Lip Print Analysis Research Articles

Evaluating Digital Photography for Lip Print Recording: Compatibility With Traditional Classification Systems.

Direct digital photography for lip print recording is a recent trend, and there is a dearth of systematic research on the analysis of the recorded prints with existing clip print classification systems. This study aims to compare the accuracy of the digital photographic method in lip print recording, comparing it with traditional methods, and assessing the suitability of commonly used lip print classification for analyzing lip prints recorded by photographic method. A total of 72 participants aged between 20 and 26 were included. The lip print recording process involved photographing the lips without and with lipstick, followed by recording the lip print with cellophane tape on bond paper. The prints collected using the different methods were analyzed and compared for agreement, and the data were analyzed statistically. Inter-observer reliability was high for all methods (>0.800). The distribution of lip print patterns differed across the methods, suggesting a potential influence of the recording technique. The agreement between the conventional method and both digital methods was moderate (kappa=0.449-0.517). The agreement between digital methods with and without enhancement was also moderate (kappa=0.718). Notably, digital photographs with enhancement tendto have a higher positive agreement for several lip print types. Digital photography is a potential method for lip print recording. However, this study highlights the need for the calibration of lip print classification systems for digitally recorded lip prints. Further research is needed to refine the use of digital photography in forensic lip print analysis and to explore its integration with artificial intelligence for biometric identification.

Eu3+ doped SrMoO4: A promising nanophosphor for enhanced fingerprint detection and cheiloscopy

Developing a single material with diverse applications like fingerprint detection, cheiloscopy, and anti-counterfeiting is truly innovative and has the potential to revolutionize various fields. Here, we synthesized nano phosphors powders of SrMoO4 nanoparticles, doped with spherical-shaped Eu3+ ions via co-precipitation method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the formation of the SrMoO4 phase with Eu3+ successfully incorporated into the lattice. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images revealed the nanoparticles to be spherical and monodispersed with a narrow size distribution. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) confirmed the presence of Sr, Mo, Eu3+, and O elements, indicating a homogeneous elemental composition. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy showed characteristic bands for MoO bonds and hydroxyl groups. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) analysis revealed a decrease in band gap with increasing Eu3+ concentration, suggesting that Eu3+ doping potentially modifying the optical properties of SrMoO4, and introducing new functionalities. Their red photoluminescence property, making them suitable for various optical applications. The nanoparticles showed potential applications in fingerprint detection, cheiloscopy (lip print analysis), and anti-counterfeiting due to their red luminescence, small size, and biocompatibility. The developed fingerprints showed excellent contrast, high sensitivity and selectivity on various substrates. In vitro cytotoxicity studies indicated that the nanoparticles were non-toxic to normal kidney epithelial cells at the tested concentrations. Thess versatilities demonstrate the potential of engineered materials for criminal identification in forensic applications. Therefore, they play a crucial role in solving crimes and bringing justice to victims.

Lip print patterns in forensic investigation: Detectability, sex differentiation, and reliability

Lip print patterns are increasingly recognized as a vital resource within forensic investigations, providing a distinctive means for identifying individuals. This extensive investigation examines the detectability, possibility for sex distinction and forensic consequences of lip print patterns. Through both direct visualization and scoring procedures, a comprehensive examination was undertaken to analyze the intricate patterns of lip prints exhibited by male and female participants in Indonesia. The results of our study provide clear evidence for the infrequency of similar lip print patterns among individuals, confirming previous research conducted by Suzuki and Tsuchihashi. It is worth mentioning that type II lip print type was the prevailing type in Indonesian males and females. Furthermore, noticeable variances based on sex were seen in the upper left (UL) and lower middle (LM) quadrants. This research emphasizes the crucial significance of lip prints in criminal investigations, emphasizing their wide range of uses and relevance in diverse forensic contexts. The distinctiveness, singular nature, consistency, genetic transmission, and wide range of lip lines establish them as dependable means for personal identification. Lip print analysis has promise as a prospective means of scientific validation in forthcoming legal procedures, with the capacity to augment forensic methodologies and offer valuable contributions to the judicial process. The results reported in this study provide a foundation for creating a comprehensive set of criteria for assessing the lip line, which can serve as a valuable tool for the progression of forensic science and the pursuit of justice.

