Lipid Content Research Articles

Hepatic IL22RA1 deficiency promotes hepatic steatosis by modulating oxysterol in the liver.

Imbalance in lipid metabolism is the main cause of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). While the pathogenesis of lipid accumulation mediated by extrahepatic regulators has been extensively studied, the intrahepatic regulators modulating lipid homeostasis remain unclear. Previous studies have shown that systemic administration of interleukin-22 (IL-22) protects against NAFLD; however, the role of IL-22/IL22RA1 signaling in modulating hepatic lipid metabolism remains uncertain. This study shows hepatic IL22RA1 is vital in hepatic lipid regulation. IL22RA1 is downregulated in palmitic acid-treated mouse primary hepatocytes, as well as in the livers of NAFLD model mice and patients. Hepatocyte-specific Il22ra1 knockout (HKO) mice display diet-induced hepatic steatosis, insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, increased inflammation, and fibrosis compared with flox/flox mice. This is attributed to increased lipogenesis mediated by the accumulation of hepatic oxysterols, particularly, 3 beta-hydroxy-5-cholestenoic acid (3β HCA). Mechanistically, hepatic IL22RA1 deficiency facilitates 3β HCA deposition via the activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3)/oxysterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7B1) axis. Notably, 3β HCA facilitates lipogenesis in MPHs and human liver organoids (HLOs) by activating LXR-alpha signaling, but IL-22 treatment attenuates this effect. Additionally, restoring CYP7B1 or silencing hepatic ATF3 reduces both hepatic 3β HCA and lipid contents in HKO mice. These findings indicate that IL22RA1 plays a crucial role in maintaining hepatic lipid homeostasis in an ATF3/CYP7B1-dependent manner, and establish a link between 3β HCA and hepatic lipid homeostasis.

Lipoprotein Metabolism, Dyslipidemia, and Lipid-Lowering Therapy in Women: A Comprehensive Review

Lipid-lowering therapy (LLT) is a cornerstone of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease prevention. Although LLT might lead to different reductions in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels in women and men, LLT diminishes cardiovascular risk equally effectively in both sexes. Despite similar LLT efficacy, the use of high-intensity statins, ezetimibe, and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors is lower in women compared to men. Women achieve the guideline-recommended LDL-C levels less often than men. Greater cholesterol burden is particularly prominent in women with familial hypercholesterolemia. In clinical practice, women and men with dyslipidemia present with different cardiovascular risk profiles and disease manifestations. The concentrations of LDL-C, lipoprotein(a), and other blood lipids differ between women and men over a lifetime. Dissimilar levels of LLT target molecules partially result from sex-specific hormonal and genetic determinants of lipoprotein metabolism. Hence, to evaluate a potential need for sex-specific LLT, this comprehensive review (i) describes the impact of sex on lipoprotein metabolism and lipid profile, (ii) highlights sex differences in cardiovascular risk among patients with dyslipidemia, (iii) presents recent, up-to-date clinical trial and real-world data on LLT efficacy and safety in women, and (iv) discusses the diverse medical needs of women and men with dyslipidemia and increased cardiovascular risk.

Associations between adrenal gland volume and adipose tissue compartments – a whole body MRI study

