Linognathus Vituli Research Articles

Studies on the Determination of Ectoparasites and the Prevalence Rate in Cattle in İzmir, Aydın and Muğla Regions.

The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence rates of ectoparasites (external parasites) seen in cattle in Muğla, Aydın and İzmir regions. For ectoparasite screening, a total of 1,353 cattle breeds from Muğla, Aydın and İzmir regions were included in the study. Ectoparasite samples were collected with the help of hand, forceps, comb and scalpel, brought to the laboratory in plastic containers containing 70% alcohol and examined under a microscope. In the study, 191 (14.12%) of 1,353 cattle were infested with external parasites. Of the cattle, 138 (72.25%) ticks, 24 (12.57%) lice, 9 (4.71%) tabanid, 8 (4.19%) hippoboscid, 7 (3.66%) fleas and 5 (2.62%) mites were detected. Accordingly, 4 tick species in cattle Hyalomma marginatum, Hyalomma excavatum, Hyalomma detritum, Rhipicephalus turanicus, 4 lice species (Bovicola bovis, Linognathus vituli, Solenopotes capillatus, Haematopinus quadripertusus ), 1 mite species (Chorioptes bovis), 2 flea species (Ctenocephalides canis, Ctenocephalides felis), 1 hippoboscid fly species (Hippobosca equina) ve 3 tabanid fly species (Tabanus bromius, Tabanus exclusus, Philipomyia aprica) diagnosed. The presence of external parasites varied depending on the frequency of antiparasitic use in cattle.

Effectiveness of a fixed-dose combination injectable (0.2 mg/kg doramectin + 6.0 mg/kg levamisole hydrochloride) against Rhipicephalus microplus and sucking lice infesting cattle

Unmanaged tick and sucking lice infestations negatively impact the health and production potential of cattle. Described herein are two non-interference dose confirmation studies evaluating the efficacy of a single administration of a new fixed-dose combination injectable (FDCI) endectocide consisting of 0.2 mg/kg doramectin + 6.0 mg/kg levamisole hydrochloride, against either laboratory-induced Rhipicephalus microplus infestations in Australia or naturally acquired sucking lice (Linognathus vituli) infestations in the US. This FDCI is available as Dectomax V® in Australia and New Zealand and as Valcor® in the United States. To evaluate therapeutic efficacy against R. microplus, 12 calves were each exposed to 10 infestations of ∼5000 larvae per infestation between Days −24 and −2. Calves were either treated on Day 0 with the FDCI or left untreated (control). Additional R. microplus infestations of ∼5000 larvae were conducted on Day 2 and then three times weekly to also evaluate persistent efficacy of the FDCI. Tick collections were conducted daily from Day −3. Group mean live tick counts, egg production, and egg viability were analyzed for significant differences between the two groups. To determine efficacy of the FDCI against lice, 24 cattle with active sucking lice infestations based on Day −7 counts were allocated to two groups and treated on Day 0 with either saline (control) or the FDCI. Lice counts were conducted weekly from Day 14 through 42 and again on Day 56. Mean group lice counts on each count day were compared between treatment groups. In the R. microplus study presented here, cattle in Queensland, Australia treated with the FDCI (Dectomax V®) showed > 90 % reduction in tick counts based on arithmetic means within 48 h of treatment when compared to untreated cattle, and counts were > 95 % reduced from post-treatment Day 5 through Day 30. In the sucking lice study conducted in the US, the FDCI (Valcor®) displayed 100 % efficacy against sucking lice infestations (L. vituli) from first count day (Day 14 post-treatment) through Day 35 and then 99.9 % efficacy through Day 56 post-treatment. No treatment-related adverse events were reported for cattle in either study. Using R. microplus and sucking lice as representative ectoparasites, these studies demonstrate the ectoparasite activity of doramectin is retained in the new FDCI.

Linognathus vituli

This datasheet on Linognathus vituli covers Identity, Distribution, Hosts/Species Affected.

