Lipid Extracts Research Articles

Robust anti-tubercular profile of Solanum virginianum extract in enhancing isoniazid bioavailability and curtailing stress tolerance in Mycobacterium smegmatis

IntroductionThe formidable survival mechanisms employed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), combined with the low bioavailability of anti-tubercular drugs and their associated hepatotoxicity, worsen tuberculosis management. Traditional medicinal plants offer potential solutions to these challenges. This study focuses on exploring the anti-tubercular potential of Solanum virginianum against Mycobacterium smegmatis, mc2155.Methods and resultsHPTLC and UHPLC phytochemically characterized the hydro-methanolic extract of Solanum virginianum (SVE). SVE curtails the growth and viability of mc2155 under normal and in vitro stress conditions. The compromised cell wall integrity of mc2155 with SVE is depicted through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) while EtBr permeability assays and TLC-based comparative changes in lipids extraction addressed the integrity of the cell wall. Furthermore, SVE augmented the susceptibility of mc2155 towards Isoniazid (INH) through enhanced bioavailability. Adjunct treatment of SVE with INH demonstrated a markedly reduced survival of the intracellular bacilli. The study also uncovered the hepatoprotective potential of SVE in HepG2 cells.ConclusionThis research paves the way for deeper exploration into the potential of Solanum virginianum against virulent Mtb strains, emphasizing over the significance of traditional medicinal plants in tuberculosis treatment. Collectively, the findings suggest SVE as a potent candidate for independent or adjunct anti-tubercular therapy.

Evaluation of the Pharmacological Efficiency of a Lipid Extract from the Tunic of the Marine Hydrobiont Halocynthia aurantium (Pallas, 1774)

Evaluation of the Pharmacological Efficiency of a Lipid Extract from the Tunic of the Marine Hydrobiont Halocynthia aurantium (Pallas, 1774)

Relationship between oligoarginine-induced membrane damage of single Escherichia coli cells and entry of the peptide into the cytoplasm

Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) can enter the cytosol of eukaryotic cells without killing them whereas some CPPs exhibit antimicrobial activity against bacterial cells. Here, to elucidate the mode of interaction of the CPP nona-arginine (R9) with bacterial cells, we investigated the interactions of lissamine rhodamine B red-labeled peptide (Rh-R9) with single Escherichia coli cells encapsulating calcein using confocal laser scanning microscopy. After Rh-R9 induced the leakage of a large amount of calcein, the fluorescence intensity of the cytosol due to Rh-R9 greatly increased, indicating that Rh-R9 induces cell membrane damage, thus allowing entry of a significant amount of Rh-R9 into the cytosol. To determine if the lipid bilayer region of the membrane is the main target of Rh-R9, we then investigated the interaction of Rh-R9 with single giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) comprising an E. coli polar lipid extract containing small GUVs and AlexaFluor 647 hydrazide (AF647) in the lumen. Rh-R9 entered the GUV lumen without inducing AF647 leakage, but leakage eventually did occur, indicating that GUV membrane damage was induced after the entry of Rh-R9 into the GUV lumen. The Rh-R9 peptide concentration dependence of the fraction of entry of Rh-R9 after a specific interaction time was similar to that of the fraction of leaking GUVs. These results indicate that Rh-R9 can damage the lipid bilayer region of a cell membrane, which may be related to its antimicrobial activity.

Fatty acids and chlorogenic acid content in Plectranthus edulis root tubers.