BackgroundObesity is associated with alterations in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. Effects of glucocorticoids on adipose tissues appear to depend on the specific adipose depot, in which they take place. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of MRI-based adrenal gland volume as an imaging marker in association with different adipose tissue compartments.MethodsThe study cohort derives from the population-based research platform KORA (Cooperative Health Research in the Augsburg Region, Germany) MRI sub-study, a cross-sectional sub-study investigating the interactions between subclinical metabolic changes and cardiovascular disease in a study sample of 400 participants. Originally, eligible subjects underwent a whole-body MRI. MRI-based segmentations were performed manually and semi-automatically for adrenal gland volume, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), epi- and pericardial fat and renal sinus fat. Hepatic and pancreatic lipid content were measured as pancreatic proton density fraction (PDFF) and MR-spectroscopic hepatic fat fraction (HFF). Multivariable linear regression analyses were performed.ResultsA number of 307 participants (56.2 ± 9.1 years, 60.3% male, 14.3% with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), 30.6% with obesity, 34.2% with hypertension) were included. In multivariable analyses, strong positive associations between adrenal gland volume and VAT, total adipose tissue (TAT) as well as HFF persisted after extensive step-wise adjustment for possible metabolic confounders (VAT: beta = 0.31, 95%-CI [0.71, 0.81], p < 0.001; TAT: beta = 0.14, 95%-CI [0.06, 0.23], p < 0.001; HFF: beta = 1.17, 95%-CI [1.04, 1.31], p = 0.009). In contrast, associations between adrenal gland volume and SAT were attenuated in multivariate analysis after adjusting for BMI. Associations between pancreatic PDFF, epi- and pericardial fat and renal sinus fat were mediated to a great extent by VAT (pancreatic PDFF: 72%, epicardial adipose tissue: 100%, pericardial adipose tissue: 100%, renal sinus fat: 81.5%).ConclusionOur results found MRI-based adrenal gland volume as a possible imaging biomarker of unfavorable adipose tissue distribution, irrespective of metabolic risk factors. Thus, adrenal gland volume may serve as a potential MRI-based biomarker of metabolic changes and contributes to an individual characterization of metabolic states and individual risk stratification. Future studies should elucidate in a longitudinal study design, if and how HPA axis activation may trigger unfavorable adipose tissue distribution and whether and to which extent this is involved in the pathogenesis of manifest metabolic syndrome.

Applying chemical shift images (in-phase/opposed phased) for differentiating low-grade from high-grade glioma and comparison with magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Grading gliomas is essential for treatment decisions and patient prognosis. In this study we evaluated the in-phase and out-of-phase sequences for distinguishing high-grade (HGG) from low-grade glioma (LGG) and the correlation with magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) results. This observational study comprised patients with brain tumors referred to our center for brain MRS. The gold standard for diagnosis was based on the World Health Organization (WHO) glioma classification. Astandard tumor protocol was accomplished using a1.5‑T MRS scanner. Before contrast medium administration, extra in- and out-phase sequences were acquired. Three 20-30-mm2 oval regions of interest (ROIs) were placed in the solid component and the signal loss ratio (SLR) was calculated with the following formula: SLR tumor = (SI In phase - SI Opposed phase)/ SI In phase Correlations and comparisons between groups were made using the Pearson, chi-square and, independent samples t tests. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to assess the diagnostic performance. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. In total, 20 patients were included in the LGG and 13were included in the HGG group. The mean SLR in the HGG and LGG groups was 3.66 ± 2.12 and 1.63 ± 1.86, respectively (p = 0.01). There was astatistically significant correlation between lipid lactate (0.48, p = 0.004) and free lipid (0.44, p = 0.009) concentrations on MRS with SLR. The SLR is asimple, rapid, and noninvasive marker for differentiating between LGG and HGG. There is asignificant correlation with both the concentration and presence of free lipid and lipid-lactate peaks in MRS.

Distribution and bioaccumulation status of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Veraval coastal waters using copepods as bio-indicators.

The study investigates the pollution characteristics of 16 priority PAHs, accumulated in copepods from a major fishing harbour and its adjacent coastal waters of Veraval, west coast of India. The total PAH accumulation is in the range of 922.16-27,807.49ngg-1 dw, with the mean concentration of 5776.59ngg-1 dw. High concentrations of PAHs were present in the copepod samples from inside the harbour. Notably, there was no significant correlation between the lipid content of copepods and the accumulation of PAHs. The molecular diagnostic ratio method (MDR) indicates that the PAH sources are petrogenic in origin, while principal component analysis (PCA) points to petroleum, coal combustion and vehicular emission sources. Total cancerous PAHs (C-PAHs) in the study area dominate by 40% of the total PAHs identified; moreover, the bioaccumulation factor (BAF) is very high in the offshore area, which is also a fishing ground. The global relevance and magnitude of the present study in the Veraval, one of the prime seafood exporting hubs in India, should be dealt with utmost avidity as the accumulation status of PAHs in the zooplankton has never been explored in the Indian coastal waters. Moreover, the current study gives the foremost data on the bioaccumulation status of PAHs in copepods from the tropical waters of India.

