Linseed Cultivars Research Articles

Yield Attributes and Economics of Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) Cultivars under Irrigated Uphill Condition of Indian Himalayan Region in Nagaland

Background: Linseed is an upright annual herbaceous plant that grows up to a height of 30-120 cm with slight glabrous, grayish green stem while flax types grow to a height of 80-120 cm with straight culms and fewer secondary branches near the top of the stem. The colour of linseed flowers depends on the varieties. According to Vavilov, the small-seeded type is grown primarily for oil purposes while the bold seeded type is grown primarily for fibre purposes. Methods: The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with three replications and consisted of seven linseed varieties viz., JLS-95, RLC-153, LSL-93, T-397, Shekhar, Priyam and Parvati. Result: Among all the varieties JLS-95 produced higher yield attributes viz., number of capsules plants-1, seed yield (Kg ha-1) and stover yield as well was statistically superior in variety JLS-95 over the other varieties. The variety JLS-95 recorded maximum gross returns, net returns and B:C compared to the other varieties.

Биохимический, минеральный и витаминный состав семян льна масличного белорусской селекции

Linseeds are a promising source of biologically valuable substances, essential amino acids, dietary fiber, vitamins, antioxidants, and essential polyunsaturated fatty acids. The article describes the biochemical, mineral, and vitamin composition of Belarusian flax varieties. The research objective was to select cultivars for functional food production. The study featured ten linseed cultivars, i.e., Ilim, Opus, Brestskiy, Salut, Fokus, Allyans, Dar, Vizir, Slavyanin, and Bonus. In 2020–2021, the authors planted plots of 1 m2 in triplicate for each cultivar. The experimental field belonged to the Institute of Flax, Ustye, Republic of Belarus. The study followed standar d methods to determine the content of micronutrients. All flax varieties proved to be a reliable source of vegetable fat (≤44.8%), protein (≤25.1%), and fiber (≤26.0%). The maximal content of α-linolenic acid belonged to Salut (63.0%), Vizir (61.4%), and Bonus (61.8%). The average mineral content was as follows: 7,500.0–10,625.0 mg/kg potassium, 5,700.0–7,522.5 mg/kg phosphorus, 2,300.0–2,605.0 mg/kg magnesium, 1,200.0–1,922.5 mg/kg calcium, 45.0–56.0 mg/kg iron, and 124.5–190.0 mg/kg sodium. The maximal content of vitamin B1 was registered in the samples of Salut (0.91 mg/100 g) and Brestskiy (1.08 mg/100 g); the maximal content of vitamin B2 belonged to the samples of Dar (0.058 mg/100 g), Ilim (0.057 mg/100 g), and Brestskiy (0.056 mg/100 g); the maximal content of vitamin E (tocopherol) was found in the samples of Salut (12.6 mg/100 g), Dar (12.07 mg/100 g), and Opus (12.35 mg/100 g). The linseeds were not suitable for high-quality food flour production after room temperature storage because the acid number increased by 64–73%. The excellent biological value of Belarusian flax cultivars demonstrated good prospects as highly active functional ingredients in new functional foods.

Optimizing Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) Seed Yield through Agronomic Parameter Modeling via Artificial Neural Networks

Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.), a globally cultivated oilseed crop in high demand, is the focal point of our efforts aimed at improving yield production. The achievement of robust yield outcomes relies on the intricate interplay of various agronomic traits. This study, conducted over two years at a research farm in Iran, presents a comprehensive analysis evaluating diverse agronomic characteristics inherent to different linseed cultivars and hybrids. Essential parameters, including days to emergence, days to flowering, plant height, number of branches, number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, 1000-seed weight, and seed yield per plant, were examined. For predictive insights into seed yield, machine learning techniques, specifically multilayer perceptron (MLP) and multiple linear regression (MLR), were employed. The analysis of contribution percentages for each agronomic variable to linseed seed yield revealed that the number of capsules per plant emerged as the most influential factor, contributing 30.7% among the considered variables. The results indicated the superiority of MLP over MLR, with RMSE and MAPE values equaling 0.062 g/plant and 3.585%, respectively. Additionally, R2 values for training, validation, and test phases exceeded 0.97. Consequently, MLP served as a merit function in the genetic algorithm (GA), targeting the identification of optimal trait levels to maximize linseed yield. The optimization outcomes demonstrated the potential achievement of a yield of 4.40 g/plant. To attain this performance, a set of agronomic characteristic values was proposed by GA, initiating a discussion on genetic modification possibilities. The findings of this study highlight the remarkable efficacy of machine learning tools, particularly neural networks, when paired with evolutionary optimization techniques such as genetic algorithms. These methodologies prove to be invaluable assets in aiding biotechnologists as they strive to enhance the genetic makeup of products for various applications, providing unwavering reliability and invaluable guidance in the pursuit of genetic modification endeavors.

