Linseed Methyl Ester Research Articles

Optimization of multi‐response biodiesel fueled diesel engine parameters using Taguchi grey relational analysis and analytical hierarchy process

AbstractCompression ignition engines are currently optimized to run on petrodiesel fuel, but due to its increasing demand and depletion of fossil fuel reserves, alternative fuels must be utilized. In this article, an attempt was made to optimize the operating parameters of an unmodified compression ignition engine fueled with linseed methyl ester biodiesel. The input parameters were compression ratio, load, and fuel blend, while output responses included brake‐specific fuel consumption (BSFC), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), and exhaust gas temperature (EGT), peak cylinder pressure (PCP), the rate of pressure rise (RPR), and net heat release rate (NHR), hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), NOx, and Smoke. The aim was to determine the optimal combination of input parameters for minimal emissions and better performance and combustion parameters, with a minimum number of experiments. The study used Taguchi's L9 orthogonal array with a grey relational analysis approach (GRA) to obtain the optimum combination of input parameters. The study found that fuel blend B10, CR 18, and load 100% were the optimal input parameter combinations using the TGRA method. The S/N ratio analysis of grey relational grade (GRG) showed the optimal input factor levels to be fuel B10, CR 16, and load 100%, which was confirmed by the AHP method. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the load was the most influential factor, followed by CR and fuel. The confirmatory results showed an improvement of 56.1%, indicating that biodiesel can be efficiently used in an unmodified compression ignition engine by varying these influencing factors.

Effect of linseed methyl ester and diethyl ether on the performance–emission analysis of a CI engine based on Taguchi-Fuzzy optimisation

This paper investigates the consequence of linseed methyl ester and diethyl ether on the performance and emissions of the existing single cylinder compression ignition engine. Here biodiesel is mixed with diesel fuel along with DEE as an additive at a disparate segment of blends as (B10, B20, B10DEE10 and B20DEE10). Varying the brake power from (0 to 3.42 kW) at a constant speed of 1500 rpm, it is endowing that BD10DEE10 has maximum brake thermal efficiency (Bthe) of 4.48% higher than that of diesel. The consumption of biodiesel blends along with an additive lowered the excretions like carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon and carbon dioxide emissions. But the secretions of nitrogen oxide are seen to be lofty. Moreover, the Fuzzy-based Taguchi optimisation technique is incorporated to accomplish the selection for the optimal fuel blend governing the multi-performance characteristics gauging on some factors such BSFC, Bthe, NOx and CO for the different blends of biodiesel and additive.

Experimental Investigation on the Performance, Emission and Combustion Characteristics of DI Diesel Engine With Linseed Methyl Ester Along With Methanol Carburization

The present day energy crisis and ever increasing demand for the fuels in addition with the global pollution scenario had led to the search for renewable, pollution free, bio-degradable fuels that are safe to use. Bio-diesels are an optimum solution for this problem. Bio-diesels are derived from triglycerides of vegetable oils like coconut, linseed and cottonseed etc. Vegetable oils cannot be used directly because of their high viscosity, hence the triglycerides of the vegetables are converted into simpler molecules through transesterification process. In our investigation, the fuel consumption and emission characteristics of DI diesel engine using Linseed Methyl Ester (LSME) at different loads are studied. In addition to LSME, methanol is also added through carburetorat varying throttle openings and the fuel consumption and exhaust gases characteristics are captured. These values are compared with ordinary diesel available in the market. It is observed that Methanol carburization minimized CO and HC emissions. It is also observed that LSME provided closer performance and lower emissions when compared to conventional diesel.

A Spray Pattern and Emission Characterisation of Enzymatic Degummed Linseed Methyl Ester on Diesel Engine

An experimental study on the characteristics of enzymatic degummed linseed methyl ester (EDLME) and Non-degummed linseed methyl ester (NDLME) spray is performed and compared with diesel spray using a single-cylinder compression ignition engine. The spray visualisation performance has been investigated on a single-hole nozzle under ambient conditions, and a high-speed camera (photron-SA5 FASTCAM) was used to capture images at a constant fuel injection pressure of 210 bar. This paper also deals with the influence of the EDLME properties on the spray and emission characteristics. On the basis of spray investigation for different diesel blends (25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) of EDLME and NDLME, fuels showed maximum spray cone angles and least spray penetration for EDLME25 as comparable to that of other blends. It was found that a decrease in spray cone angle is one of the main reasons for the increased NOX emissions.

CI engine performance characteristics and exhaust emissions with enzymatic degummed linseed methyl esters and their diesel blends

ABSTRACTThis research paper deals with the comparative study of enzymatic degummed linseed methyl ester (EDLME), water degummed linseed methyl ester and non-degummed linseed methyl ester with their different diesel blends on performances parameters such as brake power and brake specific fuel consumption. Emissions characterization such as unburned hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide and smoke opacity were also measured. It was found that the 25% blend of EDLME with diesel is the best alternative for the diesel fuel based on overall performance in terms of engine performance and emissions. Therefore, EDLME25 (25% blend of EDLME with 75% diesel) can be considered as an alternative fuel for diesel engines.