This study quantified the fatty acid profile and total chlorogenic acid content of various Ethiopian cultivars of the Plectranthus edulis tuber, traditionally known as 'Agew Dinich'. Lipid extraction utilized the Folch method and the acid-catalyzed derivatization method to derivatize the fatty acids into fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) were used. Whereas maceration was used to extract chlorogenic acid from the fresh and freeze- dried tuber samples. Analysis revealed a total of thirteen fatty acids in all P. edulis samples, with nine classified as saturated and four as unsaturated. Palmitic acid was the most abundant fatty acid in P. edulis and accounted for 40.57%-50.21% of the total fatty acid content. The second and third most abundant fatty acids in the P. edulis sample were stearic and linoleic acids, which accounted for 8.38%-12.92% and 8.12%-11.28%, respectively. We reported chlorogenic acid for the first time in this potato species and found it to contain a concentration of 211± 4.2-300±24.7 mg/100g of dry weight basis when the determination was made using fresh samples. On the other hand, these samples yielded a chlorogenic acid concentration ranging from 115 ±8.6 mg/100g-175±3.9 mg/100g of freeze-dried powder samples. These findings suggest that P. edulis tubers could represent a significant dietary source of both chlorogenic acid and fatty acids.

Improving the triphenylphosphine/triphenylphosphine oxide (TPP/TPPO)‐based method for the absolute and accurate quantification by FTIR‐ATR of hydroperoxides in oils or lipid extracts

Improving the triphenylphosphine/triphenylphosphine oxide (TPP/TPPO)‐based method for the absolute and accurate quantification by FTIR‐ATR of hydroperoxides in oils or lipid extracts

Extraction of Lipids and Functional Properties of Defatted Egg Yolk Powder Obtained Using a One-Step Organic Solvent Lipid Extraction Process.

A one-step organic solvent lipid extraction method was used to separate lipids from spray-dried egg yolk. Organic solvents tested were chloroform:methanol (CM, 2:1, v:v), methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE), or hexane:isopropanol (HI, 3:2, v:v). The resulting defatted egg yolk powder had between 21 and 30% more protein and between 22 and 25% less lipid than the initial spray-dried egg yolk powder (p < 0.05). The solubility of the powder decreased from 20% to 4% (p < 0.05) when CM was used as the organic solvent, likely due to protein denaturation by the chloroform. Gels made from MBTE and HI-extracted protein concentrates had similar hardness (p > 0.05) and were both harder than gels made using the initial egg yolk powder (p < 0.05). MTBE gels were springier, more cohesive, and gummier (p < 0.05) with similar resistance to the initial egg yolk powder (p > 0.05). The results of this study showed that the functionality of the protein in the defatted egg yolk powder was best retained when MTBE was used as the lipid extraction solvent.

Bioactive lipid‐enriched concentrates from squid discards by one‐step and two‐step extractions with non‐halogenated solvents

SummaryThis study focused on the preparation of lipid concentrates with high contents of bioactive molecules. Different one‐step and two‐step extractions with non‐halogenated solvents (hexane, HX; isopropanol, IP) were carried out on Patagonian squid (Doryteuthis gahi) discards. As a first step, HX extractions (one, two or three times) were carried out. The resulting substrates were extracted with IP (two, three or four times). Analysis of lipid extracts included total lipid, phospholipid (PL) and tocopherol values, and fatty acid (FA) profile. HX extractions led to remarkable α‐ and γ‐tocopherol values (ca. 1400 and 23 mg kg−1 lipids, respectively); no effect (P &gt; 0.05) of the number of HX extractions was observed. IP extracts provided high PL values (383–501 mg kg−1 lipids); the highest average values were detected with four IP extractions after three HX extractions. Values obtained for tocopherols and PLs were higher (P &lt; 0.05) than those obtained by employing the conventional (chloroform/methanol, 1:1) lipid extraction (ca. 496 and 11 mg kg−1 lipids and 400 g kg−1 lipids, respectively). Range values detected for eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid values and the ω3/ω6 FA ratio were similar to those obtained by the conventional procedure. A valuable procedure is proposed for obtaining PL‐ and tocopherol‐enriched concentrates from marine waste with non‐halogenated solvents.