Growth performance, antioxidant status, intestinal morphology, and body composition of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) supplemented with essential oils: A meta-analysis

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with essential oils (EOS) on growth performance, antioxidant status in blood serum, intestinal morphology, and whole-body composition of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) through a meta-analytic approach. The search and collection of scientific articles were conducted using the PRISMA methodology, and 45 full-text scientific articles were obtained. The data used in the meta-analysis were extracted from these 45 documents. The effect size was assessed through weighted mean differences (WMD) using Der-Simonian and Laird random effects models. Dietary supplementation with EOS increased (P < 0.001) final weight, body weight gain, specific growth rate, feed intake, protein efficiency ratio, and survival but decreased (P < 0.001) feed conversion ratio. In blood serum, EOS supplementation decreased (P < 0.001) the concentration of malondialdehyde and increased (P < 0.001) the concentration of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase. In the foregut, midgut, and hindgut, greater (P < 0.01) villus height, villus width, and number of goblet cells were observed in response to EOS supplementation. EOS supplementation increased (P < 0.01) crude protein content and decreased (P < 0.05) crude lipid content in the whole-body. In conclusion, essential oils can be used as a dietary additive to improve growth performance, antioxidant status in blood serum, and intestinal morphology in Nile tilapia. Likewise, supplementation with essential oils increases the protein content and decreases the fat content in the whole-body of Nile tilapia.

Intravenous lipid emulsion interference in coagulation testing: an ex vivo analysis

Introduction Intravenous lipid emulsion is used in the rescue treatment of certain poisonings. A complication is interference with laboratory analyses. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of intravenous lipid emulsion on routine laboratory analysis of coagulation parameters ex vivo and determine if any of the analytical techniques remain reliable. Methods Samples were obtained from 19 healthy volunteers and divided in triplicate. One sample served as a control, and the other two were diluted to simulate the treatment of an average adult with Intralipid® 20 per cent Fresenius Kabi 100 mL (dilution-1) or 500 mL (dilution-2). Coagulation tests performed were prothrombin time, activated prothrombin time, D-dimer concentration and fibrinogen. Coagulation testing was performed by three techniques. Test-1 was performed on a Sysmex CN6000 analyzer. Test-2 was performed with a manual mechanical endpoint method using the semi-automated Stago KC4 Delta. Test-3 involved high-speed centrifugation before repeat testing on the Sysmex CN6000 analyzer. Results For test-1, only nine (47 per cent) samples in dilution-1 could be analyzed for coagulation tests, and no coagulation tests could be analyzed for dilution-2 because of lipaemia. For test-2 and test-3, all samples could be analyzed, and all results of both testing methods fell within the limits of the laboratory reference range. Discussion Difficulties in laboratory analysis of patients having received intravenous lipid emulsion are due to multiple factors. Most automated coagulation analyzers use optical measurements, which can be unreliable in the presence of a high intravenous lipid concentration. By altering the lipaemia in the testing solution using high-speed centrifugation or by using manual mechanical endpoint detection, we were able to obtain reliable results. These findings are limited by the use of an ex vivo method and healthy volunteers. Conclusions This ex vivo model confirms that Intralipid® interferes with routine coagulation studies. It is important that clinicians are aware and inform their laboratories of its administration.