Optimization and Fuel Properties of Water Degummed Linseed Biodiesel from Transesterification Process

Bio-diesel has become more attractive as an alternative fuel for diesel engine because of its environmental benefits and the fact that it is made from renewable resources such as vegetable oil and animal fats by reacting them with short chain alcohols. The present research work focus on optimization of water degummed Linseed biodiesel from transesterification process which involves the exchanging of organic group R” of an ester with the organic group of alcohol R’ often catalysed by the addition of an acid or base catalyst. It was found that the maximum recovery of biodiesel yield was depicted at the optimum operation conditions (0.8% catalyst amount NaOH, reaction time 1 hour and reaction temperature 60°C). The comparison with the fuel properties of conventional diesel, especially with regards to kinematic viscosity and carbon residue, oil needs to purify through the degumming process to remove the gums before use in biodiesel production. The effect of degumming on fuel properties of water degummed Linseed methyl ester and their different diesel blends are discussed in this paper.

Effect of injection pressure on performance, emission and combustion characteristics of high linolenic linseed oil methyl ester in a DI diesel engine

Due to the increasing demand for fossil fuels and environmental threat, a number of renewable sources of energy have been studied worldwide. In the present investigation a high linolenic linseed oil methyl ester has been investigated in a constant speed, DI diesel engine with varied fuel injection pressures (200, 220 and 240 bar). The main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of injection pressures on performance, emissions and combustion characteristics of the engine. The test results show that the optimum fuel injection pressure is 240 bar with linseed methyl ester. At this optimized pressure the thermal efficiency is similar to diesel and a reduction in carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbon and smoke emissions with an increase in the oxides of nitrogen was noticed compared to diesel. The combustion analysis shows that, the ignition delay is lower at higher injection pressures compared to diesel and the peak pressure is also higher at full load. The combustion duration was almost same at all the injection pressures. It is concluded that linseed methyl ester at 240 bar injection pressure is more efficient than 200 and 220 bar, except for nitrogen oxides emission.

Preparation of fatty amide polyols via epoxidation of vegetable oil amides by oat seed peroxygenase

AbstractPrior work has shown that oat (Avena sativa) seeds are a rich source of peroxygenase, an enzyme that promotes the oxidation of carbon‐carbon double bonds to form epoxides. Ground and defatted oat seeds were used as a low‐cost source of peroxygenase. A systematic study of the epoxidation of i‐butyl amides from linseed oil was conducted. Hexane was used as the primary component of the reaction media to eliminate the need for extraction. We found that the addition of a small amount of buffered water containing Tween 20 enhanced the epoxidation activity when using t‐butyl hydroperoxide and cumene hydroperoxide as oxidants. This activity could be further enhanced by the addition of isopropyl ether. Conditions for larger‐scale reactions were developed and applied to amides prepared from linseed, soybean, and canola oils. Because of enzymatic selectivity, the epoxidation of adjacent double bonds was low, and monoepoxides from the amides of oleate and linoleate predominated; the diepoxide, N‐i‐butyl‐9,10–15,16‐diepoxy‐12(Z)‐octadecenamide, was obtained from the amide of linolenate. The enzymatically epoxidized amides from the oils were hydrolyzed in dilute acid, and the distribution of the various classes of polyols was determined. Reflecting the high proportion of starting monoepoxides, saturated diols and diols with one double bond were the major polyols obtained from soybean and canola oils. Because linseed oil contains a high proportion of linolenate, polyols obtained from the epoxides of this oil had a major amount of the tetrol, N‐i‐butyl‐9,10,15,16‐tetrahydroxy‐12(Z)‐octadecenamide. In contrast, the components of polyols obtained from the hydrolysis of commercial epoxide preparations of soybean and linseed methyl esters followed by amide formation were primarily saturated diols and furan derivatives resulting from the presence of adjacent epoxide groups in these preparations.

Acetoxyglycerol acetal derivatives of mono- and polyformyloctadecanoate esters: plasticizers for poly(vinyl chloride)

AbstractMethyl and butyl(acetoxyglycerol acetal) esters were prepared from 9(10)‐formyloctadecanoate or its dimethyl acetal. Mixtures of acetoxy mono‐ and diglycerol acetals, plus acetoxy mono‐, di‐, and triglycerol acetals, were prepared respectively from hydroformylated safflower and linseed methyl esters. The glycerol acetals were characterized with respect to physical, thermal, chromatographic, and spectroscopic properties. Acetoxy‐mixed glycerol acetals from safflower and linseed methyl esters were good primary plasticizers for poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), whereas acetoxyglycerol acetals of hydroformylated methyl and butyl oleate were good secondary PVC plasticizers. As primary plasticizers, the poly(acetoxyglycerol acetal) esters showed less migration, better heat stability, and higher tensile strength than the generally used PVC plasticizer di(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate.

Polyester amides from linseed oil for protective coatings

AbstractThe sodium alkoxide‐catalyzed reaction of linseed oil or linseed methyl esters with diethanolamine produces almost exclusively linseed diethanolamides. Reaction conditions, e.g., temperature, amount of excess diethanolamine and mode of adding reactants, are reported. The best conditions for producing diethanolamide directly from linseed oil (1 mole) required adding oil to the sodium alkoxide in diethanolamine (6 moles) and heating at 110舑115C for 35 min. The linseed diethanolamide isolated in 93舑95% yield was an amber oil. Progress of the reaction, followed by thin‐layer chromatography, showed only trace amounts of byproducts.Polyester amides were prepared by heating linseed diethanolamide in refluxing xylene with dibasic acids or anhydrides, e.g., azelaic, maleic, fumaric, phthalic, terephthalic, itaconic, brassylic and dimer acids. Molecular weight, viscosity and film properties (air‐dried and baked) of the polyester amides were determined.