Lip Patterns Research Articles

Pattern of Cleft Lip and Palate Clefts at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Saudi Arabia.

Clefts of the lip and palate (CL/P) and cleft palate (CP) are the most common craniofacial congenital anomalies. Clefts are classified as syndromic and nonsyndromic. Nonsyndromic clefts have no known genetic causes. This study combines prospective and retrospective studies to review the patterns of CL/P and CP and associated syndromes and conditions in patients registered for CL/P surgery at a tertiary care pediatric center in our tertiary care hospital in Saudi Arabia. It included patient data from May 2015 through April 2023. Patient record forms and SPSS (IBM version 20.0) were used to collect and analyze data. A significance level of 5% was used, with p ≤ 0.05 considered statistically significant. Of the 319 patients who met our inclusion criteria, 175 were male. Of the total, 99 had a left unilateral isolated cleft lip, 61 had a right unilateral isolated cleft lip, 69 had a bilateral cleft lip, and 90 had an isolated CP. Of the total, 140 had CL/P. Around 242 were nonsyndromic. The Chi-square test revealed a significant association between the prevalence of isolated CP and CLP and gender. The prevalence of left unilateral isolated cleft lip and bilateral and isolated CP was significantly associated with syndromic and nonsyndromic cases. Males are more likely to be affected by orofacial clefts, which is consistent with the global trend. Isolated CP was the most common orofacial cleft. Within the sample, syndromes' association with orofacial clefts was significantly weaker than that of isolated and bilateral clefts.

Pattern of Cleft Lip and Palate at Birth in Zawia City: Retrospective Study at Zawia Medical Center, Libya

Pattern of Cleft Lip and Palate at Birth in Zawia City: Retrospective Study at Zawia Medical Center, Libya

The impact of filling procedure for labial augmentation (FPLA) therapy on the stability of lip print: A longitudinal study

Lip print identification is one of the forensic identification tools recognized a long time ago. Few studies investigated the stability of lip prints, particularly the changes attributed to time or aging. To our knowledge, no previous studies speculated the changes in lip print following lip augmentation therapy, which has increased over the last few years. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the effect of lip augmentation therapy on lip print stability. The current study was a prospective longitudinal study that enrolled female volunteers who underwent a filling procedure for labial augmentation. A total of 24 volunteers' prints were analyzed using Suzuki and Tsuchihashi classification. Participants showed a mean age of 27.5 ± 6.0 years. The current study showed that no two lips exhibited the same pattern. Moreover, although the filling procedure for labial augmentation (FPLA) therapy preserved the predominant groove pattern, it significantly influenced the frequency of lip patterns in all lip quadrants. A significant decline in the number of lip grooves, notably Types I and I' was noticed. However, the predominant groove pattern was preserved. Quadrants A and D were the least affected lip parts. Type I′ was the predominant lip pattern over the study population, representing 83.3 %, followed by Type I, representing 16.7 % before and 12.5 % after augmentation without a statistically significant difference (p = 0.317). On the other side, Type III was the least presented pattern. The upper lip score had decreased significantly after augmentation from 71.5 ± 10.8–65.8 ± 10.2, and the lower lip score had decreased significantly from 67.4 ± 13.7–64.9 ± 13.5. Consequently, the overall lips score had decreased significantly from 139.0 ± 22.9–130.7 ± 21.1 after augmentation (p < 0.001). So, we recommend adopting more than one criterion to report a reliable, repeatable lip print, including the frequency of lip lines besides the predominant pattern. However, we advise giving more attention to the distinguished lip patterns (Types II, III, IV, and V) and considering the FPLA as one of the lip print modifiers.

Multimodal Biometric Analysis: Exploring Lip Print, Fingerprint, and Blood Group Correlations in the Firozabad Populations

Abstract Aim: This study aimed to establish a relationship between blood groups, fingerprint types, and lip prints that can be utilized to distinguish between genders when identifying a person. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted among 200 female and male participants ages 28 of Firozabad-based populations. Along with the blood types, finger, and lip print patterns were also gathered. For statistical analysis, SPSS Normal H. Nie, standford, california, united states was employed. The qualitative factors’ frequency and percentages were determined. Results: In the present study, overall Type II lip print in males and Type III lip print in females, loop fingerprint pattern and blood group O(+)ve in both sexes were most prevalent, and our findings were matched with the study of Harsha and Jayaraj, in which Type II (39.9%), loops 27 (42.2%), and blood group O(+)ve were observed predominantly. Conclusion: Personal identification of an individual can be greatly aided by personal characteristics such as blood group type, fingerprints, and lip prints. The most frequent patterns in our study were the Type II lip pattern in the males and Type III lip pattern in females, blood group O+, and the loop fingerprint pattern.