A naturalistic study of plasma lipid alterations in female patients with anorexia nervosa before and after weight restoration treatment

BackgroundPlasma lipid concentrations in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) seem to be altered.MethodsWe conducted a naturalistic study with 75 adult female patients with AN and 26 healthy female controls (HC). We measured plasma lipid profile, sex hormones and used self-report questionnaires at admission and discharge.ResultsTotal cholesterol (median (IQR): 4.9 (1.2)) and triglycerides (TG) (1.2 (0.8)) were elevated in AN at admission (BMI 15.3 (3.4)) compared with HC (4.3 (0.7), p = 0.003 and 0.9 (0.3), p = 0.006) and remained elevated at discharge (BMI 18.9 (2.9)) after weight restoration treatment. Estradiol (0.05 (0.1)) and testosterone (0.5 (0.7)) were lower in AN compared with HC (0.3 (0.3), p = < 0.001 and 0.8 (0.5), p = 0.03) and remained low at discharge. There was no change in eating disorder symptoms. Depression symptoms decreased (33 (17) to 30.5 (19), (p = 0.007)). Regression analyses showed that illness duration was a predictor of TG, age was a predictor of total cholesterol and LDL, while educational attainment predicted LDL and TG.ConclusionLipid concentrations remained elevated following weight restoration treatment, suggesting an underlying, premorbid dysregulation in the lipid metabolism in AN that persists following weight restoration. Elevated lipid concentrations may be present prior to illness onset in AN.Level of evidence: IIIEvidence obtained from well-designed cohort or case–control analytic studies.

Cold tolerance and metabolism of red-haired pine bark beetle Hylurgus ligniperda (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) during the overwintering period.

Hylurgus ligniperda invaded Shandong, China, through imported forest timber, posing a threat to China's forest health. Exotic insects with broad environmental tolerance, including low temperatures, may have a better chance of surviving the winters and becoming invasive. Understanding the cold-tolerance strategies of H. ligniperda may help to design sustainable pest management approaches. In this study, we aim to investigate the cold-tolerance ability and relevant physiological indicators in overwintering H. ligniperda adults to determine any possible overwintering strategies. Supercooling points (SCPs) for adults H. ligniperda differed significantly across months and reached the lowest level in the mid- and post-overwintering period, the minimum SCPs -6.45 ± 0.18 °C. As the cold exposure temperature decreased, the survival rate of adults gradually decreased, and no adult survived more than 1 day at -15 °C, and the LLT50 for 1 day was -7.1 °C. Since H. ligniperda adults can survive internal ice formation, they are freeze-tolerant insects. Throughout the overwintering period, the SCPs and the water, protein, sorbitol, and glycerol content in adults decreased initially and then increased. We reported significant correlations between total protein, sorbitol, trehalose, and glycerol content in the beetles and SCPs. Glycogen, lipid, protein, trehalose, and sorbitol content in adult beetles may directly affect their cold-tolerance capacity and survival during winter. This study provides a physiological and biochemical basis for further study of metabolism and cold-tolerance strategies in H. ligniperda adults, which may help predict population dynamics and distribution potential of pests.

Obesity and lipid metabolism in the development of osteoporosis (Review).

Osteoporosis is a common bone metabolic disease that causes a heavy social burden and seriously threatens life. Improving osteogenic capacity is necessary to correct bone mass loss in the treatment of osteoporosis. Osteoblasts are derived from the differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, a process that opposes adipogenic differentiation. The peroxisome proliferator‑activated receptor γ and Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathways mediate the mutual regulation of osteogenesis and adipogenesis. Lipid substances play an important role in the occurrence and development of osteoporosis. The content and proportion of lipids modulate the activity of immunocytes, mainly macrophages, and the secretion of inflammatory factors, such as IL‑1, IL‑6 and TNF‑α. These inflammatory effectors increase the activity and promote the differentiation of osteoclasts, which leads to bone imbalance and stronger bone resorption. Obesity also decreases the activity of antioxidases and leads to oxidative stress, thereby inhibiting osteogenesis. The present review starts by examining the bidirectional differentiation of BM‑MSCs, describes in detail the mechanism by which lipids affect bone metabolism, and discusses the regulatory role of inflammation and oxidative stress in this process. The review concludes that a reasonable adjustment of the content and proportion of lipids, and the alleviation of inflammatory storms and oxidative damage induced by lipid imbalances, will improve bone mass and treat osteoporosis.