A pilot study on the prevalence of lice in Irish beef cattle and the first Irish report of deltamethrin tolerance in Bovicola bovis

BackgroundPediculosis in cattle causes significant itching, irritation and stress to the animal, often resulting in skin damage and poor coat condition. The control of bovine pediculosis in Ireland is based predominantly on commercial insecticides belonging to one of two chemical classes, the synthetic pyrethroids and the macrocyclic lactones. In recent years, pyrethroid tolerance has been reported in a number of species of livestock lice in the United Kingdom and Australia.ResultsIn this pilot survey, lice were detected in 16 (94%) out of 17 herds visited. Two species of lice, Bovicola bovis and Linognathus vituli were identified. In vitro contact bioassays showed evidence of deltamethrin tolerance in Bovicola bovis collected from 4 farms. This was confirmed by repeatedly assessing louse infestations on treated animals on one farm.ConclusionsTo our knowledge this is the first record of insecticide tolerant populations of lice in Irish cattle. The results also provide new data on the species of lice infesting beef cattle in Ireland and the prevalence and control of louse infestations in Irish beef cattle herds.

Detection and distribution of haematophagous flies and lice on cattle farms and potential role in the transmission of Theileria orientalis

On the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia, endemic Theileria orientalis infection of cattle has been reported on farms where no ticks have been observed, raising the question of how Theileria is transmitted in these areas. To investigate the potential role of mechanical transmission by insects, the present study investigated the seasonal dynamics of biting fly species trapped between December 2017 and May 2019 on six cattle farms in the region where the presence of Theileria was confirmed. These flies, sucking lice collected from these farms and pools of Culicoides species affecting cattle also trapped in the region were subjected to qPCR detection of T. orientalis. Eleven species from eight genera of biting flies were collected using unbaited Nzi traps. Tabanid species were present in all farms, with Dasybasis oculata (43.6 %) and D. circumdata (27.6 %) being the most abundant and widespread species. The effect of season on the mean count per trapping event was statistically significant and highest in the summer months for Lilaea fuliginosa and D. oculata, and the autumn months for D. circumdata, with no seasonal effect on the abundance of the undescribed Dasybasis spp. No biting flies were trapped during the winter months. Sucking (Linognathus vituli and Haematopinus eurysternus) and biting (Bovicola bovis) cattle lice were also collected from all farms with the latter detected in only one farm. PCR screening for T. orientalis of trapped hematophagous insects resulted in parasite detection in the tabanid and Stomoxyini flies, biting midges and sucking lice with the highest proportion of positive samples for Haematopinus eurysternus (4/4 pools) and H. irritans exigua (6/15 individuals). The detection of the parasite in these potential vectors indicates a possible role in the mechanical transmission of T. orientalis and may partly explain the ubiquitous presence of Theileria in areas where ticks are absent.

Arthropod ectoparasites of cattle and goats from three upazilas of Comilla district, Bangladesh

The prevalence of ectoparasitic arthropods of cattle and goats in Daudkandi, Homna and Titas upazilas of Comilla district were investigated. During this study (December 2013 to November 2014) 299 cattle and 196 goats were examined; and among them 180 and 117 were found to be infested respectively. Seventeen species of ectoparasites (both larvae and adult) were identified and they are Haematopinus quadripertusus, Haematopinus eurysternus, Linognathus vituli, Damalinia bovis, Stomoxys calcitrans, Musca domistica, Tabanus striatus, Diachlorus sp., Armigeres subalbatus, Ctenocephalides felis, Boophilus microplus, Haemaphysalis bispinosa, Haemaphysalis kinneari, Hyalomma anatolicum, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Dermacentor sp. and Ixodes sp. The highest prevalence of ectoparasitic infestation (69.94%) were found in Titas and the lowest (53.34%) in Homna upazila. The intensity of ectoparasitic infestation was highest in Titas (12.20) and lowest in Homna (5.21) upazila. Cattle in Titas upazila showed highest prevalence (67.53%) and intensity (8.04) and Homna upazila showed lowest prevalence (48.63%) and intensity (5.55). Goats in Titas upazila showed highest prevalence (76.09%) and intensity (8.38), and Daudkandi upazila showed lowest prevalence (49.37%) and goats in Homna showed lowest intensity (4.80). This study quantifies the level of ectoparasitic infestation in cattle and goats which demands immediate control program and needs more intensive epidemiological study for detail identification of the constraints of animal health and production.
 Jahangirnagar University J. Biol. Sci. 8(2): 35-45, 2019 (December)

Cattle infestation by lice in Northern Tunisia

The reported study was carried out from October 2014 to January 2015 and involved 622 cattle belonging to a dairy farm in North Tunisia. Each animal was examined once for the presence of lice. The infestation prevalence was estimated at 14.3% (89/622). Three louse species were collected: Linognathus vituli (2.7%), Haematopinus eurysternus (11.4%) and Bovicola bovis (0.8%). The co-infestation prevalence was 0.6% and concerned only B. bovis and L. vituli, collected from four calves (three males and one female). Calves were infested by the three species, L. vituli (17.5%), B. bovis (5.2%) and H. eurysternus (1.0%), whereas adults were only infested by H. eurysternus (13.3%). All H. eurysternus parasites were found on the tail of the animals, whereas L. vituli was present on the whole body. B. bovis infested the anterior body parts, mainly the dorsal region (60%) (p < 0.05). Clinical signs were observed only in calves under six months. The infested calves showed pruritus (63%) and depilation (37%).

