Linoleic Research Articles

Biological control of nosemosis in Apis mellifera L. with Acacia nilotica extract.

Nosemosis is one of the most devastating diseases of Apis mellifera (Honey bees) caused by the single-celled spore-forming fungiNosema apis,N. ceranae and N. neumanii, causing a severe loss on the colony vitality and productivity. Fumagillin, a MetAP2 inhibitor, was a certified treatment for controlling nosemosis, nevertheless, due to its deleterious effects on honey bees and humans, it is prohibited. So, searching for novel biological agents with affordable selectivity to target Nosema species infecting Apis mellifera, with nil toxicity to bees and humans is the main objective of this study. Nosema species were isolated from naturally infected honey bees. The methanolic extracts of Acacia nilotica, Elaeis guineensis, and Catharanthus roseus were tested to selectively control the growth of Nosema spp of honeybees. The spores of Nosema species were molecularly and morphologically identified. Among the tested plant extracts, the methanolic extracts (0.1%) of A. nilotica had the most activity towards Nosema spp causing about 37.8 and 32.5% reduction in the spores' load at 5- and 9-days post-infection, respectively, compared to the untreated control. At 0.1%, the A. nilotica methanolic extract exhibited the highest inhibitory effect for Nosema spores, without any obvious bee mortality. Catharanthus roseus displayed a reduction of spores by 27.02%, with bee mortality rate of 27.02%. At 1% for 5 dpi, the A. nilotica extracts led to 18.18% bee mortality, while the C. roseus extracts resulted in 100% mortality, as revealed from the toxicity and quantification bioassays. So, the extracts of A. nilotica and C. roseus had a significant effect in controlling the N. apis and N. ceranae titer compared to the infected untreated control at both time points. The titer of N. apis and N. ceranae was noticeably decreased by more than 80% and 90%, in response to A. nilotica, compared to the control. From the metabolic profiling by GC-MS analysis, the most frequent active compounds of A. nilotica were 2,4,6-trihy-droxybenzoic acid, 1,2-dihydroxybenzene, myristic acid, and linoleic acid. These compounds were analyzed in silico to assess their binding affinity to the ATP binding protein, methionine aminopeptidase and polar tube protein of Nosema species as target enzymes. The compound 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzoic acid had the lowest energy to bind with ATP binding protein, methionine aminopeptidase and polar tube protein of Nosema, followed by 1,2-dihydroxybenzene and myristic acid, compared to fumagilin. So, from the experimental and molecular docking analysis, the extracts of A. nilotica had the highest activity to attack the cellular growth machinery of Nosema species without an obvious effect to the honeybees, ensuring their prospective promising application.

Association between serum unsaturated fatty acids levels and infertility among American women from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2014.

Some research indicates that unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) in the diet could enhance reproductive outcomes in infertile women. However, other research holds different views, possibly due to differences in the conversion rates of UFAs from various foods and bioavailability in the body. Therefore, this research examined the link between serum UFAs and infertility issues. This research included reproductive-age women participating in the 2013-2014 American National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Serum levels of four UFAs, including palmitoleic acid (16:1n-7), vaccenic acid (18:1n-7), oleic acid (18:1n-9), and linoleic acid (18:2n-6) were measured through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Infertility data was collected by affirmative responses to targeted questionnaire items. Associations between serum UFA levels and infertility were evaluated utilizing Poisson regression models and smooth curve fitting methods. Sensitivity analysis was also conducted. This study included 535 women, aged between 18 and 45. Poisson regression analysis, both adjusted and unadjusted for confounders, revealed no associations between palmitoleic acid, vaccenic acid, oleic acid, or linoleic acid and female infertility (all P > 0.05). However, four UFAs all showed non-linear relationships with infertility in smooth curve fitting analysis. Sensitivity analysis confirmed the stability of the findings. This research established non-linear associations between serum UFAs and infertility in American women. Specifically, maintaining appropriate serum levels of these UFAs may lower infertility risk. These findings offer new insights and practical dietary recommendations for improving female fertility.

High temperature perturbs physicochemical parameters and fatty acids composition of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.).