Regulated the aggregation of bile salts by β-Cyclodextrin and Tangeretin at the oil-water interface for inhibiting lipid digestion

Our previous research has demonstrated that the changes in oil-water interface properties during dietary digestion have a significant impact on the digestion and absorption of lipids. In this study, these methods of interfacial tension, microscopic examination, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and free fatty acid (FFA) release were used to evaluate the effect and mechanism of assembly behavior of tangeretin (TAN) and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) at the oil-water interface on the rate of lipid digestion. The results showed that the combination of β-CD and TAN at the oil-water interface made the interfacial tension first increase and then decrease with the increase of TAN: β-CD ratios (M: M, 1:1-20). The self-assembled structure formed by the interaction of TAN and β-CD can produce stronger interaction with bile salts, which makes bile salts flocculate at the oil-water interface. The FFAs release experiment showed that a TAN: β-CD molar ratio of 1:8 exerted the highest inhibitory (34.92%) effect on lipid digestion. Furthermore, the results from ITC and MD simulations confirmed that BS exhibited stronger binding affinity with the TAN/β-CD complex. These results suggested that the TAN/β-CD complex caused the bile salts to prematurely gather at the oil-water interface, thereby thickening the interfacial layer, hindering the displacement of bile salts and lipase between droplets, and ultimately impeding lipid digestion. This study emphasized the promising potential of the synergistic effect between cyclodextrin and flavoring molecules in inhibiting lipid digestion, proposing a novel avenue for the development of reduced-fat foods with enhanced health benefits.

Oleaginous fungi: a promising source of biofuels and nutraceuticals with enhanced lipid production strategies.

Oleaginous fungi have attracted a great deal of interest for their potency to accumulate high amounts of lipids (more than 20% of biomass dry weight) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which have a variety of industrial and biological applications. Lipids of plant and animal origin are related to some restrictions and thus lead to attention towards oleaginous microorganisms as reliable substitute resources. Lipids are traditionally biosynthesized intra-cellularly and involved in the building structure of a variety of cellular compartments. In oleaginous fungi, under certain conditions of elevated carbon ratio and decreased nitrogen in the growth medium, a change in metabolic pathway occurred by switching the whole central carbon metabolism to fatty acid anabolism, which subsequently resulted in high lipid accumulation. The present review illustrates the bio-lipid structure, fatty acid classes and biosynthesis within oleaginous fungi with certain key enzymes, and the advantages of oleaginous fungi over other lipid bio-sources. Qualitative and quantitative techniques for detecting the lipid accumulation capability of oleaginous microbes including visual, and analytical (convenient and non-convenient) were debated. Factors affecting lipid production, and different approaches followed to enhance the lipid content in oleaginous yeasts and fungi, including optimization, utilization of cost-effective wastes, co-culturing, as well as metabolic and genetic engineering, were discussed. A better understanding of the oleaginous fungi regarding screening, detection, and maximization of lipid content using different strategies could help to discover new potent oleaginous isolates, exploit and recycle low-cost wastes, and improve the efficiency of bio-lipids cumulation with biotechnological significance.