Prevalence of ectoparasites in cattle (Bos indicus) of Jessore, Bangladesh

A study was carried out on 60 cattle and 34 (56.66%) were found infested with ticks and lice. Mean parasitic burden was 2.26 ± 0.37 per square inches in cattle. Two species of arachnids, Haemaphysalis bispinosa (31.66%) and Rhipicephalus sanguineus (28.33%) lice, Linognathus vituli (23.33%) were identified. Mean parasitic burden was high in case of R. sanguineus (4.33 ± 0.48) followed by H. bispinosa (2.89 ± 0.62) and least in L. vituli (1.28 ± 0.16). Prevalence of ectoparasites were relatively higher in young animals aged > 1 - 3 year (66.66%) followed by in calf aged ± 1 year (50%) and lowest in adult aged > 3 year (44.44%) in cattle. The mean parasitic burden was higher in case of young (2.8±0.60) followed by adults (1.75 ± 0. 41) and calves (1.5 ± 0.34). Infestation was higher in female (64.10%) than the male (42.85%). Prevalence of ectoparasites were relatively higher in summer (75%) followed by in winter (55%) and lowest in rainy season (40%). The mean parasitic burden was highest in summer (1.93 ± 0.64) followed by in winter (1.72 ± 0.54) and lowest in rainy season (1.5 ± 0.50).
 Bangladesh J. Zool. 46(2): 137-145, 2018

Inventory of lice of mammals and farmyard chicken in North-eastern Algeria.

Background and Aim:Lice are permanent ectoparasites, extremely specific to their hosts. Their great importance in veterinary medicine remain significant, they can cause their direct pathogenic actions like irritability, dermatitis, anemia, decreased weight gain, and milk production. The purpose of this work was to made the first time an inventory of mammalian lice in North-eastern Algeria.Materials and Methods:Our survey of lice infestation was conducted on several animal species from five provinces of North-eastern Algeria. A total of 57 cattle, 83 sheep, 77 goats, 111 wild boars, and 63 farmyard chickens were examined. The collection of lice was carried out much more in mammals and chickens during the winter period. Lice were collected either manually or using brushing and kept in flasks containing 70% ethanol. The identification of lice was achieved in the laboratory using a binocular loupe.Results:Concerning cattle, 63% and 27% of those examined subjects from Souk-Ahras and Guelma study areas, respectively, were carriers of lice. Damalinia bovis was the louse most frequently found on cattle in these two regions. Three other species were identified in Souk-Ahras: Haematopinus eurysternus (25%), Linognathus vituli (10%), and Solenopotes capillatus (5%). Regarding sheep, 39% and 24% of examined animals in Souk-Ahras and Guelma, were carrying lice. Damalinia ovis was the most frequently encountered lice on sheep in both regions. Linognathus ovillus also was identified in Souk-Ahras, representing 0.3% of the collected lice. Concerning goats, 53% and 30% of examined animals in Souk-Ahras and Guelma, were parasitized of lice. Two species of lice were found: Damalinia caprae and Linognathus africanus. For farmyard chickens, 69% and 100% of the farmyard chicken in Souk-Ahras and Mila were parasitized by lice, respectively. Menopon gallinae was the most frequently encountered louse in farmyard chicken in both regions. Eight other species were identified in Mila and four other species only in Souk-Ahras. Finally, 25% and 28% of the wild boars in Annaba and El Tarf were parasitized by lice, respectively. Haematopinus suis was the only species found on wild boars in both regions.Conclusion:These results are to be taken into account for lice control schemes and louse-borne diseases.