Future climates will realise increasingly frequent extreme weather events, which will impact on the quantum and quality of crop production. While effects of extreme heat on crop production have been well studied hitherto, there remains a dearth of knowledge pertaining to the impacts of extreme heat on grain quality. As such, our purpose here was to evaluate the effects of terminal heat stress on the physicochemical properties and composition of seed oil of safflower plants. Using two contemporary cultivars with varying genetic tolerance to heat stress (Faraman and Sofeh), we found that exposure to extreme heat reduced grain yield by 53-57%. Four fatty acids (palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acid) comprised 96-99% of total fatty acid methyl esters; relative composition varied in response to heat stress and other environmental conditions. In the first experimental year (2017-18), saturated fatty acids in Sofeh and Faraman cultivars increased by 69% and 18% respectively, while unsaturated fatty acids decreased by 9% and 4%, respectively. In the second experimental year (2018-19), saturated fatty acids increased by 10% in Sofeh and by less than 1% in Farman, while unsaturated fatty acids in both cultivars were not significantly altered. Physicochemical parameters differed across years and cultivars; exposure to high temperature increased chlorophyll and carotenoid content in Sofeh, but decreased the said parameters in Faraman. In 2017-18, effects of heat stress on thiobarbituric acid were variable, but in 2018-19, thiobarbituric acid increased in both cultivars. In all cases, saponification and iodine content increased in response to heat stress. In sum, the fatty acid profile of safflower exposed to terminal heat stress was less affected compared with oil physicochemical parameters, due to greater temperature sensitivity of the latter.

Unveiling the Lipid Features and Valorization Potential of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Heads

The sustainable utilization of co-products derived from the salmon processing industry is crucial for enhancing the viability and decreasing the environmental footprint of both capture and aquaculture operations. Salmon (Salmo salar) is one of the most consumed fish worldwide and a major species produced in aquaculture. As such, significant quantities of salmon co-products are produced in pre-commercialization processing/steaking procedures. The present study characterized a specific co-product derived from the processing of salmon: minced salmon heads. More specifically, this work aimed to reveal the nutritional profile of this co-product, with a special focus on its lipid content, including thoroughly profiling fatty acids and fully appraising the composition in complex lipids (polar lipids and triglycerides) for the first time. The antioxidant potential of lipid extracts from this salmon co-product was also studied in order to bioprospect lipid functional properties and possibly unveil new pathways for added-value applications. Our analysis indicated that these minced salmon heads are exceptionally rich in lipids. Oleic acid is the most prevalent fatty acid in this co-product, followed by palmitic acid, stearic acid, and linoleic acid. Moreover, relevant lipid indexes inferred from the fatty acid composition of this co-product revealed good nutritional traits. Lipidome analysis revealed that triglycerides were clearly the predominant lipid class present in this co-product while phospholipids, as well as ceramides, were also present, although in minimal quantities. The bioprospecting of antioxidant activity in the lipid extracts of the minced salmon heads revealed limited results. Given the high concentration of triglycerides, minced salmon heads can constitute a valuable resource for industrial applications from the production of fish oil to biodiesel (as triglycerides can be easily converted into fatty acid methyl esters), as well as possible ingredients for cosmetics, capitalizing on their alluring emollient properties. Overall, the valorization of minced salmon heads, major co-products derived from the processing of one of the most intensively farmed fish in the world, not only offers economic benefits but also contributes to the sustainability of the salmon processing industry by reducing waste and promoting a more efficient use of marine bioresources.

Analysis and Characterization of Pericopsis mooniana Seed Oil for Potential Applications in Cosmetics and Nutritional Supplements

Pericopsis mooniana is renowned for wood applications, while its bark and leaves find uses in ayurvedic medicine. The shifting of global cosmetic and nutritional supplement industries towards plant-based oils has led to explore novel sources. No prior studies were done on P. mooniana seed oil. Therefore this study aims to characterize the seed oil of P. mooniana by determining Fatty Acids (FA) composition as their methyl esters, nonpolar constituents in unsaponifiable matter, and other physio-chemcial properties. The oil was extracted using the soxhlet extraction method. Ash and moisture contents of seeds, Acid Value (AV), Iodine Value (IV), smoke point and thermal stability of oil were also determined. Prepared fatty acid methyl esters and chemical constituents in unsaponifiable matter were identified and quantified using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry method. Results indicated a substantial oil yield of 36.71± 0.01% with moisture content of 5.60 ± 0.19%, ash content of 3.65 ± 0.38%, AV of 2.97 ± 0.40 mg KOH/g, IV of 16.02 ± 0.14 g I2/100g, smoke point of 233.6 ± 8.57°C, decomposition temperature of 409.95 ± 1.74°C and yield of unsaponifiable matter of 1.35 ± 0.01%. The dominant FAs are oleic (41.02%) and linoleic (38.12%) acids. Major unsaponifiable matter constituents are squalene (4.01 mg/g), beta.-sitosterol (2.63 mg/g), stigmasterol (1.23 mg/g), phytol (1.45 mg/g), geranylgeraniol (1.03 mg/g) and amyrin (0.95 mg/g). Based on the finding of this study, it can be concluded that P. mooniana seed oil has the potential to be utilized in both cosmetic and nutritional supplement industries.

