepatic glucose output (HGO) respectively. To test this hypothesis, we applied structural equation modeling (SEM) to data from the IMI-DIRECT study, including 1350 European participants, 923 nondiabetic (C1) and 427 with recently-diagnosed T2D (C2). Insulin sensitivity (IS) was modeled from frequently sampled OGTT (C1) and mixed-meal tolerance tests (C2), and liver fat (LF) measured by MRI. SEM fit was assessed by comparing model χ2s with comparable null models: variables randomized to nodes in identical SEM definition giving comparable degrees of freedom and structure, 10,000 iterations. The hypothesized model provided a better fit than null models (C1: χ2=242, P=0.005; C2: χ2=63, P=0.01). Decreasing HLO (via TM6SF2) was associated with an increase in LF (C1: ß=0.28 [SE 0.09], P=0.001; C2: ß=0.28 [0.12], P=0.02) and fasting plasma glucose (FG): these were mediated by LF and IS (C1: ß=0.09 [0.03], P=0.001; C2: ß=0.07 [0.03], P=0.027). Decreasing HGO (via GCKR) was not associated with LF in either cohort but was associated with a direct (non-mediated) decrease in FG (C1 only: ß=-0.08 [0.04], P=0.04). The results support a model whereby increased genetic risk of NAFLD, arising from defects in two processes (HLO and HGO) results in opposing glycemic effects. This has important consequences for therapeutic strategies for combatting NAFLD: approaches to reduce NAFLD through targeting of HLO (as opposed to HGO) may also reduce risk of hyperglycaemia and T2D. Disclosure R.W. Koivula: None. P.W. Franks: Board Member; Self; Zoe Ltd. Research Support; Self; AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Lilly Diabetes, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Foundation, Sanofi, Servier. T.H. Hansen: None. M. Laakso: None. E. Pearson: None. F. Rutters: None. F. Karpe: None. J.W. Tomlinson: Advisory Panel; Self; Novo Nordisk Inc., Pfizer Inc., Poxel SA. A. Mahajan: None. M. McCarthy: Advisory Panel; Self; European Association for the Study of Diabetes, Pfizer Inc. Consultant; Self; Eli Lilly and Company, Merck &amp; Co., Inc. Consultant; Spouse/Partner; Merck &amp; Co., Inc. Research Support; Self; AbbVie Inc., Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH. Research Support; Spouse/Partner; Diabetes UK. Research Support; Self; Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Merck &amp; Co., Inc., National Institutes of Health. Research Support; Spouse/Partner; National Institutes of Health. Research Support; Self; Novo Nordisk A/S. Research Support; Spouse/Partner; Novo Nordisk A/S. Research Support; Self; Novo Nordisk Foundation, Roche Pharma, Sanofi-Aventis, Servier, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited. Funding Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF18OC0031650); Innovative Medicines Initiative Joint Undertaking (115317)