Sperm cryotolerance in mature male parr of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L. 1758): Effects of dietary lipid content and n-3 essential fatty acids composition

The cryoresistance of sperm is a significant concern issue in conservation and aquaculture. The nutrition of broodstock fish affects the quality of gametes. This study aimed to assess the impact of four diets on the quality of fresh and cryopreserved sperm of sexually mature salmon parr during spermatogenesis. Two dietary factors were modulated: lipid intake (12% and 20%) and n-3 essential fatty acid composition (DHA and ALA). No significant difference in parr growth rate or sperm concentration following the feeding period was observed. Viability and mitochondrial membrane potential of fresh sperm were also unaffected. However, fresh sperm motility was significantly higher in fish fed the 20% ALA diet compared to those fed the 12% DHA diet (p = 0.001). Cryopreservation reduced viability, motility, curvilinear velocity (VCL), and average path velocity (VAP), and increased linearity, regardless of the diet (p < 0.01). However, cryopreserved spermatozoa from parr fed diets enriched with DHA and containing 20% lipids showed a higher percentage of viability compared to spermatozoa from fish fed diets containing 12% lipids (p = 0.044). The study found that mitochondrial membrane potential, motility, VCL, and VAP was higher and that linearity was lower in salmon fed diets with higher levels of lipid and plant-based n-3 fatty acids compared to those fed 12% lipid diets, regardless of the n-3 fatty acid composition. This suggests that the higher levels of lipid and plant-based n-3 fatty acids provided greater resistance of sperm to damage by cryopreservation.

Rancidity development in oat during industrial processing

To improve the shelf-life of food products rich in lipids, it is important to minimize the lipid oxidation that occurs during processing, since this oxidation not only decreases shelf-life but also induces off-flavors. To evaluate the oxidation of lipids in the production of one β-glucan-rich and one protein-rich food supplement made from oats (Avena sativa), the neutral and polar lipid profile, hexanal content, peroxide value, avenanthramides and lipase activity were measured at all production steps. The concentration of antioxidants in the form of avenanthramides was also investigated. This study shows that oat lipases were fully inactivated in the wet processing part of the processing line, and the total lipid content per dry weight increased with the progression of steps toward the oat protein product. Processing had no apparent effect on avenanthramide levels. Lipid oxidation markers increased in certain processing steps. The most significant increase in hexanal and peroxide values could be seen in the spray-drying step of the process, while a much smaller increase was seen for the drum-drying. The main conclusion is that the most important factor to prolong the shelf-life of the product is to minimize the oxidation in the drying step.

A question of digestion: How microalgae species affects lipid and fatty acid digestibility in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Alternative nutrient sources for fish feed are currently of high interest. Feed ingredients with suitable lipid contents and valuable amounts of essential fatty acids are especially needed to relieve the usage of fish oil and maintain high product quality of fish from aquaculture. Microalgae contain promising nutrient contents and suitable fatty acid profiles that cover dietary requirements of fish. Nutrient digestibility, however, can be hindered by their rigid cell wall. Therefore, in the presented study, the microalgae species Isochrysis galbana and Tetraselmis chui were processed by freeze-drying and centrifugal milling to evaluate their nutrient and fatty acid digestibility in fish nutrition. For T. chui, an additional treatment with enzyme supplementation was tested. Test diets contained 70% of a fish meal based reference diet and 30% of the respective microalgae meal, as well as titanium dioxide as an inert marker to calculate apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC). Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were fed for 14 days and faeces were collected via manual stripping. The ADCs of Kjeldahl nitrogen (∼ 64–79%), nitrogen-free extracts (∼ 40–54%) and energy (∼ 52–66%) were not significantly different between the algae species, but I. galbana inclusion resulted in reduced lipid digestibility (∼ 57% to 77%), which was linked to the high content of saturated fatty acids. The fatty acid ADCs were higher for T. chui except for arachidonic acid (20:4 n-6) and lauric acid (12:0). Mechanical or enzyme-treating processing did not increase nutrient and fatty acid digestibility for the microalgae used in this trial, and sole freeze-drying sufficiently ensured nutrient availability. The high digestibility of nutrients and, particularly, polyunsaturated fatty acids of I. galbana and T. chui underscore their potential as fatty acid and nutrient sources in fish feed.