Study on gut microbiota and metabolomics in postmenopausal women.

Menopausal syndrome, occurring during the menopausal stage in women, manifests as symptoms stemming from decreased estrogen levels, such as hot flashes, insomnia, mental disorders (anxiety, depression), and osteoporosis. The bulk of studies have indicated alterations in the gut microbiota of those experiencing menopause syndrome compared to healthy women. However, This article focuses on the alterations in gut microbiota in perimenopausal women. Our study utilized 16s rRNA sequencing to determine the differences in the gut microbiota and metabolites among 44 menopausal syndrome women. The distribution of gut microbiota in postmenopausal women varies based on the level of follicle stimulating hormone, with changes in gut microbiota abundance taking precedence over symptom onset. Fecal metabolites reveal changes in several metabolites, including Amino acid metabolism (Tyrosine, Tryptophan), Lipid metabolism (Alpha linolenic acid metabolism), and other metabolites. Disturbances in lipid metabolism, triggered by hormonal level fluctuations, can contribute to the development of osteoporosis.

Effects of CO2 Aeration and Light Supply on the Growth and Lipid Production of a Locally Isolated Microalga, Chlorella variabilis RSM09

The Chlorophyceae algae, specifically Chlorella spp., have been extensively researched for biodiesel production. This study focused on the alga Chlorella variabilis RSM09, which was isolated from a brackish-water environment at Raksamae Bridge in Klaeng District, Rayong Province, Thailand. The effects of the carbon dioxide gas (CO2) concentration (0.03%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% v/v), light intensity (3000, 5000, and 7000 Lux), and photoperiod (12:12, 18:6, and 24:0 h L/D) on algal growth and lipid production were investigated. The results indicated that C. variabilis RSM09 achieved optimal growth under 20% v/v CO2 aeration, with an optical density of approximately 2.91 ± 0.27, a biomass concentration of 1.32 ± 0.14 g/L, and a lipid content of 21.96 ± 0.29% (wt.). Among the three different light intensities, higher optical density (4.20 ± 0.14), biomass (1.79 ± 0.25 g/L), and lipid content (20.75 ± 2.0% wt.) were at the 5000 Lux of light intensity. Additionally, the photoperiod of 24:0 h (L/D) produced the highest biomass at 1.86 ± 0.21 g/L, followed by the 18:6 h light/dark photoperiod with a biomass of 1.65 ± 0.17 g/L, and the 12:12 h light/dark photoperiod with 1.35 ± 0.43 g/L. In contrast, the 18:6 h L/D photoperiod yielded a higher lipid concentration of 25.22 ± 2.06% (wt.) compared to the others. All cultured microalgae showed significant effects on fatty acid composition. Palmitic (16:0), linoleic (C18:2), and linolenic (C18:3) acids were predominant in C. variabilis RSM09 under all photoperiods. This study exhibited that the microalga C. variabilis RSM09 has great potential as a feedstock for biodiesel production.

Development of an eco-fractionation process for Ricinodendron heudelotii oil to obtain α-eleostearic acid and β-eleostearic acid