An Investigation of the Ectoparasites of Slaughtered Cattle at Keffi Abattoir in Nassarawa State of Nigeria, Sub-Sahara Africa

Ectoparasites represent a major source of livestock productivity loss. This study assessed different types as well as the predilection sites of ectoparasites on slaughtered cattle at Keffi abattoir. The fleas and lice were collected by combing the skin of the animal, while the ticks were carefully picked using a forceps. The ectoparasites found were preserved in 10% formalin in a sample tube and identified using standard techniques. A total of 300 cattle were surveyed, of which 202(67.33%) were infested with varieties of ectoparasites while 98(32.67%) were not infested. Nonetheless, 139(68.81%) of the cattle were infested with ticks of which 95(47.03%) represents <i>Rhipicephalus</i> spp. while only 44(21.78%) represents <i>Amblyomma</i> spp., while about one-fifth, 57(28.22%) of the infestation were caused by fleas; of which 39(19.31%) were of the <i>Ctenocephalides canis</i> while 18( 8.91%) were of the <i>Ctenocephalides felis</i>. However, 6(2.97%) of the infestation were due to <i>Linognathus vituli</i> specie of louse. Majority of the infestation were at the thigh, abdomen, neck and back. Using <i>X²</i> analysis, the findings showed that there was a statistical significant difference between the prevalence of the ectoparasites by species, while no significant association was found with respect to the number of cattle infested by sex of the cattle surveyed and also by locations of survey. This study revealed a higher prevalence of ectoparasites of cattle in Keffi metropolis; infestation was found to be predominantly by two tick species: <i>Amyblyomma</i> spp. and <i>Rhipicephalus</i> spp. Thus cattle should be checked and treated regularly for ectoparasites as infestation may affect their health, productivity as well as the economic value of these animals.

Population characteristics of phthirapteran ectoparasites infesting cattle in Rampur district

Three hundred cattle were sampled for the presence of phthirapteran ectoparasites in Rampur district. Three phthirapteran species (Damalinia bovis, Linognathus vituli, Haematopinus eurysternus) were recovered from the cattle. Solenopotes capillatus and Haematopinus quadripertusus were not noticed. As many as 16.3%, (n = 300) cattle were found infested with one or other species of Phthiraptera, during 2007, in Rampur district. Single species infestation was more common than double (16.3%) and triple species (14.2%) infestation. Prevalence of Phthiraptera on two sexes remained similar (χ2 = 0.48, P = 0.05). It was higher in younger cattle than adults and aged ones (χ2 = 10.48, P = 0.05). Correlation between mean monthly intensity and mean monthly relative humidity was significant. Out of the three species recovered, the biting louse, D.bovis remained the most prevalent louse (11.3%), followed by anopluran, L.vituli (11%). The other anopluran louse, H.eurysternus was least prevalent (5.07%). Intensity of infestation (recorded by counting total number of lice noted on 20 anatomical sites measuring per square inch) remained 4.6 for D.bovis, 3.7 for L.vituli and 2.8 for H.eurysternus. In case of all the three cattle lice, sex ratios were female biased (1:1.4 to 1:1.5). Nymphal population dominated over adults (A: N = 1:1.7 to1:1.9).

Seasonal prevalence of arthropoda and helminth parasites in sheep (Ovis aries

The present investigation was carried out to determine the prevalence of arthropoda and helminth parasites in sheep at Azimpur, Dhaka during February, 2012 to January, 2013. A Total of 60 hosts were examined and about 71.67% sheep were found to be infested with arthropod parasites. In sheep two species of arthropod parasites, Linognathus vituli (61.67%) and Damalinia caprae (68.33%) were identified as ecto-parasites. The prevalence of ectoparasites was higher during summer (85%), followed by winter (75%) and rainy (55%). The higher intensity was also recorded in summer (325.17±1.92). Lambs were found more susceptible (85.71%) than adult (80.95%) and young (56%) sheep and higher in female (77.27%) than in male (68.42%). Twelve species of helminth parasites were identified, of them, 3 trematodes, 3 cestodes and 6 nematodes, highest prevalence was shown by Strongyloides sp (71.67%) and lowest by Dictyocaulus sp. (3.33%); found comparatively higher in adults (85.71%) than in young (80%) and 28% in lambs. The male sheeps were more susceptible (81.58%) to helminth infection than female (72.73%). Prevalence of helminthes was found higher in winter (95%) season. The value of co-efficient of correlation between the prevalence and intensity of infestation of ectoparasites and helminth parasites in sheep were 0.95 and 0.978 respectively. In both cases these two variables differed significantly (P&lt;0.01).Bangladesh J. Zool. 42(1): 45-55, 2014