Cinobufagin disrupts the stability of lipid rafts by inhibiting the expression of caveolin-1 to promote non-small cell lung cancer cell apoptosis

IntroductionThe study was designed to explore how cinobufagin (CB) regulates the development of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells through lipid rafts.Material and methodsThe effects of CB at gradient concentrations (0, 0.5, 1 and 2 µM) on NSCLC cell viability, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, phosphorylation of Akt, and apoptosis- and lipid raft-related protein expression were assessed by MTT assay, flow cytometry and Western blot. Cholesterol and sphingomyelin were labeled with BODIPY to evaluate the effect of CB (2 µM) on them. Sucrose density gradient centrifugation was used to extract lipid rafts. The effect of CB on the expression and distribution of caveolin-1 was determined by immunofluorescence, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. After overexpression of caveolin-1, the above experiments were performed again to observe whether the regulatory effect of CB was reversed.ResultsCB inhibited NSCLC cell viability while promoting apoptosis and ROS level. CB redistributed the lipid content on the membrane surface and reduced the content of caveolin-1 in the cell membrane. In addition, CB repressed the activation of AKT. However, caveolin-1 overexpression reversed the effects of CB on apoptosis, AKT activation and lipid raft.ConclusionsCB regulates the activity of Akt in lipid rafts by inhibiting caveolin-1 expression to promote NSCLC cell apoptosis.

High-resolution ion mobility based on traveling wave structures for lossless ion manipulation resolves hidden lipid features.

High-resolution ion mobility (resolving power > 200) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) is a powerful analytical tool for resolving isobars and isomers in complex samples. High-resolution ion mobility is capable of discerning additional structurally distinct features, which are not observed with conventional resolving power ion mobility (IM, resolving power ~ 50) techniques such as traveling wave IM and drift tube ion mobility (DTIM). DTIM in particular is considered to be the "gold standard" IM technique since collision cross section (CCS) values are directly obtained through a first-principles relationship, whereas traveling wave IM techniques require an additional calibration strategy to determine accurate CCS values. In this study, we aim to evaluate the separation capabilities of a traveling wave ion mobility structures for lossless ion manipulation platform integrated with mass spectrometry analysis (SLIM IM-MS) for both lipid isomer standards and complex lipid samples. A cross-platform investigation of seven subclass-specific lipid extracts examined by both DTIM-MS and SLIM IM-MS showed additional features were observed for all lipid extracts when examined under high resolving power IM conditions, with the number of CCS-aligned features that resolve into additional peaks from DTIM-MS to SLIM IM-MS analysis varying between 5 and 50%, depending on the specific lipid sub-class investigated. Lipid CCS values are obtained from SLIM IM (TW(SLIM)CCS) through a two-step calibration procedure to align these measurements to within 2% average bias to reference values obtained via DTIM (DTCCS). A total of 225 lipid features from seven lipid extracts are subsequently identified in the high resolving power IM analysis by a combination of accurate mass-to-charge, CCS, retention time, and linear mobility-mass correlations to curate a high-resolution IM lipid structural atlas. These results emphasize the high isomeric complexity present in lipidomic samples and underscore the need for multiple analytical stages of separation operated at high resolution.

Evaluation of Extraction Techniques for Recovery of Microalgal Lipids under Different Growth Conditions.

Microalgal lipids contain a wide array of liposoluble bioactive compounds, but lipid extraction remains a critical limitation for their commercial use. An accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) was used to extract lipids from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina), and Chlorella vulgaris grown under either standard or nitrogen depletion conditions. Under standard growth conditions, ASE using methanol:chloroform (2:1), methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE):methanol:water, and ethanol at 100 °C resulted in the highest recovery of total lipids (352 ± 30, 410 ± 32, and 127 ± 15 mg/g biomass from C. reinhardtii, C. vulgaris, and A. platensis, respectively). Similarly, the highest total lipid and triacylglycerols (TAGs) recovery from biomass cultivated under nitrogen depletion conditions was found at 100 °C using methanol:chloroform, for C. reinhardtii (total, 550 ± 21; TAG, 205 ± 2 mg/g biomass) and for C. vulgaris (total, 612 ± 29 mg/g; TAG, 253 ± 7 mg/g biomass). ASE with MTBE:methanol:water at 100 °C yielded similar TAG recovery for C. reinhardtii (159 ± 6 mg/g) and C. vulgaris (200 ± 4 mg/g). Thus, MTBE:methanol:water is suggested as an alternative substitute to replace hazardous solvent mixtures for TAGs extraction with a much lower environmental impact. The extracted microalgal TAGs were rich in palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0), oleic (C18:1,9), linoleic (C18:2n6), and α-linolenic (C18:3n3) acids. Under nitrogen depletion conditions, increased palmitic acid (C16:0) recovery up to 2-fold was recorded from the biomasses of C. reinhardtii and C. vulgaris. This study demonstrates a clear linkage between the extraction conditions applied and total lipid and TAG recovery.