Abstract The present article studies the transformations and fractionation of the reserve lipids of Ricinodendron heudelotii. The native triglycerides of this oil are composed mainly of conjugated polyunsaturated fatty acids, in particular α-eleostearic acid C18:3 n– 5 (9c, 11t, 13t) at 60%. This particular fatty acid of CLnA family exerts many activities potentially beneficial for health: anti-inflammatory, anti-leukemic, anti-microbial, anti-tumor, anti-ulcer and anti-diabetic. A process for transforming this acid into its isomers β-eleostearic acid and catalpic acid was explored with the aim of obtaining fractions enriched in β-eleostearic acid C18:3 n– 5 (9t, 11t, 13t). The β-eleostearic acid is a fatty acid of great interest because it is even more reactive and more efficient as antioxidant than α-eleostearic acid due to its higher trans content. Isomerization reaction of α-eleostearic acid in oil was carried out using artificial solar radiation treatment. The enrichment of concentrates in β-eleostearic acid was therefore tested using an eco-fractionation process. This process was carried out in two stages. The first step was the Candida rugosa lipase-catalyzed hydrolysis of triglycerides from native or isomerized Ricinodendron heudelotii oil. The second step was fractionation of the reaction medium obtained after hydrolysis. Triglyceride hydrolysis was complete, with a yield of free fatty acids of over 95% after 2 h of reaction. Treatment of the reaction media yielded 3 lipid concentrates with new chemical compositions of polyunsaturated fatty acids: a first concentrate, derived from hydrolysis of the native oil, composed of 60% α-eleostearic acid and 22% linoleic acid, and two other concentrates derived from fractionation of the hydrolysate of the oil isomerized by radiation. One was composed of 34% linoleic acid, 21% β-eleostearic acid, 11% α-eleostearic acid and 6% catalpic acid, and the last concentrate was composed of over 80% β-eleostearic acid. In addition to offering nutritional benefits similar to those of α-eleostearic acid, β-eleostearic acid also offers an interesting physical property: a very high melting point of 72 °C. Such a polyunsaturated fatty acid, which is solid at room temperature, could prove to be a raw material of choice, particularly in the world of food formulation, where manufacturers are looking for replacements with physical properties close to those of palm oil (the melting point of palmitic acid is 62 °C). Ricinodendron heudelotii oil has thus demonstrated its major role as a source of the triptych of α-eleostearic, β-eleostearic and linoleic fatty acids.

Integrating nontargeted metabolomics and RNA sequencing of dexamethasone-treated and untreated asthmatic mice reveals changes of amino acids and aminoacyl-tRNA in group 2 innate lymphoid cells.

Bronchial asthma is the most common multifactorial and heterogeneous disease in childhood. The glucocorticoid dexamethasone is a classic treatment for asthma. Research indicates that group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are crucial to the pathogenesis of asthma. However, few studies have focused on ILC2s metabolism and transcription. This study aims to establish an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma model and a dexamethasone-treated asthma model to explore the regulation of lung ILC2s at the genetic and metabolic levels during the progression and remission of asthma, utilizing single-cell metabolomics and transcriptomics approaches. The results showed that ILC2s regulated the metabolic pathways and transcriptional levels of amino acids (such as arginine, proline, and histidine) and linoleic acid, as well as the metabolic biomarkers of arginine, urocanic acid, and linoleic acid in asthma. Additionally, the cytokine pathways and NF-γB pathways have been altered at the genetic level. At the same time, we revealed that dexamethasone regulates ILC2s amino acid and aminoacyl tRNA metabolism, as well as related genes, thereby alleviating asthma symptoms. Furthermore, we identified the genes Eno3 and Tap1, which are significantly associated with asthma. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed to verify the accuracy of the RNA sequencing results. This study, for the first time, revealed the mechanistic changes of ILC2s in the development and treatment of asthma using multiomics techniques, laying a foundation for targeted therapies in asthma.

Stem cell models of TAFAZZIN deficiency reveal novel tissue-specific pathologies in Barth syndrome.

Barth syndrome (BTHS) is a rare mitochondrial disease caused by pathogenic variants in the gene TAFAZZIN, which leads to abnormal cardiolipin (CL) metabolism on the inner mitochondrial membrane. Although TAFAZZIN is ubiquitously expressed, BTHS involves a complex combination of tissue specific phenotypes including cardiomyopathy, neutropenia, skeletal myopathy, and growth delays, with a relatively minimal neurological burden. To understand both the developmental and functional effects of TAZ-deficiency in different tissues, we generated isogenic TAZ knockout (TAZ-KO) and WT cardiomyocytes (CMs) and neural progenitor cells (NPCs) from CRISPR-edited induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). In TAZ-KO CMs we discovered evidence of dysregulated mitophagy including dysmorphic mitochondria and mitochondrial cristae, differential expression of key autophagy-associated genes, and an inability of TAZ-deficient CMs to properly initiate stress-induced mitophagy. In TAZ-deficient NPCs we identified novel phenotypes including a reduction in CIV abundance and CIV activity in the CIII2&CIV2 intermediate complex. Interestingly, while CL acyl chain manipulation was unable to alter mitophagy defects in TAZ-KO CMs, we found that linoleic acid or oleic acid supplementation was able to partially restore CIV abundance in TAZ-deficient NPCs. Taken together, our results have implications for understanding the tissue-specific pathology of BTHS and potential for tissue-specific therapeutic targeting. Moreover, our results highlight an emerging role for mitophagy in the cardiac pathophysiology of BTHS and reveal a potential neuron-specific bioenergetic phenotype.