English

A cross sectional study was carried out from October 2013 to March 2014 in and around Bishoftu town with the objectives of determining the prevalence of major external parasite species of calves, preferred predilection sites and determine the associated risk factors. The calves were selected randomly from small holder farms in and around the town. According to this study; out of 384 calves observationally examined, and identified using stereomicroscope/hand lenses, 126(32.8%) were found infested with one or more ectoparasites species. The major ectoparasites identified were lice 26.8% followed by ticks 13.5% and mites 0.5%. Overall, three genera and one subgenus of tick comprising five species and one species of lice and one species of mite were identified in the study. Among the ticks, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus (7.6%), Amblyomma variegatum (5.2%) and Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi (2.9%) were the most prevalent and the least identified tick species was Rhipicephalus pulchelus (0.5%). In this study, Linognathus vituli was the solitary species of lice identified and the prevalent (26.8%) among all ectoparasite identified. With regard to mites, Psoroptus ovis was the only mite species identified with a prevalence of 0.5%. The difference in the prevalence of ectoparasite species in male and female calves was not statistically significant (p>0.05). There was significant (p 0.05). This study demonstrates that ectoparasites are among the most important health constraints of calves in and around Bishoftu leading to important economic losses and attention should be given to control interventions, developing the knowledge of the farmers and further study on the burden of ectoparasites and their effects on calves was recommended. Key words: Bishoftu, calf, ectoparasite, prevalence, small holder farms.

Life history parameters of the cattle long‐nosed sucking louse, Linognathus vituli

Cattle sucking lice, Linognathus vituli (L.) (Phthiraptera: Linognathidae), were obtained from naturally infected cattle and maintained within 'arenas' affixed to the backs of cattle confined in controlled environment chambers maintained at a constant temperature of 15 °C. Temperatures measured within the arenas at an ambient temperature of 15 °C were constant at about 34 °C and only slightly above the temperature on nearby skin. The effect of temperature on egg development was determined using a gradient of temperatures between 25 °C and 41 °C. Eggs did not develop at temperatures of < 26 °C or > 39 °C. Survival of eggs was highest at temperatures of 30 °C and 35 °C. The earliest hatch was observed at 5 days post-oviposition (at 33-35 °C). Development was extended to as long as 13 days at the lower temperatures. Kaplan-Meier survival probabilities were compared for lice kept at two densities in the arenas and showed there to be no effect of density on louse survival. Similarly, the mean number of eggs/louse/day over an 8-day period was not influenced by louse density.

Cross-sectional study of cattle lice infestation in the region of Nabeul in north-east Tunisia.

This cross-sectional study is the first to estimate the prevalence of cattle pediculosis in Tunisia. A total of 39 cattle farms in the region of Nabeul in north-east Tunisia were visited and lice were collected by intensively brushing 789 cattle. The prevalence was estimated to be 20.5% on the farms (8/39) and 4.7% in animals (37/789). Collected parasites were examined under a stereomicroscope and three lice species were identified: Bovicola bovis, Linognathus vituli and Haematopinus eurysternus. Thirty-two animals were infested with the chewing lice B. bovis (4%), three with H. eurysternus (0.4%) and two with L. vituli (0.2%). The infestation prevalence was higher in calves under eight months of age (21.6%)than in adults (0.8%). Decision-makers in animal health should consider this parasitic disease in their control and eradication programmes.

Prevalence of ectoparasite infestations of cattle in Bench Maji zone, southwest Ethiopia

Aim: This study was conducted with the aim of determining the prevalence and type of ectoparasitic fauna and associated host-related risk factors in cattle in Bench Maji Zone, Southwestern, Ethiopia, from October 2011 to April 2012. Materials and Methods: A total of 212 cattle (84 male and 128 female) were sampled and examined. Both physical examination and laboratory investigation were employed in the study. Results: The study revealed that cattle in the study area were infested with single (24.5%) and multiple (2.8%) ectoparasites with an overall prevalence of 27.3% (58/212). Overall seven species of ectoparasites which belong to tick (16.0%), lice (10.4%) and mite (0.9%), were identified. Seven species of ticks which belong to three genera (Boophilus sp., Amblyoma sp., and Rhipicephalus sp.) were identified. Among the species of ticks Boophilus decoloratus (8.0%), Amblyoma variegatum (4.7%) and Amblyoma coherens (4.2%) were the dominant ones in a decreasing order. Among the three species of lice, the most prevalent was Linognathus vituli (4.7%) followed by Haematopinus euysternus (3.8%) and Damalina bovis (1.9%). Psoroptes bovis (0.9%) was the only mite species recorded in this study. For all ectoparasites there was no statistical deference (p>0.05) between the prevalence of any of the ectoparaisite infestation with regard to sex, age and body condition score. Conclusion: The present study revealed a high prevalence and diverse fauna of ectoparasites that could potentially hamper the productivity of cattle in the study area, hence serious attention is warranted.