Antioxidant, anti-amylase, anti-lipase, and efficiency of Satureja fatty acid on the anti-inflammatory parameters in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophage through Nrf2/NF-kB/NADH oxidase pathway

Satureja is an aromatic plant that is used for flavoring, perfume, and food manufacturing due to its pleasant essential oil. Modern medicine research revealed several biological activities of Satureja essential oil, including antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory. However, the functional properties of Satureja fatty acid have not been explored. This study examined the fatty acid profile, lipid nutritional quality, antioxidant, anti-amylase, and anti-lipase capacities of Satureja. The efficiency of Satureja fatty acid on the anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory parameters in LPS-induced macrophage through the Nrf2/NF-kB/NADH oxidase pathway was examined. The whole lipid extract was prepared with chloroform/methanol/water solution. Fatty acids methyl ester from whole lipid extract were prepared with methanol/sulfuric acid reagent. The fatty acid profile was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Total antioxidant was determined by ABTS decolorization. Lipase and amylase activities were determined by monitoring the decomposition of p-nitrophenyl butyrate and starch. The macrophage cell line was grown in DMEM media in the presence of fatty acid. The hydrogen peroxide production in treated cells was monitored using the FOX reagent. NADH oxidase activity was measured by monitoring NADH breakdown. The expression of NOX, NF-kB, and NRF2, were tested in the treated cells by real-time PCR. The main components of the Satureja fatty acid were linolenic acid (24.67–37.32%), palmitic acid (10.65–20.29%), linoleic acid (8.31–13.39%), oleic acid (4.42–14.35%), stearic acid (2.76–8.77%) and palmitoleic acid (1.77–4.95%). Given the nutritional quality, omega-3 PUFA (23.58–37.32%), SFA (21.53–26.70%), omega-6 PUFA (10.86–16.14%), omega-9 MUFA (4.42–14.35%), and omega-7 MUFA (1.77–4.95%) comprise the majority of fatty acids. Satureja fatty acid has a promising unsaturation index (120.77–164.27), PUFA/MUFA (2.07–6.41), hypocholesterolemic index (2.44–3.47), health-promoting index (2.03–2.42), PUFA/SFA (1.37–1.94), nutritive value index (0.53–1.71), MUFA/SFA (0.30–0.80) omega-6/omega-3 (0.34–0.65), atherogenicity index (0.41–0.49), and thrombogenicity index (0.17–0.27). Satureja fatty acid displayed strong antioxidant capacity (with IC50 ranging from 354 to 428 µg/mL), anti-lipase capacity (with IC50 ranging from 354 to 428 µg/mL), and anti-amylase capacity (with IC50 ranging from 370 to 390 µg/mL). LPS induced the expression of NOX, NRF2, and NF-kB and the synthesis of hydrogen peroxide in macrophage cells. In LPS-stimulated macrophages, Satureja fatty acid reduced NOX expression, hydrogen peroxide, and NF-kB expression and increased NRF2 at 0.04 mg/mL. In conclusion, Satureja fatty acids have potent antioxidant, anti-amylase, anti-lipase, and anti-inflammatory activities. The mechanisms in lowering oxidative stress markers depended on down-regulating superoxide-producing enzymes at gene and protein levels. Satureja polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids could be recommended for healthy products combined with dietary therapy to treat obesity, diabetes, and oxidative stress.