The aggressive face of melasma: unveiling the influence of upper lip pigmentation on social perception.

Although melasma leads to emotional distress and quality-of-life reduction, indigenous cultures practice female facial tattooing. Facial cues influence personality trait inferences and attractiveness ratings. Skin lesions have been shown to alter gaze patterns, emotion perception, and social evaluations. This study aimed to evaluate melasma's impact on visual attention, perceived attractiveness, and social evaluations, considering distinct anatomical areas. Additionally, we sought to compare perceptions of traditional facial tattoos due to their purposeful placement. Gaze fixation patterns were examined via eye-tracking, and image-based personality questionnaires were completed for psychological trait assessment. Visual stimuli showcased anatomic melasma variants and tattoo patterns. Traditional tattoos often follow midline patterns, sparing the upper lip. Both melasma and tattoos significantly affected visual attention (p < 0.001), with chin and upper lip melasma garnering increased attention. Upper lip melasma decreased gaze to the ocular area (p ≤ 0.002). while increasing perioral fixations (p < 0.001) compared to healthy faces. Upper lip tattoos conveyed increased perceived aggressiveness (p = 0.004). Ratings for attractiveness and personality traits were lower for centrofacial melasma than other variants, with no significant difference between centrofacial and isolated upper lip melasma. The global avoidance of upper lip pigmentation underscores its perceptual burden. Upper lip pigmentation directs gaze towards anger-signalling regions, increasing perceived aggression and reducing attractiveness. Centrofacial melasma's impact parallels an isolated upper lip pattern, underscoring the disproportionate role of upper lip pigmentation. These findings warrant considering upper lip melasma's significant influence when evaluating quality of life and establishing treatment goals.

A Study on Uniqueness of Lip Print Patterns: Sexual Dimorphism, Twins, and Across Three Generations

Background and Aim: Lip prints just like fingerprints follow unique patterns in every individual and are said to vary significantly even within the same family. Lip prints can be recognized from 6th week of intrauterine life and remain unchanged throughout their life. The objective of the present study was to evaluate personal identification through lip print patterns with additional reference to twins and members of the same family. Materials and Methods: Lips of 75 males, 75 females, and 30 twins were studied in various quadrants. In addition, the pattern in the middle 10 mm of the lower lip was also evaluated to note the pattern distribution and dominance of the type of pattern in different genders. Lip print patterns in five families across three generations (eight members each of the same family) were observed for the existence of inheritance of patterns from their ancestors. Results: Among males and females, the most common pattern in the middle 10 mm of the lower lip is Type III (34.66%) and Type IV (32%), respectively. In the middle 10 mm of the lower lip, 33.33% of twins have similar lip patterns but with differences in its arrangements. The result showed different lip print patterns even in twins and among the members of the same family across three generations, with some similar patterns which suggesting hereditary influences in lip prints. Conclusion: In the present, we can see that lip prints are unique and permanent for every human being even among twins and individuals of the same family.

Type I Lip Patterns among Medical Students of a Medical College.

Identity and identification have long been a source of interest and concern in forensic dentistry, whether in the context of a criminal investigation or the identification of a deceased person. Lip print has demonstrated a high level of potential as one of the best options, as well as its usage as supporting evidence. The aim of this study was to find out the prevalence of Type I lip patterns among medical students of a medical college. This descriptive cross-sectional study was done among medical students of a medical college from 30 December 2021 to 30 February 2022 after obtaining ethical approval from the Institutional Review Committee. The lipstick was applied in a thin layer uniformly, and the impression was taken with the help of the cellophane tape. The specimens were analyzed and classified based on Tsuzuki and Tsuchihashi's classification. A convenience sampling method was used. The point estimate was calculated at a 95% Confidence Interval. Among 120 medical students, the prevalence of type I lip pattern was 48 (40%) (31.23-48.77, 95% Confidence Interval). Among them, 26 (54.17%) were males and 22 (45.83%) were females. The prevalence of Type I lip pattern among medical students was higher than in other studies done in similar settings. biometric identification; forensic science; lips; medical students; photography.