Assessment of cadmium concentration in predominant Indian linseed cultivars

Humans require consuming low quantities of cadmium (Cd), a non-nutritive and potentially toxic heavy metal, primarily via the dietary intake of grains. An analysis was conducted to investigate concentration of Cd content in 10 predominant linseed (Flaxseed) cultivars available at ICAR-IIOR. The objective of study was to provide information that will assist in the breeding of low Cd-accumulating linseed cultivars. Hence, efforts were made to identify varietal differences in the uptake of Cd in various seeds among 10 linseed cultivars grown in India in natural environment. The cadmium concentration in Indian cultivars ranged from 0.85 to 1.05mg/kg. Minimum Cd was noticed in cultivar BRLS and highest in Shekhar

Effects of Different Boron Doses on Germination, Seedling Growth and Relative Water Content of Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.)

Boron is one of the most important nutrients required for the growth and development of plants. However, boron deficiency or excess also affects the physiological development of plants such as germination and seedling development. In this study, the effects of boron applications of 0-8 ml L-1 (4 concentrations) in 2 linseed cultivars [Beyaz Gelin (C1) and Sarı Dane (C2)] were investigated under laboratory conditions. In the study; germination percentage (GP), mean germination time (MGT), seeding length (SL), root length (RL), seedling fresh weight (SFW), seedling dry weight (SDW), root fresh weight (RFW), root dry weight (RDW) and relative water content (RWC) parameters were examined. As a result of the study, it has been determined that there are decreases in the properties of the cultivars in terms of the parameters examined with boron applications. It has been determined that especially 8 mg L-1 application has a toxic effect and prevents seedling and root development.

Morphology of linseed cultivars in contrasting sowing seasons

The objective of this work was to evaluate the morphological responses of different genotypes of linseed and to identify the ideal time for sowing seeds in the northwest of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The design used was randomized blocks organized in a factorial scheme: linseed cultivars (IJUI001, IJUI002, and IJUI003) × sowing dates April 15th (I), April 30th (II), May 15th (III), May 30th (IV), June 15th (V), June 30th (VI), and July 15th (VII) with treatments arranged in six replications. Sowing times influence linseed grain yield. Sowings between April 30th and June 15th showed 61% higher grain yield. Linear trends change according to sowing times, such as stem diameter, mass and number of capsules, number and weight of grains per plant, which together define the productivity of linseed grains per unit area.

Performance of promising linseed (Linum usitatissimum) cultivars under zero-till condition in rice (Oryza sativa)–fallows of Eastern India

An experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi) season of 2017–18 and 2018–19 at the ICAR–Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna, Bihar to identify the most suitable linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) cultivars/ lines in rice (Oryza sativa L.)–fallow system. Amongst the linseed cultivars, ‘Uma’ (1.28 t/ha) was noted at par with ‘RLC 143’ (1.21 t/ha) and showed significantly highest seed yield compared with the other tested cultivars. With respect to the economic feasibility, linseed cv. ‘Uma’ linseed being at par with ‘RLC 143’ and showed significantly highest gross returns (`51.3×103 /ha), net returns (`31.0 × 103 /ha), benefit: cost ratio (2.5) and economic efficiency (`240/ha/day) compared with rest of the cultivars. Thus, linseed cv. ‘Uma’ and ‘RLC 143’ exhibited a promising option to augment the productivity as well as profitability of rice–fallows areas of eastern India.