Tracing the Impact of Domestic Storage Conditions on Antioxidant Activity and Lipid Profiles in the Edible Microalgae Chlorella vulgaris and Tetraselmis chui.

The microalgae Chlorella vulgaris and Tetraselmis chui are valued for their nutrient-rich content, including lipids and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). However, little is known about how storage and processing affect their lipid quality. This study aimed to assess the impact of domestic storage and cooking practices in dried biomass of C. vulgaris and T. chui. Four conditions were tested: control (newly opened package), light (storage at room temperature and daily light regimen for three weeks), frozen (storage in the freezer at -20 °C for three weeks), and heated (three cycles of 90 min at 100 °C). Lipid extracts were analyzed by GC-MS and LC-MS, and antioxidant activity through DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays. Tested storage conditions promoted a decrease in fatty acid content and in diacyl/lyso lipid species ratios of phospholipid (PC/LPC, PE/LPE) and betaine lipids (DGTS/MGTS). Lipid extracts from light treatment showed the lowest antioxidant activity in C. vulgaris (ABTS, IC40: 104.9; DPPH, IC20: 187.9 ± 15.0), while heat affected the antioxidant activity of T. chui (ABTS, IC40: 88.5 ± 2.8; DPPH, IC20 209.4 ± 10.9). These findings underscore the impact of managing storage and processing conditions to optimize the nutritional and functional benefits of C. vulgaris and T. chui in food and feed applications.

Revealing the evolution of lipid extracts from tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) during cold storage: Based on lipid metabolism analysis via GC-Q-MS and characterization of lipid oxidation

Lipid oxidation of tilapia is unavoidable during cold storage. Therefore, this study revealed the lipid metabolism process of tilapia using gas chromatography-quadrupole-mass spectrometry (GC-Q-MS) based lipid metabolism analysis, analyzed the free radicals, and characterized the lipid oxidation and free fatty acids (FFAs) to clarify the contribution of lipid in tilapia during cold storage. Three important metabolic pathways including biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, fatty acids degradation, and fatty acids biosynthesis and differential metabolites were screened. A metabolic network map related to lipid metabolism was constructed. And from the indicators characterizing the lipid oxidation, free radicals, and the FAAs profiles displayed that the lipid was oxidized to a higher degree during cold storage. Overall, this study provided an explanation of lipid oxidation and the contribution of lipid metabolism in tilapia during cold storage, which helps in the insights on the improvement and regulation of quality.

Investigation of the Effects of Labware Contamination on Mass Spectrometry-Based Human Serum Lipidome Analysis.

Polypropylene microcentrifuge tubes (MCTs) are increasingly used in lipidome sample preparation. In the absence of a comprehensive study evaluating ramifications of plasticware utilization in mass spectrometry-based lipidomic analyses, we conducted a systematic analysis to elucidate potential negative effects ascribable to labware contamination in serum lipidomics. During serum lipid extractions, tested glassware introduced 24 labware contaminants. In contrast, Eppendorf polypropylene MCTs contributed 485 contaminant features, many of which could be erroneously putatively identified as lipids via their m/z values. Eppendorf MCTs contamination engendered severe ion-suppression of 40 low abundance serum lipids, while generating mild to modest lipid ion-suppression across a multitude of higher abundance coeluting lipids. Less compatible polypropylene MCTs from an alternative manufacturer introduced a staggering 2,949 contaminant m/z values, severely affecting 75 coeluting serum lipids and causing more frequent and pronounced ion-suppression instances. Furthermore, by performing serum extractions with varied initial volumes, it was ascertained that labware-induced lipid ion-suppression is a dynamic phenomenon, contingent on both lipid and labware contaminant concentrations where low-abundance lipids are disproportionately impacted by coelutes of suppressive contaminants. In addition to lipid ion-suppression, the identification and quantification of 7 fatty acid endogenous serum lipids were compromised by the leaching of structurally identical surfactants from MCTs. MCTs artificially introduced 10 additional primary amides extraneous to serum samples. Utmost caution is imperative in interpreting data concerning primary amides and fatty acids when employing plastic labware. Through this investigation, we aspire to elevate awareness regarding the pernicious impact of labware contamination on lipidome analysis.