Lip Prints as an Early Indicator of Different Malocclusions

ntroduction: The goal of the current investigation was to see if there was any correlation between skeletal malocclusions and lip print patterns. Settings and Design: Hospital based, prospective, observational, cross-sectional study. Meterials and Methods: The study was conducted on 120 subjects, divided into 3 groups Skeletal Class I, Class II, and Class III based on ANB angle, Beta angle, and Wits. For the assessment of lip print patterns, they were classifi ed according to the Tsuchihashi classification system. Statistical analysis: The chi-square test was used to study diff erences in the groups. Results: It was noted that the most prevalent lip pattern was Type I while; the least was the Type V pattern. A Type III lip pattern was absent. There was a signifi cant correlation between Type I lip pattern and Skeletal Class III malocclusion. Also, there were signifi cant gender diff erences in lip print patterns in skeletal class I malocclusion with no diff erences in skeletal class II and class III malocclusion. Conclusion: Lip prints can be a useful aid in predicting the type of skeletal malocclusion as they develop early in life, therefore, can be successfully used for preventative and interceptive orthodontic procedures. Hence, lip prints can be used as early detectors of skeletal malocclusions. Key Messages: Since the craniofacial skeleton and lips print both develop at the same embryonic stage, developmental variables that result in malocclusions may also be refl ected in the lip print patterns.

A Morphologic Approach of Lip Prints in a Sample of Albanian Population in Kosovo

Background: Cheiloscopy (lip-print studies) is an important tool for the identification of human bodies in social and criminal issues. Lip prints present the labial mucosa with characteristic grooves and lines specific to every person. The purpose of this study was to analyze the lip prints among an adolescent sample of the Albanian population in Kosovo, to determine the most prevalent lip-print pattern in both genders, and to determine if there are any differences between male and female lip prints. Methods and Results: A total of 100 adolescents aged from 12 to 18 were randomly selected from schools in southeastern Kosovo. The lip prints were classified according to Suzuki and Tsuchihashi's classification (1970). For the analysis, the lips were divided into four quadrants: right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, and left lower quadrant. The analysis was done using a magnifying glass. In the present study, the slightly prevalent lip-print pattern among all subjects was Type II (25.0%), followed by Type I (20.0%), Type III (17.0%), Type IV (16.0%), Type I′ (16.0%), and Type V (6.0%). The lip prints of Type IV were slightly more common in female subjects (24.0%), followed by Type II (20.0%), Type I (18.0%), Type III (18.0%), Type I′ (12.0%), and Type V (8.0%). Type II was slightly more common in male subjects (30.0%), followed by Type I (22.0%), Type I′ (20/0%), Type III (16.0%), Type IV (8.0%), and Type V (8.0%). However, some differences between the sexes, with a tendency toward the predominance of Type IV in women and Type II in men, were not statistically significant, and there was no significant difference between the lip patterns by quadrants in women and men.

Analyzing the Interaction Between ABO Blood Types, Fingerprints, and Lip Prints among the Individuals of Lahore Region-A Research Article

Each person has a distinct lip printing and finger print, which are both utilized for personal identification and criminal investigations. Objective: To investigate the interaction between ABO blood group, lip prints and finger prints among both male and female participants. Methods: The study was conducted on 750 females and 550 males aged 18-50 from Lahore. Lip prints were classified using Tsuchihashi or Suzuki classification, while finger prints were classified using Kucken's or Michael's classification. Results were analyzed statistically using Microsoft Excel and SPSS version-21. Results: The pattern of loop was most common among the study group n = 1300 males (278 (50.55%), followed by Loop finger prints in 325 (43.30%) females. The most common blood type was AB+V 420(30%) among both groups. Both genders contain Type I lip pattern. The most common group of blood with fingerprint combination was AB+ve-Loop. AB+ve-Type I was the most common blood group versus lip print combination, with 104 individuals. Among the combination of lip prints or finger prints, Composite Type V had a smaller number of individuals. Both males and females scored 72. The composite type V-composite consists of A-ve, B-ve, AB-ve, or O-ve which showed the least common occurrence among the study group. Conclusions: Although blood typing, fingerprints, and lip prints each had unique characteristics. The correlation plays important role in identifying a certain person.