Considering the lip print patterns of Ibo and Hausa Ethnic groups of Nigeria: checking the wave of ethnically driven terrorism

IntroductionLip print of an individual is distinct and could be a useful form of evidence to identify the ethnicity of a terrorist.ObjectivesThe study analyzed the distribution of lip print patterns of two major ethnic groups in Nigeria; Ibo and Hausa, to develop a strategic plan to check the wave of ethnically driven terrorism in Nigeria, carried out by groups such as Boko Haram and Indigeneous People of Biafra (IPOB).Materials and methodsThe study comprised 800 participants of Ibo and Hausa ethnic groups (400 males and 400 females). The study adopted a digital method of lip print analysis and followed the guidelines outlined by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) for anthropometric measurements. The lip was classified, using Tsuchihashi and Suzuki method of classification.ResultsThe predominant lip print patterns of Ibo were Type I with complete vertical groove and Type III with intersect of groove for male and Type III for female. Type I’ with partial length groove was the predominant pattern for both male and female Hausa. The lip width and height of female Ibo were longer than that of the Hausa counterpart (P < 0.05), but none of the anthropometric variables could predict the lip print pattern.ConclusionThe lip size and print could aid forensic investigation, though genetic diversity and heterogeneity of ethnic groups in Nigeria, especially that of Ibo, could setback use of lip print pattern to identify the ethnicity of an unknown individual in Nigeria to help determine the terrorist group to which they may belong.

Comparitive Analysis of Lip Prints, Finger Prints, Intercanine Distance Mea- surement Using Bite Marks and Rugae Pattern in Chhattisgarh Population

Comparitive Analysis of Lip Prints, Finger Prints, Intercanine Distance Mea- surement Using Bite Marks and Rugae Pattern in Chhattisgarh Population

Lip print evaluation of Indian and Malaysian-Chinese subjects by manual and digital methods: a correlational study with gender and ethnicity

BackgroundCheiloscopy is a reliable method of personal identification which may augment the established methods like dactylography, DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) profiling, and dental records.AimThis study aimed to determine the correlation of lip prints with ethnicity and gender of individuals in an attempt to bridge the gap between conventional manual methods and digital methods of cheiloscopy.MethodsLip prints of 300 gender-matched subjects of Indian and Malaysian-Chinese descents were collected and analyzed using the Suzuki K and Tsuchihashi Y classification system. The lip sizes were measured and lip print patterns were analyzed. The analysis was carried out using manual and computer-aided methods. A customized software for lip print analysis and validate it with the manual lip print analysis was developed.ResultsIndependent sample t test showed a statistically significant difference between the width and length of the lips between males and females of the total population (p < 0.001). Pearson’s chi-square test showed no statistically significant difference between the Indian males and females in the width of the lower lip (p = 0.074). In the Malaysian-Chinese population, there was a statistically significant difference between males and females in the length of the upper lip (p = 0.032) and lower lip (p = 0.035). The type V grooves were predominant in the total study population (51.3%) followed by type III pattern (38.7%). The new customized software could not provide reliable results.ConclusionsLip sizes differed significantly among the Indian and Malaysian-Chinese subjects. There was no significant gender dimorphism in the distribution of lip print patterns. The results from manual and computer-aided methods were comparable.