Cold-Pressed Aristotelia chilensis (Mol.) Stuntz Seed Oil Prevents Metabolic-Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) in a High-Fat-Diet-Induced Obesity Murine Model

This study evaluated the effects of cold-pressed maqui (Aristotelia chilensis (Mol.) Stuntz) seed oil (MO) on liver metabolism and biochemical markers in a high-fat diet (HFD) murine model. In it, the fatty acid profile, tocopherol and tocotrienol contents, and antioxidant capacity of MO were analyzed. Male C57BL/6 mice were divided into four groups (i.e., a, b, c, and d groups) and supplemented for 12 weeks according to the following distribution: (a) control diet (CD)-sunflower oil (SO), (b) CD+MO, (c) HFD+SO, and (d) HFD+MO. Total body and organ weights, serum markers, and liver fat infiltration were assessed. MO contained 32.31% oleic acid, 46.41% linoleic acid, and 10.83% α-linolenic acid; additionally, α- and γ-tocopherol levels were 339.09 ± 5.15 and 135.52 ± 38.03 mg/kg, respectively, while β-, δ-tocopherol, and α-tocotrienol were present in trace amounts and the antioxidant capacity measured was 6.66 ± 0.19 μmol Trolox equivalent/g. MO supplementation significantly reduced the visceral fat (0.76 ± 0.06 g vs. 1.32 ± 0.04 g) and GPT (glutamate pyruvate transaminase) levels (71.8 ± 5.0 vs. 35.2 ± 2.6 U/L), and the liver fat infiltration score (6 vs. 3) in the HFD+MO group compared to HFD+SO. It is suggested that MO may effectively prevent fatty liver disease, warranting further research on its potential benefits for human health.

Different lines of camelina (Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz) in broiler quails’ diets: effects on meat physicochemical traits and sensory profile

The present study investigated the effect of Camelina sativa cake dietary inclusion on quail meat fatty acids (FA), amino acids (AA), and sensory characteristics. To this, 480 broiler quails were allocated to four dietary treatments (12 replicated cages/treatment): a control diet (Control) and three diets with 15% camelina cake, containing a commercial cultivar (Calena) and two improved lines (Pearl: low linoleic acid; Alan: low glucosinolates). After slaughter, breast meat FA and AA profiles and contents were analysed, alongside a sensory evaluation by trained panellists. The dietary inclusion modified breast meat FA profile and contents (p < .001), notably increasing α-linolenic acid (C18:3 n-3), which improved overall n-3 PUFA and reduced the n-6/n-3 ratio to recommended levels. Health indices improved in a line-dependent manner: atherogenicity lowered in Alan compared to Control and Calena (p < .01), while thrombogenicity reduced in all camelina treatments than the Control (p < .001). Camelina-fed groups showed an AA profile in line with the Control one, and Pearl displayed a higher essential AA content compared to Alan (p < .05). Sensory results indicated no substantial changes in meat attributes across treatments, except for tenderness and animal fat flavour: the first lowered in Alan meat compared to the Control (p < .05), while the latter was higher in the Control than in Alan and Calena groups (p < .01). In conclusion, the 15% dietary inclusion of different camelina cakes in quail diets positively influenced meat FA, enhancing product healthiness without negatively impacting its nutritional quality and sensory attributes. Findings indicated that camelina cake is an effective feedstuff to improve quail meat quality. HIGHLIGHTS Once fed to quails, all tested camelina cakes increased meat n-3 PUFA and reduced the n-6/n-3 by about 5 and 7 times, respectively. Meat atherogenicity and thrombogenicity indices of camelina-fed quails improved, indicating enhanced product healthiness. Camelina inclusion did not alter quail meat sensory attributes compared to the control group.

Discovery and Molecular Characterization of a Novel 9S-Lipoxygenase from Enhygromyxa salina for Fatty Acid Biotransformations.

Iron-dependent lipoxygenases (LOXs) are involved in the synthesis of oxylipins from polyunsaturated fatty acids. However, they are usually difficult to overexpress in functional form in microbial cell factories. Moreover, 9-LOXs, generating 9-hydroperoxy fatty acids from C18 polyunsaturated fatty acids, have rarely been found from microbial sources. Here, we discovered a novel 9S-LOX in the marine myxobacterium Enhygromyxa salina (Es-9S-LOX). The recombinant enzyme produced in Escherichia coli exhibited remarkable activity in the dioxygenation of linoleic acid (LA, 1), α-linolenic acid, γ-linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid specifically at the C9 position to yield the product with (S)-configuration at catalytic efficiency of 3.94, 1.42, 1.38, and 0.69 μM-1·s-1, respectively. The elucidated X-ray crystal structure of Es-9S-LOX reveals a long and narrow hydrophobic pocket that allows the substrate to be near the metal ion and the oxygen tunnel. The enzyme was successfully used in a chemoenzymatic reaction to generate a hydroxy fatty acid from LA. Our study thus contributes to the valorization of renewable polyunsaturated fatty acids into a variety of fatty acid derivatives, including hydroxy fatty acids.