Influence of diurnal temperature variation on the growth and phenology of linseed cultivars in north-western Bangladesh ​

Linseed, one of the oldest, conventional and underutilised multipurpose crops in Bangladesh, can provide food, feed, fuel, and fibre. Environmental conditions especially temperature influence crop growth and development, which is the most vital factor in enhancing or reducing crop productivity. Experiments were, therefore, conducted at Farmer's field during two consecutive cropping seasons of 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 to study the effect of diurnal temperature variation on the growth and phenology of linseed cultivars. The field experiment was laid out in a randomized completed block design having four replications. Linseed seeds were sown in 3.0 m × 0.6 m plots with continuous line sowing (two lines). The difference between the temperature extremes (weekly average) was observed 14.57 ⁰C in 1st week of January 2019 and 15.29 °C in 2nd week of February 2020. The temperature gradient influenced the growth, phenology and seed yield of linseed cultivars. The sowing of linseed should be completed within the second fortnight of November for better crop growth and seed yield in the north-western part of Bangladesh. The knowledge of the impact of extreme temperature on yield/yield components could contribute to the improvement of crop models or ideotype development.

The impact of weather conditions in different years on the biochemical composition of linseed oil

Background. Linseed oil is a versatile product with varying biochemical composition. Linseed breeding is aimed at producing cultivars with different chemical properties in their oil. The crop is widespread but the environment has a great effect on its fatty acid biosynthesis.Materials and methods. The impact of weather conditions on the variations in fatty acids composition was studied. Twenty linseed cultivars and accessions of diverse origin and with varying oil composition from the VIR collection were grown in Tomsk Province in 2016–2018. The content of 15 fatty acids (lauric, myristic, palmitic, palmitoleic, margaric, stearic, oleic, cis-vaccenic, linoleic, linolenic, arachidic, eicosenic, arachido nic, behenic, and lignoceric) was assessed in linseed oil using gas–liquid chromatography.Results. The tested material presented a wide diversity of genes controlling different steps of fatty acids biosynthesis and genetic mechanisms involved in the responses to the changing environment. The analysis of variance proved that the content of oleic, linoleic, linolenic and lignoceric acids was controlled solely by the genotype. The content of palmitic and stearic acids was influenced by both the genotype and environment. The synthesis of lauric and cis-vaccenic acids was significantly affected by the weather. Practically all acids, except linoleic and linolenic ones, showed a very high random variation, which in our experiment included genotype × environment interaction. The accessions differed in the range of variation in their characters under diffe rent conditions. There was no definite regularity in the hanges of fatty acid content in the tested genotypes during 3 years.Conclusion. The assessed genotypes probably possess different regulatory mechanisms for fatty acid biosynthesis. Thus, they present a diverse stock for further investigations into fatty acid biosynthesis and for the development of new linseed cultivars widely adaptable to environmental conditions.

Delineating multivariate divergence, heritability, trait association and identification of superior omega-3-fatty acid specific genotypes in linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.)

Present investigation was undertaken to evaluate 50 linseed genotypes for three consecutive years for seed yield, oil content and agro-morphological traits using multivariate approach. Higher range, large value of Shannon-weaver diversity index for both traits and genotypes and large differences in mean values for most of the characters showed that a wide and significant variation existed among the genotypes and traits. Pooled analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences (p<0.001) among the genotypes for all the characters studied. The magnitude of the phenotypic coefficient of variation was somewhat higher than the genotypic coefficient of variation, indicating that the environment had little impact on the expression of these traits. Cluster analysis for yield and agro-morphological traits using unweighted pair group method of arithmetic averages (UPGMA) grouped the genotypes into nine clusters with varied number. Clustering of linseed genotypes from different geographical locations or source/origin into same cluster has confirmed that they are genetically related, and possibly from the same progenitor. The principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that most of the variation (76.41%) was accounted by first four PCA and indicated role of traits that contributed significantly towards a wide variation among the genotypes. The positive associations of seed yield per plant and oil content with component trait implies that improving one or more component traits could result in genetic enhancement of seed yield and oil content in linseed. The significant negative association of seed yield per plant and oil content with days to flowering and days to maturity has great advantages in breeding short duration linseed cultivars for hot and water stress climatic conditions of semi-arid regions. Trait specific genotypes namely, Shival, Sharda, IC54970, Mukta, IC56363, T-397, IC53281 and RLC-92 were identified for the development of short duration and dwarf cultivars with higher omega-3-fatty acid content.