The weak evidence of lip print analysis for sexual dimorphism in forensic dentistry: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis

This study aimed to assess the prevalence of lip print patterns among males and females, and to test the diagnostic accuracy of lip pattern analysis for sexual dimorphism in forensic dentistry. A systematic literature review was performed following the PRISMA guidelines. The search was performed in six primary databases and three databases to cover part of the grey literature. Observational and diagnostic accuracy studies that investigated lip print patterns through cheiloscopy for sexual dimorphism were selected. Risk of bias was assessed with the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) tool. Proportion meta-analysis using random effects was fitted to pool the accuracy of cheiloscopy. The odds of correctly identifying males and females was assessed through a random effects meta-analysis. GRADE approach was used to assess certainty of evidence. The search found 3,977 records, published between 1982 and 2019. Seventy-two studies fulfilled the eligibility criteria and were included in the qualitative analysis (n = 22,965 participants), and twenty-two studies were sampled for meta-analysis. Fifty studies had low risk of bias. Suzuki and Tsuchihashi’s technique was the most prevalent among studies. The accuracy of sexual dimorphism through cheiloscopy ranged between 52.7 and 93.5%, while the pooled accuracy was 76.8% (95% CI = 65.8; 87.7). There was no difference between the accuracy to identify males or females (OR = 0.71; 95% CI = 0.26; 1.99). The large spectrum of studies on sexual dimorphism via cheiloscopy depicted accuracy percentage rates that rise uncertainty and concern. The unclear performance of the technique could lead to wrong forensic practice.

Lip print: a humanitarian forensic action

Introduction: forensic science involves diverse scientific disciplines that apply their particular expertise to the legal and judicial system. However, in the last decades this science has been linked to humanitarian actions and human rights proceedings. Forensic dentistry plays a vital role in personal identification. The lip print analysis is a relatively a simple procedure used in this discipline. It consists of patterns evaluation of cracks in the elevations and depressions on the labial mucosa. The aim of this study was to determine the lip print patterns of a southern Colombian population in order to add evidence of preconditions for forensic issues as part of a humanitarian forensic action. Methods: a total of 384 participants ≥ 35 years old were included in this study. The lip prints were analyzed through Suzuki and Tsuchihashi’s classification in order to identify the predominant lip prints in males and females. Descriptive analysis was used to determine the sample characteristics and a χ2 test was performed to analyze independence according to sex variable for these categorical data. Results: the analyses showed that Type I and I’ together were the most commonly lip prints seen in this sample, followed by Type II. There were not statistical differences between males and females. Conclusions: the evaluation of lip prints is a cost-effective method, and it could be an alternative in developing countries, especially in those that address massive violations of human rights.

Evaluation for Correlation of Cheiloscopy and Dermatoglyphics in Gender Determination

Background: Identification of the suspect, living or dead with the help of physical charachteristics play a vital role in forensic science. Improved methods of gender determination and personal identification are important in solving criminal cases. Cheiloscopy and dactyloscopy have been proved to be of use in personal identification. The present study aims to evaluate correlation of Cheiloscopy and Dermatoglyphics in gender determinationMaterials and Method: The study was carried out from January 2017 to January 2019 on 2112 individuals (1056 males and 1056 females) aged from 15 to 60 years in KMCT Dental College, Calicut. For lip print analysis Suzuki and Tsuchihashi classification was followed. For finger print analysis impression of all the fingers were taken. For analysis, the images were cropped and abode photoshop software was used.Results: Type 1 and 1’ lip groove patterns were found to be predominant among males.Type 4 and Type 5 lip groove patterns were found to be predominant among females. Loop finger print patterns were found to be predominant among males.Whorl finger print patterns were found to be predominant among females. Positive correlation (+0.80) was found between loop finger print pattern and Type 1’ lip print pattern in males which is statistically significant (p=0.003).Positive correlation (+0.75) was found between whorl finger print pattern and Type IV lip groove pattern in females which is statistically significant. (p=0.005)Conclusion: There was definite correlation of Cheiloscopy and Dermatoglyphics in gender determination

Analysis of lip prints as a predictive tool in screening Type 2 diabetes mellitus – A cross-sectional study

Background: Globally, the prevalence of diabetes is soaring among middle- and low-income countries. Lip print is a noninvasive procedure which is being genetically determined to serve as a tool in forensic dentistry. Hence, the present study was conducted to assess the role of lip prints among Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Aims and Objectives: The aim and objective of the study were to assess the lip pattern of the individual among diabetic and nondiabetic individuals, and the objective was to compare and correlate lip print pattern in patients with Type 2 DM. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 25 uncontrolled Type 2 DM patients and 25 healthy controls. Lip prints were obtained and classified using Suzuki and Tsuchihashi's classification. Statistical Analysis: The software SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) version 20 was used for statistical analysis. Chi-square test was used for comparison. Results: The results of the present study demonstrated that Type 4 reticular pattern was significantly higher among diabetic patients. Conclusion: The present study showed that lip prints may serve as a predictive tool in screening Type 2 DM.