Abstract 4134926: Association of Eicosanoid Metabolites with Body Mass Index

Introduction: The specific molecular pathways from obesity to inflammation to cardiovascular disease remain unclear. Eicosanoids are a unique class of bioactive lipids that govern the upstream initiation of pro- and anti-inflammatory activity. Objective: We leveraged a novel lipidomic platform to quantify &gt; 800 eicosanoid metabolites and examined their association with body mass index (BMI). Methods: We studied Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) participants with available samples for eicosanoid analysis. Eicosanoids and related metabolites were assessed using a directed, non-targeted mass spectrometry-based platform. We examined the cross-sectional association of eicosanoid metabolites with BMI using multivariable linear regression models. Analyses were considered significant at FDR q-value &lt;0.01. Results: A total of 5101 individuals (age 63 ± 10 years; 53% women, 60% non-Whites) were included. The mean BMI was 28.3 ± 5.1 kg/m2. Of 811 eicosanoids analyzed, 255 showed a significant association with BMI (see Figure for putative metabolite identities; FDR q-value &lt;0.01 for all). Derivatives of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 19,20 DiHDPA, β = - 0.206, standard error [SE] = 0.013) and eicosatetraenoic acid (11(S) HEPE, β = - 0.180, SE = 0.014) were associated with lower BMI. Linoleic acid derivatives (12,13 diHOME, an exercise-induced lipokine) had a similar association. Conversely, derivatives of linoleic acid (13-oxoODE, β = 0.241, SE = 0.01) and arachidonic acid (11-HETE, β = 0.236, SE = 0.017) were associated with higher BMI. Other derivatives of linoleic acid (15 (S) HETrE) and prostaglandin (11b PGF2α) were also associated with higher BMI. Conclusions: We found that specific eicosanoid metabolites, including DHA and linoleic acid derivatives with known anti-inflammatory, atheroprotective, and beneficial metabolic effects (e.g., 19,20 DiHDPA; 12,13 diHOME), were associated with lower BMI. By contrast, specific arachidonic acid and prostaglandin derivatives with known pro-inflammatory and adverse CV effects (e.g. oxylipin 11-HETE; PGF2α; 13-oxoODE) were associated with higher BMI. These findings further the understanding of specific inflammatory pathways underlying the development of obesity-related CVD.

An integrated microbiome- and metabolome-genome-wide association study reveals the role of heritable ruminal microbial carbohydrate metabolism in lactation performance in Holstein dairy cows.

Despite the growing number of studies investigating the connection between host genetics and the rumen microbiota, there remains a dearth of systematic research exploring the composition, function, and metabolic traits of highly heritable rumen microbiota influenced by host genetics. Furthermore, the impact of these highly heritable subsets on lactation performance in cows remains unknown. To address this gap, we collected and analyzed whole-genome resequencing data, rumen metagenomes, rumen metabolomes and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) content, and lactation performance phenotypes from a cohort of 304 dairy cows. The results indicated that the proportions of highly heritable subsets (h2 ≥ 0.2) of the rumen microbial composition (55%), function (39% KEGG and 28% CAZy), and metabolites (18%) decreased sequentially. Moreover, the highly heritable microbes can increase energy-corrected milk (ECM) production by reducing the rumen acetate/propionate ratio, according to the structural equation model (SEM) analysis (CFI = 0.898). Furthermore, the highly heritable enzymes involved in the SCFA synthesis metabolic pathway can promote the synthesis of propionate and inhibit the acetate synthesis. Next, the same significant SNP variants were used to integrate information from genome-wide association studies (GWASs), microbiome-GWASs, metabolome-GWASs, and microbiome-wide association studies (mWASs). The identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of rs43470227 and rs43472732 on SLC30A9 (Zn2+ transport) (P < 0.05/nSNPs) can affect the abundance of rumen microbes such as Prevotella_sp., Prevotella_sp._E15-22, Prevotella_sp._E13-27, which have the oligosaccharide-degradation enzymes genes, including the GH10, GH13, GH43, GH95, and GH115 families. The identified SNPs of chr25:11,177 on 5s_rRNA (small ribosomal RNA) (P < 0.05/nSNPs) were linked to ECM, the abundance alteration of Pseudobutyrivibrio_sp. (a genus that was also showed to be linked to the ECM production via the mWASs analysis), GH24 (lysozyme), and 9,10,13-TriHOME (linoleic acid metabolism). Moreover, ECM, and the abundances of Pseudobutyrivibrio sp., GH24, and 9,10,13-TRIHOME were significantly greater in the GG genotype than in the AG genotype at chr25:11,177 (P < 0.05). By further the SEM analysis, GH24 was positively correlated with Pseudobutyrivibrio sp., which was positively correlated with 9,10,13-triHOME and subsequently positively correlated with ECM (CFI = 0.942). Our comprehensive study revealed the distinct heritability patterns of rumen microbial composition, function, and metabolism. Additionally, we shed light on the influence of host SNP variants on the rumen microbes with carbohydrate metabolism and their subsequent effects on lactation performance. Collectively, these findings offer compelling evidence for the host-microbe interactions, wherein cows actively modulate their rumen microbiota through SNP variants to regulate their own lactation performance. Video Abstract.