초당동 유적을 통해 본 중부동해안지역 신석기시대 중기에 대한 검토

The remains of the middle Neolithic age in the central east coast area had no clear results other than those of Jigyeong-ri, Yangyang. With the excavation of Chodang-dong site, a detailed review of the middle Neolithic age became possible. In Chodang-dong Neolithic site, comb-patterned pottery, stone tools, dwellings, and Open-Air Hearths were investigated.&#x0D; The study of the Neolithic age in the central east coast area focused on the chronology and the background of the establishment of the Middle Age culture through comb-patterned pottery. The middle Neolithic age of the central east coast area was established under the influence of comb-patterned pottery in the Midwest area. Later, it was thought that comb-patterned pottery, which had the traditional of the southern area was excavated.&#x0D; The analysis was focused on the relics excavated from the Neolithic site in Chodang-dong. As a result, the lip pattern of the comb-patterned pottery is divided into a single thread and a zip line pattern. Most of the Neolithic site in Chodang-dong are the latter. Some of the site of Gangneung are the former. Comb-patterned pottery engraved with short horizontal and slanted gates have been excavated from the remains of Open-Air Hearths. The Open-Air Hearths of Chodangdong site was intensively used in the late Neolithic age rather than the middle.&#x0D; Chodang-dong Neolithic site was a large village with many dwellings and Open-Air Hearths in the middle of the Neolithic Age. In the middle Neolithic age, Chodang-dong site were the residential area south of Gyeongpo Lake. Afterwards, in the late Neolithic age, an Open-Air Hearths was installed throughout the first sand dune area. However, he lived in Chodang-dong site and did not use Open-Air Hearths.

Comparative analysis of cheiloscopy, pulpal tissue and fingerprint for gender identification.

The most important step in identifying an unknown person is determining one's gender and as a dentist, the oral tissues are potential sources of information in this aspect. A study was carried out to assess and evaluate the accuracy of cheiloscopy, pulp tissue, and fingerprints in determining gender. A study comprising of 160 individuals (80 males and 80 females) was conducted. After obtaining informed written consent and recording their bio-data; lip prints, and fingerprints were recorded. The patients' extracted tooth was collected, their pulp extirpated, for assessment of the Barr body. We found that every lip pattern was unique and hence can be used to identify an unknown individual. The occurrence of the Barr body was determined, and all female samples were found to be positive for the existence of the Barr body. In fingerprint patterns, a significant difference was noted between both sexes with ulnar loops and whorl patterns only. A highly significant difference was observed in the fingerprint ridge density between genders. We conclude that the Barr body in pulpal tissue can be considered as the best possible technique for gender determination within the dental tissues. Lip prints did not show any differences in genders and had no role to play in gender determination. Fingerprint ridge density can also be used to determine gender.

Bilingual toddlers show increased attention capture by static faces compared to monolinguals.

Bilingual infants rely differently than monolinguals on facial information, such as lip patterns, to differentiate their native languages. This may explain, at least in part, why young monolinguals and bilinguals show differences in social attention. For example, in the first year, bilinguals attend faster and more often to static faces over non-faces than do monolinguals (Mercure et al., 2018). However, the developmental trajectories of these differences are unknown. In this pre-registered study, data were collected from 15- to 18-month-old monolinguals (English) and bilinguals (English and another language) to test whether group differences in face-looking behaviour persist into the second year. We predicted that bilinguals would orient more rapidly and more often to static faces than monolinguals. Results supported the first but not the second hypothesis. This suggests that, even into the second year of life, toddlers' rapid visual orientation to static social stimuli is sensitive to early language experience.

Estudio del patrón queiloscópico en alumnos de la Universidad Alfonso X El Sabio para la determinación de su sexo. estudio observacional transversal

Introduction: Cheiloscopy is as effective as dactyloscopy in identification methods because each person has a lip pattern distinguishable from others (unique, invariable, permanent and classifiable). The aim of this study is to identify the most frequent lip patterns in men and women using the Suzuki and Tsuchihashi classification, thus establishing a guide to verify the usefulness of this area in identification. Method: cross-sectional observational study (n=121), analysis of the lip pattern in the lower middle third of the lower third of the labia of the Suzuki and Tsuchihashi classification (I, I’, II, III, IV and V) with print on A4 paper and photographs Canon EOS 1300D (W) digital SLR camera with CMOS sensor with 18.0 megapixels. Double-blind and Chi squared statistical analysis was performed, with independent variable sex and dependent variable cheiloscopy path. Results: Regarding the total sample: women (n= 61; 50.41%) of type I; men (n= 28; 23.14%). Type I’ men (n=5; 6.05%), women (n=14; 16.94%). In type II we find in Type II and III in males the same proportion (n=2; 2.42%) and females in type II (3.63%) and type III (1.21%), Type V females (n=5; 6.05%), Males n= 0; in type IV there are no individuals with this pattern. There are no statistically significant differences between sex differentiation and cheiloscopic pattern, with a P&gt;0.05. Conclusions: There is weak evidence to be able to use cheiloscopy as a method of sex-cheiloscopic pattern differentiation. The predominant pattern in women is I, I’ and V, in men I and I’. There is no type IV and type V only occurs in women.