The Toolbox for Fiber Flax Breeding: A Pipeline From Gene Expression to Fiber Quality.

The goal of any plant breeding program is to improve quality of a target crop. Crop quality is a comprehensive feature largely determined by biological background. To improve the quality parameters of crops grown for the production of fiber, a functional approach was used to search for genes suitable for the effective manipulation of technical fiber quality. A key step was to identify genes with tissue and stage-specific pattern of expression in the developing fibers. In the current study, we investigated the relationship between gene expression evaluated in bast fibers of developing flax plants and the quality parameters of technical fibers measured after plant harvesting. Based on previously published transcriptomic data, two sets of genes that are upregulated in fibers during intrusive growth and tertiary cell wall deposition were selected. The expression level of the selected genes and fiber quality parameters were measured in fiber flax, linseed (oil flax) cultivars, and wild species that differ in type of yield and fiber quality parameters. Based on gene expression data, linear regression models for technical stem length, fiber tensile strength, and fiber flexibility were constructed, resulting in the identification of genes that have high potential for manipulating fiber quality. Chromosomal localization and single nucleotide polymorphism distribution in the selected genes were characterized for the efficacy of their use in conventional breeding and genome editing programs. Transcriptome-based selection is a highly targeted functional approach that could be used during the development of new cultivars of various crops.

Yield quantity and quality of two linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) cultivars as affected by sowing date

Linseed is a rich source of ω–3 fatty acids and high-quality protein. While in recent years, various industrial applications of linseed oil such as biofuels, are increasing. To find out appropriate sowing dates of two linseed cultivars, a four-year field experiment was accomplished during the growing seasons of 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2017 in Kermanshah, west of Iran. The results showed that the flowering period reduced with delay in planting that followed by exposure to the development of the seed and capsule ripening stages to higher environmental temperature and reduced grain yield consequently. In both cultivars, delays in the planting date also resulted in reductions in yield components. Delayed planting in both cultivars reduced the amount of α-linoleic acid and increased oleic acid. While was not observed significant changes in the total saturated and unsaturated fatty acids with a delay in planting date. In general, based on the results of this experiment, linseed can be cultivated in the region to produce a suitable seed and oil yield, while it should be noted that delay in planting, in addition to reducing yield, will reduce the quality of oil for industrial uses.

EFFECT OF SALICYLIC ACID SPRAYING ON YIELD AND IT'S COMPONENTS OF LINSEED CULTIVARS

A field trails was carried out during winter season of 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 at Field Crops Department - College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad / Jadriyah to study the effect of salicylic acid spraying on yield and it's components of linseed cultivars. Randomized complete block design (RCBD) arranged within split plots was used with three replicates. The trail included three salicylic acid concentrations (100, 200 and 300 mg L-1) in addition to control treatment (distilled water spraying) within main plots and three linseed cultivars (Syrian, Egyptian and Iraqi local) within sub plots. The results showed that the Syrian cv. produced the highest number of main branches 7.09 and 7.11 branch plant-1, sub branch 28.45 and 27.10 branch plant-1 and number of capsules 122.39 and 117.89 capsule plant-1, number of seeds 8.63 and 8.45 seed capsule-1, seed yield 1.19 and 1.17 mton ha-1, while the Egyptian cv. gave highest means of 1000 seeds weight 6.83 and 6.54 g for the two seasons, respectively. The results showed that the spraying of salicylic acid at 200 mg L-1 significantly superiored and produced the highest number of main branches 7.10 and 6.82 branch plant-1, sub branch 29.05 and 26.48 branch plant-1, number of capsules 120.48 and 114.54 capsule plant-1, number of seeds 8.44 and 8.26 seed capsule-1 and seed yield 1.19 and 1.15 mton ha-1, for the two seasons, respectively. The interaction between the two factors had significant effect on all studied characters.