Preliminary Evaluation of Watermelon Liquid Waste as an Alternative Substrate for Microalgae Cultivation: A Circular Economy Approach to the Production of High-Value Secondary Products by Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus sp., Arthrospira platensis, and Chlamydomonas pitschmanii

In Italy, watermelon cultivation spans 9510 hectares, with production levels largely influenced by seasonal market demand. As a result, surplus watermelon left unsold by September often remain in the fields, where they decompose naturally and go to waste. A chemical analysis of the watermelon liquid fraction waste (WW) indicates a high carbohydrate concentration, highlighting the potential for biotechnological valorization of this waste stream, converting it into lipids or exopolysaccharides (EPSs). This study investigates the feasibility of utilizing WW as an alternative growth substrate for microalgae, aligning with circular economy principles and advancing sustainable agricultural practices. By repurposing agricultural byproducts, this research supports biorefinery objectives, aiming to convert biomass into high-value secondary products, including biofuels, pigments, and nutraceuticals. Scenedesmus and Chlorella strains demonstrated promising growth and adaptability in WW, achieving biomass yields of 0.95 ± 0.07 g L−1 and 0.37 ± 0.02 g L−1, respectively, with a significant EPS production observed as medium gelation. Although lipid accumulation was limited in this case by the WW substrate, the lipid profiles of both strains were distinctively altered, notably lacking linolenic acid.

The Effect of Rumen-Protected Conjugated Linoleic Acid on Milk Composition and Milk Energy Output of Holstein Cows and Its Potential Mechanism

The Effect of Rumen-Protected Conjugated Linoleic Acid on Milk Composition and Milk Energy Output of Holstein Cows and Its Potential Mechanism

Abstract 4134707: Metabolomics Discovery and Epicardial Adipose Tissue : a PROMISE Clinical Trial Substudy

Introduction: Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is a metabolically active tissue associated with cardiometabolic disease. EAT likely has local paracrine inflammatory and atherogenic effects on coronary vessels, but the metabolic underpinnings related to systemic metabolic pathways has not been evaluated. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that metabolic markers of lipid and fatty acid oxidation will be positively associated with volume of EAT. Methods: In a biomarker substudy of the Prospective Multicenter Imaging Study for Evaluation of Chest Pain (PROMISE) clinical trial which randomized participants to computed tomography angiography (CTA) vs. stress testing, we analyzed 1542 participants randomized to the CTA arm with available plasma at baseline. CTA phenotyping of EAT volume indexed to body surface area (cm 3 /m 2 ) was determined using a validated deep-learning algorithm. Comprehensive metabolomic profiling was performed on plasma samples using mass spectrometry. Principal components analysis (PCA) was used for dimensionality reduction of 571 named metabolites. Linear regression tested the association of metabolomic factors with EAT. Univariate models were adjusted for multiple comparisons and multivariate models were adjusted for age, race and ethnicity, sex, diabetes, BMI, LDL-C, HDL-C and metabolic syndrome. Results: Of 82 PCA-derived metabolomic factors, 16 were associated with EAT in univariate models and nine were associated with EAT in multivariate models (p=0.001-0.046); 116 individual metabolites heavily loaded within these factors were significantly associated with EAT volume in multivariate models ( Figure 1 ). This included three linoleic acid derivatives, six cholesterol esters, and glycine that were inversely associated with EAT volume (p&lt;0.04) and 106 metabolites positively associated with EAT volume including di- and triacylcerols, glycerophospholipids, fatty acyls and dimethylguanidino valeric acid (p&lt;0.05). Conclusions: Leveraging a large clinical trial of CTA to study metabolomics of EAT, we have identified circulating lipid species associated with EAT independent of BMI and conventional lipids. These findings highlight biomarkers of systemic metabolic dysregulation as risk modifiers and therapeutic targets in cardiometabolic disease prevention and treatment.