Reliability of digitized cheiloscopy, dactyloscopy and combination approach for gender identification – A comparative study

Background and Aims: The oral cavity allows for a numerous prospects for personal identification of subjects. Dental profiling, palatoscopy, cheiloscopy had enabled in nailing the suspects in addition to traditional methods like anthropometry, finger prints, blood groups, DNA analysis. The aim of this study is to assess the reliability of digitized lip prints, finger prints and combination approach in gender determination in Panchkula population. Method: A total of 500 healthy subjects, (250 females and 250 males) aged 20 to 30 years of both genders were recruited and evaluated. Lip prints were obtained by painting lip stick and using cellotape to take the impression, while finger prints were obtained by fingerprint rolling technique. Scanned images of the obtained lip and finger prints were analyzed according to Suzuki K and Tsuchihashi Y and classification by Cummins and Midlo, respectively, using applications of 'Adobe Photoshop 7' software. Results: Finger print analysis correctly classified gender in 52.6%, but was not statistically significant (Canonical correlation = 0.117, P = 0.230) Lip print analysis correctly identified gender in 64.8% and was statistically significant (Canonical correlation = 0.350,P

Digital Photographs in Analysis of Lip Prints for Gender Identification

Introduction: Cheiloscopy is considered as an emerging method in forensic odontology for identification of gender. There are several methods given in literature to identify the lip print types. Digital photographs can be used to study the lip prints for gender identification.&#x0D; Objective: The aim of the study was to identify the predominant lip print pattern in males and females by using digital photographs.&#x0D; Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study included 206 subjects, comprising 103 males and 103 females. Digital photographs were used to identify the lip print patterns. The classification given by Suzuki and Tsuchihashi was used to further classify the lip patterns. Kappa test was applied to check for inter observer variation. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 23. The association between gender and lip print type was tested by Chi square test.&#x0D; Results: Type I was the most common lip print followed by Type I’. Type V was the least common lip print followed by Type IV. Type I and Type II were the most common pattern in females and males respectively and these differences were found to be statistically significant (p&lt;0.01).&#x0D; Conclusion: Digital photographs are very useful for identification of lip print pattern. The variation in lip print pattern among males and females can be taken as an aid in gender determination.

Digital Approach for Lip Prints Analysis in Malaysian Malay Population (Klang Valley): Photograph on Lipstick-Cellophane Tape Technique

Personal identification in forensic investigation is not an easy process. Lip print analysis is one of the techniques that can be used to assist in human identification. This study was conducted to investigate the sex based on lip print pattern among Malaysian Malay population in Klang Valley, using photograph on lipstick-cellophane tape technique and the Suzuki and Tsuchihashi classification. A total of 360 subjects (180 males and 180 females) aged 15 and above were included in this study. The lip print was taken by pressing a cellophane tape to the lipstick applied on lip, pasted it onto a plain A4 paper and then photographed using a smart phone camera (OPPO F1). The images were then analysed using Adobe Photoshop software. A lip print image were divided into six sections: upper left, upper middle, upper right, lower right, lower middle and lower left. The Pearson chi-square test showed that there are significant differences between sexes in each section except for the upper middle section. Type V (irregular pattern) was the dominant pattern for the upper left, upper right, lower right and lower left sections (ranging from 71.1% to 86.7% for males and 80.6% to 83.9% for females) while type IV (reticular pattern) was mostly found in upper middle and lower middle section. Malaysian female displayed type V as the dominant lip print pattern in every section (ranging from 39.4% to 83.9%) except upper middle section and for Malaysian male, type V dominated the lip print pattern in all section (ranging from 71.1% to 86.7%) except for the upper and lower middle section. The result of this study can be applied in assisting the human identification for forensic science investigation.