Two-Dimensional Thin-Layer Chromatography as an Accessible, Low-Cost Tool for Lipid-Class Profile Screening

The interest in lipid composition profiling is significantly increasing as research reveals the immense importance of lipids in medicine, plant science, food and agriculture. However, lipidomic analysis requires high-end specialty equipment. We used two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography (2D-TLC) as a readily available, low-cost tool for basic lipidomic profiling of lipid classes in algal samples in the models Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Auxenochlorella protothecoides, and Euglena gracilis, validating lipid class identification using an LC-MS/MS analysis. Algal lipid extracts were separated on a 2D-TLC plate, and TLC analysis was followed by scraping individual TLC spots off the plate, and a subsequent liquid chromatography separation and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. For comparison, crude lipid extracts were also injected directly to the LC-MS/MS system. Lipid class annotation was achieved by a combination of accurate mass, retention time information, neutral loss and fragment ion analysis by MS2Analyzer, and by matching spectra to LipidBlast MS/MS library. Overall, we were able to identify 15 lipid classes, and to adequately profile the lipid classes in all three organisms. This TLC method is thus suggested as an accessible tool for lipid class profiling of algal, plant, and food lipids, alike, when a rapid and simple analysis is required, e.g., for screening purposes.

Mathematical modeling of the drying and oil extraction processes of passion fruit seeds using fractional calculus

AbstractBACKGROUNDThis article aims to fit kinetic models of the passion fruit seed drying process, in addition to mathematical modeling using traditional models and fractional calculus of the extraction of lipids from the seeds.RESULTSRegarding the drying process, it was found that the model that best suited the two drying temperatures employed was the fractional order one.CONCLUSIONAnalysis showed that for both drying conditions the value of parameter α was greater than 1, indicating that the profile that occurs for the seeds is superdiffusion. Regarding the mathematical fits of oil extraction, it was found that the two models that presented the best fits for the lipid extraction kinetics were hyperbolic and fractional order. Regarding the fractional order model, as the value of parameter α was lower than 1, it can be seen that the process again does not follow Fick's law, and in this case a subdiffusion process occurs. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

Characteristics of lipid metabolism after treatment of colon cancer mice with American ginseng vesicles.

Lipid molecules are present in tumours and play an important role in the anti-inflammatory response as well as in antiviral protection. Changes in the type and location of lipids in the intestine following exposure to environmental stressors play an important role in several disorders, including ulcerative colitis (UC), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and colorectal cancer. The aim of this work is to provide a new theoretical basis for tumour initiation and development by accurately measuring the spatial distribution of lipids and metabolites in intestinal tissue. Spatial metabolomics allows the detection of samples with minimal sample volume by label-free imaging of complex samples in their original state. The distribution of lipid molecules in tumours has not been reported, although the distribution of lipid molecules in intestinal tissue has been reported in the literature. The range of lipid profiles in colon cancer mouse tumour tissue was compiled using a spatial metabolomics: lipid extraction method. The changes in lipid distribution in two regions after oral administration of American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) vesicles were also compared. Tumour tissue samples were extracted with 80% methanol-20% formic acid in water. The resulting spatial metabolic profile allowed the identification of seven lipid classes in mouse tumours. The distribution of fibre tissue cells was 23.2% higher than tumour tissue cells, with the exception of the fatty acid (FA) species.