The Impact of Microalgae-Based Diet Enriched Mesocyclopsaspericornis Copepod on the Growth Performance and Biochemical Assessment of Ornamental Fish (Brachydanio rerio)

The cultivation of emerging species in aquaculture and the aquarium industry presents challenges, particularly during the sensitive larval stage, which often has a small mouth. Developing appropriate early feeding protocols is crucial. Copepods have gained recognition as a viable alternative to traditional live fish feeds, as they are natural prey for many fish species and do not necessarily require additional nutritional enrichment. This study aimed to assess the effect of enriching Mesocyclopsaspericornis with different microalgae (Spirulina, Azolla, Chlorella) when fed to Brachydanio rerio, focusing on growth, survival, and biochemical performance of the ornamental fish. Results revealed that Brachydanio rerio exhibited the highest specific growth rate (SGR) when fed with copepods enriched with Spirulina (1.49±0.022), and the highest survival rate was observed when copepods were enriched with Spirulina (93.4±2.549). Further analysis of the biochemical composition of enriched copepods indicated that Chlorella resulted in the highest protein and carbohydrate content, along with lower lipid content compared to other enrichment groups. This suggests that microalgae, particularly Spirulina and Chlorella can serve as a potential feed to enhance the nutritional status of copepods and support the early stages of fish development.

The cytochrome P450 gene CYP4g1 driven by high temperature confers abamectin tolerance on Liriomyza trifolii through promoting cuticular hydrocarbons biosynthesis

Liriomyza trifolii, an invasive pest, poses a substantial threat to horticultural and vegetable plants. It spreads rapidly, especially in hot weather, leading to large-scale outbreaks with strong thermotolerance and insecticide resistance. In this study, mortality and LtCYP4g1 expression in L. trifolii were evaluated after thermal and insecticides exposure. Furthermore, functional verification of LtCYP4g1 was conducted through RNA interference and bacterial survival assays in Escherichia coli containing recombinant LtCYP4g1 protein. Results indicated that a short time exposure to high temperature incresed insecticide tolerance of L. trifolii, attributed to decreased mortality and induced LtCYP4g1 expression; LtCYP4g1 was involved in stimulating synthesis of cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) and elevating epicuticle lipid content and thickness, and E. coli cells overexpressing LtCYP4g1 exhibited significant tolerance to thermal and insecticide stress. In general, P450-mediated tolerance of L. trifolii was enhanced by high temperature, with LtCYP4g1 playing a role in promoting biosynthesis of CHCs for thickening epidermal lipid barrier and reducing cuticular penetration. This study provides a framework for delving into the function of CYP450s in insecticide detoxification and illustrates the role of global warming in driving the evolution of L. trifolii.

Study of the nutritional value of Coula edulis kernels from Sembé (Republic of Congo)

Coula edulis Baill., is a non-timber forest product of great importance from a food, cultural and economic point of view for the African countries where this species grows. It belongs to the order Olacales and the family Olacaceae. Almonds extracted from Coula edulis nuts are consumed thanks to the nutrients they contain. Thus, the present study, which has the general objective of promoting Coula edulis almonds with a view to contributing to their better knowledge, could play a capital role in the fight against malnutrition. We therefore used the standards established by the AOAC to determine the nutritional value of these almonds, namely: the oven to determine the water content, the Soxhlet method to extract the fat, the Kjedahl method to determine the total protein content, the muffle furnace to know the ash rate and finally we deducted the carbohydrate content. Thus the characterization of these macronutrients led to the following results: a humidity level of 9.21%; the lipid content of 25.91%; protein content of 8.67%; the ash content of 1.55%, the fiber content of 3.5% and finally the carbohydrate content of 54.66%; which allowed us to find from these results, an energy value of 486.51 Kcal/100g. Compared to the results obtained in this study, we can say that these almonds have a very appreciable richness. Thus, Coula edulis almonds can be used as an excellent raw material in the production of fats or as a good source of carbohydrates in the agri-food sector. The consumption of its almonds by the Congolese population should be encouraged.