Personal identification utilizing lip print furrow based patterns. A new approach

This paper proposes a new method of personal identification that introduces the analysis of lip prints. In spite of its important role in forensic and biometric applications, the results of previous investigations into lip prints are scanty. This is mainly due to the difficulties that accompany any analysis of the lips: lips are very flexible and pliable, and successive lip print impressions – even those obtained from the same person – may significantly differ from one other.Our article’s principal contribution is a proposal for a new personal identification methodology and application that uses, for the first time, a strategy for biometric and forensic analysis of lip print structure. As a result of our analysis we propose a lip print pattern for each individual. This pattern contains only such furrows that occur on the greatest number of lip prints obtained from the same person, where these furrows’ locations and inclinations remain similar across the lip prints obtained. It should be noted that in our approach, instead of lip photos we employ lip prints, such as can be obtained at a crime scene. It is worth noticing also that we propose a new method of personal identification where, instead of popular machine learning methods,the furrow-analysis of lip prints is introduced. Thus, no classifier learning phase is required. According to the authors’ convictions, based on reports in the literature, the proposed approach describes for the first time a strategy as to how lip print structures could be analyzed in biometric applications.The main novelty of this paper is its use of multiple lip print furrows from the same person to determine the most common lip furrow distribution in four different directions. On the basis of the pattern recognition of the lip furrows, the identity of the person will be determined. The proposed method’s effectiveness is 92.73%, determined using a database containing 350 lip prints.

Sex Differentiation by Lip Print Analysis in Malays: LipstickCellophane Tape Techniques

Sex Differentiation by Lip Print Analysis in Malays: LipstickCellophane Tape Techniques

Evaluation of Lip Prints on Different Supports Using a Batch Image Processing Algorithm and Image Superimposition.

This study aimed to develop and to assess an algorithm to facilitate lip print visualization, and to digitally analyze lip prints on different supports, by superimposition. It also aimed to classify lip prints according to sex. A batch image processing algorithm was developed, which facilitated the identification and extraction of information about lip grooves. However, it performed better for lip print images with a uniform background. Paper and glass slab allowed more correct identifications than glass and the both sides of compact disks. There was no significant difference between the type of support and the amount of matching structures located in the middle area of the lower lip. There was no evidence of association between types of lip grooves and sex. Lip groove patterns of type III and type I were the most common for both sexes. The development of systems for lip print analysis is necessary, mainly concerning digital methods.

Cheiloscopy: A tool for antemortem identification

Aims: The present study was conducted with the aim to explore the authenticity and evidentiary value of imprints of the lips for any peculiar pattern regarding specific gender so that it could be used as a reliable tool in the identification of an individual at the crime scene. Materials and Methods: This study comprised 500 (248 females and 252 males) randomly selected dental students with age ranging from 18 to 30 years. Lip prints were recorded with the help of a cellophane tape strip and analyzed according to Suzuki and Tsuchihashi classification. Results: The most predominant pattern in the entire study population was found to be Type I in females and Type III in males with highly significant statistical values. It was also demonstrated that no two lip prints were found to match each other which proves that every individual has unique lip prints. This uniqueness can further help in personal identification. Conclusion: Cheiloscopy or lip print analysis can be used to identify an individual and place him/her at the crime scene. It is an important antemortem tool which may aid in justice to the victim.

Cheiloscopy: Lip Print Inter-rater Reliability.