Evaluation of the potential of activated sludge biomass from Nigeria as a feedstock for biodiesel production

AbstractDepleting fossil fuel reserves and the effects of greenhouse gases on climate change have led to the investigation of alternative energy sources such as biofuel, including biodiesel and renewable diesel. Unfortunately, the cost of the feedstock exceeds 70% of the total production cost. The current work investigates the potential of utilizing a waste product (activated sludge biomass) from wastewater treatment, as an alternative feedstock for biodiesel production. The activated sludge biomass was pretreated with subcritical water to enhance the lipid yield before extracting the lipid using solvent extraction. The result showed that lipid yield from the activated sludge was 4.73–8.58%. After subcritical water pretreatment with varying residence time, temperature, and biomass loading, the lipid yield increased by 158.04–400%. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis of the fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) from the transesterification of the lipid extract using calcined egg shell as a catalyst identified the following lipids: triglyceride, fatty acids, sphingolipid, phospholipid, glycerolipid, glycerophospholipid, steroid, and cholesterol. The predominant lipid was triglyceride, and the high percentage of unsaturated fatty acids, including arachidonic acid (23.54%), eicosadienoic acid (8.37%), and oleic acid (6.23%) suggest that the lipid extract is a potential feedstock for biodiesel production.

Characterization of Lipid Extracts from Different Colors of Peach Palm Fruits-Red, Yellow, Green, and White-Obtained through Ultrasound-Assisted Green Extraction.

This study represents a pioneering investigation and comparative analysis of lipid extracts from four different colors of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes Kunt) fruits-red, yellow, green, and white-by employing a green method based on ethanolic ultrasound-assisted extraction. This study examined the extraction yield, physico-chemical-quality attributes, chromatographic profiles (GC), color measurements, total carotenoid content, differential thermogravimetry (TG/DTA), and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The obtained lipid extracts displayed a high quality, considering the physico-chemical parameters of the Codex Alimentarius, and a fatty acids profile characterized by unsaturated fatty acids, notably omegas (ω-3, ω-6, and ω-9). The indices of atherogenicity (A.I.), thrombogenicity (I.T.), and hypocholesterolemic and hypercholesterolemic ratios revealed superior outcomes for the red peach palm lipid extract (approximately 0.35, 0.52, and 2.75, respectively), along with higher levels of β-carotene (748.36 µg of β-carotene per 100 g-1 of lipid extract) compared to the yellow, green, and white counterparts. Consequently, this research successfully demonstrates the efficacy of using a green extraction method in preserving the lipid's quality, which can display cardiovascular functionality and thermal stability. These findings underscore the considerable potential of peach palm lipid extract as a valuable raw material for diverse industrial applications across various sectors. The results support its utilization in the production of functional food products and nutraceuticals due to its favorable fatty acid composition, potent antioxidant properties exhibited by its high β-carotene content, and notable cardiovascular functionality indices.

Optimized quantification of fatty acids in complex media using advanced analytical techniques.

Various medium formulations contain essential fatty acids at concentrations ranging from 10 to 100 mg/L. Accurate and precise lipid measurement in media is crucial for monitoring media quality and conducting studies on lipids in the context of cell culture. This study employed two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC) analyses to offer enhanced resolution, sensitivity, and separation performance compared to GC. Quantification of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) in a medium was conducted using GC × GC combined with a high-resolution mass spectrometer and flame ionization detector, considering potential interference from nonionic surfactant Tween 80, which was precipitated and removed by optimizing the concentration of cobalt thiocyanate (CTA) solution during pretreatment. This advanced analytical approach enabled identification of cis and trans isomers of identical molecular weights and determination of the location and number of double bonds in the same carbon number structure. Our analysis identified 36 FAMEs within the C6-C24 region, and a 5% CTA solution was optimal for efficient removal of Tween 80 during lipid extraction. Additionally, this advanced method minimized FAME contamination and loss during pretreatment, thereby significantly reducing the sample volume required to detect trace levels of FAMEs. This improvement led to a fatty acid recovery rate of 106% while maintaining the average relative standard deviation for the target FAMEs of about 3%. Our research paves the way for future investigation into medium quality control and the role of fatty acids in cell culture. This offers the possibility for economical and effective trace quantification of fatty acids in complex media.