Abstract 4113263: Serum Metabolomics Adds Predictive Value to Clinical and Polygenic Risk Scores for Atrial Fibrillation: A UK Biobank study of &gt;240,000 Patients

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) poses substantial morbidity and mortality burdens globally. It is critical to identify individuals at high-risk for AF to implement both lifestyle modifications and close monitoring for initiation of oral anticoagulants. Currently, risk prediction in AF relies on clinical scores such as CHARGE-AF. Small molecule metabolites are thought to play a role in AF pathogenesis, but the additional predictive value of metabolomics over clinical and genetic risk factors is unknown. Using the UK Biobank (UKBB), we sought to perform this evaluation. Methods: We included all UKBB participants with complete 1 H-NMR metabolite measurements. We excluded participants with prior history of AF or with incomplete AF Polygenic Risk Score (AF-PRS) or CHARGE-AF components. The final cohort included 240,628 patients. In-patient records, primary care notes, and death registries were queried to identify patients who had developed incident AF within 5 years of enrollment. The cohort was divided into a 80/20:Train/Test split. We compared the performance of an Elastic-Net regularized Cox Proportional Hazards (EN-CPH) model trained on CHARGE-AF, AF-PRS, and the full 170 metabolite panel to a CPH model trained only on CHARGE-AF and AF-PRS. Results: Within 5 years, 4,174 (1.7%) patients developed AF. Compared to the control population, the incident AF cases were more likely to be older (62 vs. 56, p&lt;0.001), male (65% vs 45%, p&lt;0.001), and have higher CHARGE-AF and AF-PRS scores (p&lt;0.001). After training the EN-CPH model on CHARGE-AF, AF-PRS, and 170 metabolites, the final model included 8 metabolites on top of CHARGE-AF (HR: 1.28) and AF-PRS (HR: 1.11). After adjusting for CHARGE-AF and AF-PRS, creatinine level was associated with increased risk of AF (HR: 1.01) while linoleic acid level (HR: 0.985) was associated with decreased risk. Furthermore, total cholesterol, esterified cholesterol, free cholesterol, cholesteryl esters in IDL, omega-6 fatty acids, and cholesterol in large LDL were associated with HR 0.993-0.999. The EN-CPH model out-performed the CPH model without metabolomics on the test set (AUC 0.786 vs 0.753, p &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: The addition of metabolomics to clinical and genomic risk scores improves prediction of 5-year incident AF within a general population. This study highlights the significance of the metabolome as an independent prognosticator of AF risk. Further study of the mechanisms by which selected metabolites alter AF risk is needed.

A Preliminary Study on the Modifying Effect of Strawberry Seed Oil and Sex on Rabbit Meat Quality

The aim of this research was to determine the effect of strawberry seed oil addition to rabbit feed on slaughter performance traits, meat quality traits and plasma cholesterol and triglycerides of purebred Termond White rabbits (n = 24). The experiment used young rabbits born to 6 does. From each litter, two rabbits were randomly assigned into one of the two groups. In each group (2 × n = 12; 6♂, 6♀), the animals were fed a complete pelleted feed. Rabbits from the experimental group received feed enriched with a 1% addition of strawberry seed oil. Animals were slaughtered on day 84. Rabbits fed with pellets with the addition of strawberry oil were characterized by a higher hind part and head and liver weight compared to the rabbits from the control group (p ≤ 0.05). The addition of strawberry seed oil significantly increased the pH of matured meat and affected the colour coordinates of the meat by increasing their values (p ≤ 0.05). The tested oil reduced the values of meat texture parameters such as springiness, cohesiveness and chewiness (p ≤ 0.05). The tested oil impacted the level of HDL, which was higher in the experimental group, as well as lowered the triglyceride level. The addition of strawberry seed oil was proven to significantly increase the linoleic acid content in rabbit meat (p ≤ 0.05).