Lip print analysis, or cheiloscopy, has the potential to join fingerprints and retinal scans as an additional method to determine human identification. This preliminary study sought to determine agreement among 20 raters, forensic odontologists, using an often referenced system that categorizes lip prints into six classes related to the dominant pattern of vertical, horizontal, and intersecting lines. Lip prints were taken from 13 individuals, and raters categorized eight distinct regions of each print. In addition to ratings made while viewing the actual prints, the raters repeated the exercise using photographs of the lip prints. Multirater kappa, a chance-corrected measure of agreement, ranged between 0.15 for the actual prints and 0.25 for the photos, indicating only poor to fair levels of inter-rater reliability. While these results fail to support the use of lip prints for human identification, it is possible that more intensive training may yet produce adequate levels of reliability.

Gender determination: Role of lip prints, finger prints and mandibular canine index

Personal identification has a pivotal role in forensic investigations. Gender determination is an essential step in personal identification. Despite the advent of advanced techniques such as DNA fingerprinting, methods such as lip print and fingerprint analysis and mandibular canine index calculations are routinely used in gender determination, as they are simple and cost-effective. The present study investigated the hypothesis that lip print analysis is an effective tool in gender determination compared with fingerprint analysis and the mandibular canine index. The predominant patterns of lip prints and fingerprints were analyzed in males and females, and the efficacy of the mandibular canine index in gender determination was evaluated. The study group comprised 50 students, 25 males and 25 females who were 18-25 years of age. Lip prints and fingerprints were obtained and classified according to Tsuchihashi's classification and Kücken and Newell's classification, respectively. Mandibular impressions were made and the mandibular canine index was calculated. Type I and Type I' lip prints were predominant in females, and Type IV lip prints were predominant in males. The analysis of fingerprints revealed that the loop fingerprint pattern was predominant in both males and females. The mandibular canine index was not found to be significant in gender identification. The predominant patterns of lip prints were distinct for males and females; conversely, fingerprints were demonstrated to be similar in both genders. Therefore, lip prints hold an increased potential for gender determination, as compared with fingerprints, and the mandibular canine index is not a reliable indicator of gender.

Inheritance pattern of lip prints among Malay population: A pilot study

We assessed the resemblance of lip print patterns between parents and biological offspring in families of 31 Malay students as well as the distribution of different types of lip print in the study group. Only a few studies have successfully established the inheritance pattern of lip prints. Such studies can be population specific and need to be conducted in various populations. No such study have been conducted in Malay population in Malaysia, according to our knowledge. Present study was carried out to ascertain whether there is any inherence pattern in lip prints and thereby to investigate the potential role of lip prints in personal identification. We found 58.06% resemblance of lip print patterns between the parents and their biological offspring in our study. The influence of heredity in lip print pattern is still a new concept and there is lack of concrete evidence. The data from our study shows that there is potential influence of inheritance in the lip print patterns among the family members. Further researches involving larger samples size are suggested to derive more reliable and accurate results.The most common lip print pattern among the study group is type I (29.84%) followed by type II (23.12%), type III (22.45%), type I' (13.44%), type IV (9.54%) and type V (1.61%). Racial variations in lip print patterns and their prevalence may serve as an aid in forensic identification and crime scene investigation. The results of this pilot study will help in establishing guidelines for future researches on lip print analysis in Malaysia. ContextLip print patterns are unique and individualistic. However, there are some similarities in basic patterns of lip prints between family members which may be attributed to influence of inheritance. Aims1. To determine the inheritance pattern of lip prints among Malay family members of the student. 2. To identify the distribution of different types of lip prints among Malay population. Settingsand Design: Observational pilot study. Methods and materialLip prints of 124 individuals from 31 families consisting of father, mother and two children were recorded and classified based on Tsuchihashi Classification (1974). Statistical analysis usedStatistical analysis was performed for resemblance pattern among family members (Karl–Pearson Correlation Coefficient) and inter-observer variability (Kappa test). Results58.06% positive resemblance was found between parents and biological offspring. The highest lip print pattern in the study group was type I (29.84%) and the least was type V (1.61%). ConclusionsThere is positive resemblance in lip print patterns among family members which may be attributed to influence of inheritance. However, further studies with larger sample sizes need to be conducted to confirm the results. Type I lip print was the most prevalent pattern among the study subjects.