Correlation Between Tongue Prints and Lip Prints in ABO Blood Groups

Background One of the challenges faced by man in earlier days was to establish the identity of an individual. The concept of ldquoidentityrdquo is a set of physical characteristics functional or psychic normal or pathological that define an individual. Physical techniques are useful compared to sophisticated molecular techniques.Aim To record and analyze lip and tongue prints and blood group typing ABO. To correlate amongst them which could finally help in personal identification.Methods Lip print tongue print pattern and ABO blood group of 30 individuals of age group between 19-23 years 15 girls and 15 boys were recorded. Lip pattern was analyzed according to Tsuchihashi classification.Results Vertical pattern of lip print was prominent in 43.3 13 branched 40 12 reticular 13.3 4 and intersecting 3.33 1. Longitudinal medial septum shows straight pattern of 33.3 10. Whereas fungiform was 70 21 and ovoid shape of tongue was seen in 40 12. Vertical pattern shows 46.15 6 Bve zagged and straight was LMS 38.46 5 and 5 and ovoid shape was 38.46 5. Branching O ve was 58.3 and ellipsoidal was 50.Conclusions Recording of teeth and restorations as antimortem records may lead to difficulty in comparing the antimortem and post mortem records in cases of loss of teeth and destruction of restorations. Apart from the this soft tissues like lip and tongue prints remain constantly and can be recorded and used as evidence in personal identification in disasters and criminalization.

Analysis of Inheritance patterns, gender dimorphism and their correlation in lip and palm prints - A cross-sectional study.

Forensic sciences deal with key areas to be included in judicial makeup that has been approved by both the court and the scientific community, which distinguishes truth from counterfeit. Lip and palmprints are one of a kind and do not change during the lifetime of a person unless any pathologies. To evaluate the heritability, and gender dimorphism of lip and palm prints among parents and their offspring. A total of 280 participants were included in the study. Lip and palm prints were collected from participants using a digital camera. The photographic data obtained is subjected to Adobe Photoshop and analysed for inheritance. Gender dimorphism is evaluated by the predominant lip pattern and palm ridge count in four designated areas. A positive resemblance of 28.4% was found between parents and offspring in lips, and for the right palm, it was 60.2% and 55.12% for the left palm (principal lines) which are statistically insignificant. In all six quadrants, the most predominant lip pattern found in males is type 5, and in females, type 11. The mean palm ridge density was significantly higher among females than males in all designated areas. The digital method of analysing lip and palm print images with Adobe Photoshop 7 software is a convenient method that allows for better visualisation and easier lip and palm print recording and identification. Considerable inheritance patterns and gender dimorphism were observed that aid in personal identification.

Medicolegal Importance of Sex Determination with the Help of Lip Prints: Cheiloscopy

Introduction: Identification whether of living person or of dead bodies have always been an uphill task for forensic experts. Traditional ways of identification are used commonly due to limited resources and lack of trained personals in the relevant field. Identification becomes very important when victim or assailant is unknown. To establish identification, methods commonly used are finger prints, foot prints, DNA technology. Lip prints a relatively neglected field of identification can be used to establish identification and sex determination producing almost same results as other methods of identification. Objectives: To determine whether lip prints can be used from their configuration to determine the gender identification. Material and Method: 75 medical college students with equal gender distribution, 35 male and 35 females were included in the study. Students were aged between 18 to 25 years. Inclusion criteria: Students with no lip abnormality were included in the study. Exclusion criteria: Students with any abnormality of lips or who have some lip surgery were excluded from the study. Results: The uniqueness of the lips was established by the facts that no two lips matched with each other. Females revealed type I, I’ most abundant, whereas type IV was abundantly observed among males. From the current study, with inexperienced observers it was revealed that from sample of 20 lip patterns from each gender, 18 females and 17 males were easily identified. Conclusion: Identification of a person whether living or dead is a challenging task for forensic experts around the globe. Lip prints are among the cheapest and easily available methods of identification producing almost same results as finger prints. It is a rather neglected area which needs to be focused more as it is cheap and can be equally effective in producing almost same results as other related methods used for identification and sex determination in particular unknown cases. Keywords: Sex determination, Lip prints, Medicolegal importance.