Interfacial Protein Fibril Polymorphisms Regulate In Vivo Adipose Expansion for Control of Obesity.

Obesity is becoming a worldwide pandemic. Interfacial engineering of food lipid is expected to inhibit diet-induced obesity without damage to the eating enjoyment brought by high-fat diets. Unfortunately, this strategy has not been achieved yet. After screening different plant proteins, bromelain and papain were found to form wormlike and long-straight protein fibrils, respectively. The conversion of long-straight amyloid-like fibrils to wormlike fibrils was demonstrated in the fibrillation of bromelain. Using oil-in-water high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) as a proof of concept, bromelain fibrils showed dramatically stronger interfacial stabilization capabilities than papain fibrils with high application potentials in the real-world formulation of high-fat food products such as mayonnaise. Compared with papain fibrils, oral administration of HIPEs stabilized by bromelain fibrils resulted in substantially higher fecal lipid contents and significantly decreased expression levels of the genes related to lipid absorption and transport in the intestine, including CD36, FATP-2, FATP-4, and APOA-4, without a difference in intervening gut microbiota. Consequently, dramatically less lipid absorption in the small intestine, markedly smaller chylomicron particles in the plasma, lower serum triglycerides, and controlled energy and lipid metabolism, as well as the inhibition of adipose expansion and overweight, were observed in the group with gavage of HIPEs stabilized by the bromelain fibrils rather than the papain fibrils. Furthermore, with the same calorie, substitution of all the fat in the standard high-fat feed of mice with the HIPEs emulsified by the bromelain fibrils showed a significantly stronger effect than the ones prepared by the papain fibrils on preventing high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced obesity including alleviation of adipose expansion and inflammation as well as fatty liver, also via inhibiting the absorption and transport of lipid in the intestine. The effect is ascribed to the suppressed lipolysis caused by a more compact and elastic interfacial layer formed by the wormlike fibrils than that of the long-straight fibrils, which are resistant to gastric environments and replacement by bile acids in digestion. Therefore, we provide an appealing and general strategy for controlling obesity by reducing the supply of free fatty acids (FAs) for absorption in the enteric lumen through protein fibril polymorphisms at the interface.

PhosphoLipidome Alteration Induced by Clostridioides difficile Toxin B in Enteric Glial Cells

Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) is responsible for a spectrum of nosocomial/antibiotic-associated gastrointestinal diseases that are increasing in global incidence and mortality rates. The C. difficile pathogenesis is due to toxin A and B (TcdA/TcdB), both causing cytopathic and cytotoxic effects and inflammation. Recently, we demonstrated that TcdB induces cytopathic and cytotoxic (apoptosis and necrosis) effects in enteric glial cells (EGCs) in a dose/time-dependent manner and described the underlying signaling. Despite the role played by lipids in host processes activated by pathogens, to counter infection and/or induce cell death, to date no studies have investigated lipid changes induced by TcdB/TcdA. Here, we evaluated the modification of lipid composition in our in vitro model of TcdB infection. Apoptosis, cell cycle, cell viability, and lipidomic profiles were evaluated in EGCs treated for 24 h with two concentrations of TcdB (0.1 ng/mL; 10 ng/mL). In EGCs treated with the highest concentration of TcdB, not only an increased content of total lipids was observed, but also lipidome changes, allowing the separation of TcdB-treated cells and controls into different clusters. The statistical analyses also allowed us to ascertain which lipid classes and lipid molecular species determine the clusterization. Changes in lipid species containing inositol as polar head and plasmalogen phosphatidylethanolamine emerged as key indicators of altered lipid metabolism in TcdB-treated EGCs. These results not only provide a picture of the phospholipid profile changes but also give information regarding the lipid metabolism pathways altered by TcdB, and this might represent an important step for developing strategies against C. difficile infection.