EFFECT OF PLANT SOURCE ORGANIC FERTILIZERS ON YIELD AND IT'S COMPONENTS OF LINSEED CULTIVARS

A field trials was carried out during winter season of 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 at Field Crops Department - College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad / Jadriyah to study the effect of organic fertilizers of plant source (compost) on yield and it's components of linseed cultivars. Randomized complete block design (RCBD) arranged according to split plots used with three replicates. The trials included four weed sources organic fertilizer {Malva rotundifolia L., Eichhronia crassipes (Mart) Solms, Glycyrrhiza glabara L. and Silybum marianum L.} and NPK chemical fertilizer (90 Kg N ha-1, 120 Kg P ha-1 and 80 Kg K ha-1) in addition to control treatment (without fertilizer) within main plots and three linseed cultivars (Syrian, Egyptian and Iraqi local) within sub plots. The results showed that the Syrian cv. produced the highest number of capsules 106.67 and 103.75 capsule plant-1, number of seeds 8.03 and 8.33 seed capsule-1, seed yield 1.03 and 1.12 mton ha-1, biological yield 4.24 and 4.50 mton ha-1 and harvest index 24.21 and 24.82%, while the Egyptian cv. gave highest means of 1000 seeds weight 6.73 and 7.22 g for the two seasons, respectively. The fertilizer treatments significantly affected on the all studied characters. The plant at the NPK treatment produced the highest number of capsules 105.48 and 99.74 capsule plant-1, number of seeds 7.89 and 7.95 seed capsule-1 without significant differences on the G. glabara L. treatment which was superior in the seed yield 1.04 and 1.03 mton ha-1, biological yield 4.18 and 4.32 mton ha-1 and harvest index 24.57 and 23.65% without significant differences with NPK treatment for the two seasons, respectively. The interaction between the two factors had significant effect on all characters except 1000 seeds weight at first season.

Cadmium accumulation, translocation, and assessment of eighteen Linum usitatissimum L. cultivars growing in heavy metal contaminated soil

Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is suitable for growing in heavy metal polluted soil for non-food purposes and can be used as potential crops for cleaning the soil from heavy metals. The main objective of this study was to investigate flax/linseed phytoextraction of cadmium (Cd), including uptake, translocation, and accumulation differences in organs among flax/linseed cultivars. A field experiment was carried out in Cd contaminated field of Chinese southern area with nine flax, one dual-purpose, and eight linseed cultivars. Cd concentrations in plant organs (root, xylem, phloem, and capsule) and biomass of different organs of each cultivar were measured and evaluated. Significant differences in Cd concentration and accumulation among organs were observed. The most Cd was accumulated by phloem, which was 2 ∼ 4 times more than other organs, followed by roots, xylems and capsules played a comparably smaller role. The uptake of Cd by flax/linseed from per hectare was calculated and had highly significant positive correlation with biomass. Phloem accumulated 45 ∼ 55% of total Cd from the soil by the plant. Among testing 18 flax/linseed cultivars, one flax cultivar (Zhongya 1), and two linseed cultivars (Y2I329 and Y2I330), which extracted more than 60 g ha−1, can be considered as Cd accumulators for phytoremediation of Cd contaminated soil.

A comparison of the chemical composition of the seeds of linseed and pea cultivars grown in pure stands or mixtures

ABSTRACTA three-year field experiment was conducted to compare the chemical composition of the seeds of two linseed-pea mixtures, that is the cv. ‘Flanders’ with the cv. ‘Ramrod’ and cv. ‘Barbara’ with cv. ‘Phönix’. The results indicate that the chemical composition of the seeds of the linseed cultivars was not significantly affected by the sowing method, indicating that the species traits of linseed are constant. The mixed sowing increased the content of threonine and proline in the protein of the Flanders cultivar seeds and slightly increased the protein content of the seeds of both linseed cultivars in the mixtures with pea.