Assessment of cheiloscopic pattern in subjects with clinically obvious facial asymmetry

Bilateral facial symmetry is rare, however clinically obvious facial asymmetry is of concern. Facial asymmetry results not only in functional, but also esthetic issues. Asymmetries could have pathological, traumatic, functional or develop­mental causal factors. Lip prints are unique to an individual just like the fingerprints and shows strong hereditary pattern and are useful in forensic science for identification in mass disaster, sex determination and criminal cases etc. Though facial asymmetry is generally evaluated using facial photograph or PA ceph but it was decided to see if there is variation in chieloscopic pattern in subjects with facial asymmetry. Considering this, it was decided to compare cheiloscopic pattern between subjects with clinically obvious facial asymmetry to normal subjects with no clinically obvious facial asymmetry.Cheiloscopic pattern of 30 subjects were equally divided in 2 groups based on clinical examination-GROUP 1(normal with no facial asyemmtry) GROUP II (subjects with obvious facial asymmetry) and their cheiloscopic pattern was recorded using photo paper and lipstick. Groove pattern of lip print was assessed as per Tsuchihashi classification-Type I-Complete vertical grooves, Type I’-partial vertical grooves, Type II-forked grooves, Type III-intersected grooves, Type IV-reticular, Type V-undetermined. The assessment was done in 3 zones each (C-centre, R-right, L-left).Adequate statistical comparison were made.For right zone, Type I’ was most common, both for Group I (40%) and Group II (46.7%). In centre zone, Type I was most common (46.7%) followed by Type II for group I, Type II was most common (40%) followed by Type I(33.3%)for Group II. On left side, Type I and I’ are most common(26%) followed by Type II(20%) for Group I and Type I’ (46.6%) is most common followed by Type I and Type II for Group II. There was no statistical significant difference between the type of lip pattern for two groups in each zone (C,R.L).Within the limitation of the study done on smaller sample size it can be stated that chieloscopic pattern did not show variation with facial asymmetry.

Assessment and Correlation of Dactyloscopy, Cheiloscopy, and Rugoscopy Among Individuals With Different Skeletal Malocclusion—A Cross-Sectional Study

Background and Objectives A probable association between dermatoglyphics and malocclusions related to skeletal discrepancy may exist as dermal ridges, and craniofacial structures develop from the same embryonic tissues during the same embryonic period. The study aims to assess and correlate the pattern of fingerprints, lip prints, and palatal rugae in individuals with malocclusions related to skeletal discrepancy. Materials and Methods The 180 samples collected in the study were divided into 3 groups based on cephalometric analysis into class I, II, and III malocclusion. The fingerprints, lip prints, and palatal rugae patterns were obtained for each participant and pattern analysis was done. Results Class I malocclusion with no skeletal discrepancy showed a statistically significant difference in the loop fingerprint patterns on all fingers except the first finger on the right and left hand, branched lip pattern, and straight palatal rugae pattern in primary rugae 1 and 4. Class II malocclusion related to skeletal discrepancy showed a statistically significant difference in the loop pattern on all fingers except in the fourth finger of the right hand which showed a whorl pattern, branched lip pattern, and straight palatal rugae pattern in primary rugae 1, 4, and 5. Class III malocclusion related to skeletal discrepancy showed a statistically significant difference in the loop pattern on all fingers except in the fourth finger of the right hand which showed an absence of arch pattern, vertical lip print pattern, and straight palatal rugae pattern in primary rugae 1. Conclusion Dermatoglyphics analysis can be used to indicate developing malocclusions related to skeletal discrepancies. at an early age, thereby aiding the development of treatment aiming to establish favorable occlusion. Prospective and various ethnic and racial-based studies would be valuable for the establishment of dermatoglyphic markers of malocclusion.

Type II Lip Pattern among Medical Students in a Medical College: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study.

The study of human identification is of great value in forensic medicine. Lip patterns have unique nature and individualism so can be used for human identification. The aim of this study was to find out the prevalence of Type II lip print patterns among medical students in a medical college. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in a medical college from 5 March 2022 to 1 April 2022 after ethical approval from the Institution Review Committee (Reference number: 057-078/079). The lip print pattern was categorized according to Tsuchihanshi's classification. Convenience sampling was done. Point estimate and 95% Confidence Interval were calculated. Among 100 medical students, the Type II lip pattern was seen in 26 (26%) (17.40-34.60, 95% Confidence Interval) students. The largest number of participants was seen in 21 (80.76%) from the age group of 20-25 years. The prevalence of Type II lip pattern among medical students was similar to other studies done in similar settings.