Assessment of genetic variation in Linum L. using SPAR markers

Flax (Linum usitatissimum subsp. usitatissimum) is an important crop plant cultivated both for its fiber and seed oil content. Uniform cultivation and selection practice may lead to genetic erosion and reduced genetic variability of Linum cultivars, which in turn makes the crop vulnerable to diseases and pathogens. Therefore we performed a genetic diversity analysis of few populations including both Linum usitatissimum subsp. usitatissimum L. and L. Bienne L. We used a combination of single primer amplification reaction markers, including RAPD, ISSR, and RAMPO molecular markers for genetic variability study. In general, all three molecular markers revealed a low degree of genetic variability in the materials studied; however, L. bienne had a higher level of genetic variability. Clustering and network analyses grouped the studied plants inter-mixed and did not separate the studied species or populations. STRUCTURE plot and K-Means clustering also identified these populations as genetically homogenous. These results indicate the need for introducing new linseed cultivars into the country for future hybridization and breeding programmes.

Oil productivity of seven Romanian linseed varieties as affected by weather conditions

In order to meet the linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) oil growing demand it is necessary to understand the factors that influence the oil productivity. Among these factors, weather conditions (temperature and rainfall regime) may have an important effect on the development of the linseed plant in different growth stages and eventually on the oil productivity, in the context of a rational water use in drought susceptible agricultural areas. The aim of this study was to establish the influence of weather conditions on linseed oil yield and quality through an extensive field study carried on seven Romanian linseed cultivars grown in the South-Eastern agricultural area of Romania. Nine consecutive crops were analyzed in terms of seed production, seed oil content, oil production, fatty acids profile and iodine index. In order to have a global perspective on the oil production (both quantitatively and qualitatively), two new descriptors (quality coefficient and cultivar efficiency) were defined and computed. Linseed cultivars were classified according to the oil unsaturation degree by means of Principal Component and Linear Discriminant Analysis techniques. The influence of the weather conditions on the linseed crop was analyzed on the basis of a multivariate regression equation correlating cultivar efficiencies with temperatures and rainfall levels (globally expressed as Sielianinov hydrothermal coefficients) within each oil unsaturation group. Based on the results, the May–June period was found critical for the linseed development, because of the accelerated plant growth both in terms of height and branching; during this period, rainfalls are a key factor for obtaining good crops. On the contrary, pronounced drought during May–June may compromise the crop, therefore irrigation is recommended. Irrigation is not necessary during July–August since high temperatures and low levels of precipitations were found beneficial for obtaining good linseed productivities.

Chemical composition of seeds of linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) cultivars depending on the intensity of agricultural technology

Chemical composition of seeds of linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) cultivars depending on the intensity of agricultural technology

Yield and quality traits of two linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) cultivars as affected by some agronomic factors

A field experiment was conducted on rendzina soil in the years 2010-2012. The seeds of two linseed cultivars (Szafir and Oliwin) were sown at row spacing of 15 cm and 25 cm. Three agrotechnical levels in different nitrogen doses and with or without application of herbicides were used. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of row spacing on yield, seed protein and oil content of two linseed cultivars grown under different conditions of mineral fertilization and chemical weed control. Results showed that cv. Szafir was characterized by significantly higher seed yield (on average by 20.2%) and protein content (by 2.6%) while cv. Oliwin had higher content of oil (by 4.9%). Intensive technology of cultivation (80 kg N/ha, Linurex 50 WP, Fusilade Forte 150 EC, Glean 75 WP), compared to the economical technology (40 kg N/ha, without herbicides), significantly increased the seed yield of both linseed cultivars (on average by 80-102%). This was due to higher plant density, higher number of branches, and higher number of capsules per plant. The intensive technology of cultivation had a beneficial effect on the content of α-linolenic acid in linseed seed.