Survey on blood-sucking lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) of ruminants and pigs with molecular detection of Anaplasma and Rickettsia spp

Lice may serve as biological or mechanical vectors for various infectious agents. To investigate louse infestation of ruminants and pigs, and pathogens potentially transmitted by them, anopluran lice (n=1182) were collected in Hungary, and evaluated for the presence of anaplasma, rickettsia and haemotropic mycoplasma DNA. On cattle the following species were found: Linognathus vituli (57%), Haematopinus eurysternus (38%) and Solenopotes capillatus (5%). L. vituli had a lower mean individual count/host when compared to H. eurysternus. On calves only L. vituli was observed, with a higher louse burden than on full-grown cattle. H. eurysternus and S. capillatus were more likely to occur simultaneously with another species on the same host, than L. vituli. Goats infested with Linognathus stenopsis had the overall highest prevalence (68%), while pigs harbouring Haematopinus suis showed the lowest (<1%). Anaplasma DNA was detected in 50% of pools analysed. In L. vituli Anaplasma ovis (or a closely related novel Anaplasma marginale genotype) was identified. Anaplasma-positivity of H. suis suggests that pigs may extend the reservoir and/or host spectrum of relevant species. Anaplasma-infected L. stenopsis pools show for the first time that caprine anaplasmosis is endemic in Hungary. Rickettsia spp. were demonstrated from Linognathus spp. and H. eurysternus. No haemotropic mycoplasmas were detected in any samples. In conclusion, this is the first molecularly confirmed report of bovine and ovine Anaplasma spp. in L. vituli, L. stenopsis and H. suis. The present results suggest that phthirapterosis of domestic animals deserves more attention, and lice should be evaluated among the broad range of potential vectors of arthropod-borne pathogens.

Prevalence And Intensity Of Ectoparasites Of Livestock In Lagos, Nigeria

Five areas in Lagos State, Nigeria (Ojo, Mushin, Ikorodu, Badagry and Ajeromi) were randomly sampled for ectoparasites of livestock. On 600 livestock (200 Cattle, 200 sheep and 200 goats), Ticks (Amblyloma variegatum) had 59.1% prevalence, Cattle lice (Haematopinus eurystermus) and (Linognathus vituli) both had a prevalence of 78.5% while Mites infestations with (Sarcoptei scabei) had 10.5% prevalence. Ticks had the highest geometric mean intensity of infection (660 ticks/ Lagos areas) while Mites had the lowest geometric mean intensity of infection (111 Scabs /Lagos areas). Prevalence and intensity of livestock ectoparasites was highest in Mushin and Badagry areas. Health education was carried out as a strategy to control the prevalence of ectoparasites in Lagos areas. There was compliance to the health interventions. Keywords: kEctoparasites, Lagos, Ticks, Lice, prevalence, intensity. The Zoologist Vol. 6 2008: pp. 34-38

Therapeutic and persistent efficacy of spinosad applied as a pour-on or a topical spray against natural infestations of chewing and sucking lice on cattle

Studies were conducted in Wisconsin and Illinois, USA, to assess and compare the therapeutic and persistent efficacy of spinosad when applied as either a pour-on or topical spray and compared with cyfluthrin pour-on and coumaphos topical spray for controlling natural infestations of chewing ( Bovicola bovis) and sucking ( Linognathus vituli, Solenopotes capillatus and Haematopinus eurysternus) lice on cattle. Thirty-five animals at each trial site were blocked according to pre-treatment lice counts and randomly allocated to one of five treatment groups: single treatments of spinosad (25 g/L), diluted with water to 0.04% active ingredient and applied as a whole-body topical spray; spinosad (25 g/L) applied as a neat pour-on at 2 mg/kg body weight; Co-Ral ® Emulsifiable Livestock Insecticide (5.8% coumaphos), diluted to 0.03% active ingredient and applied as a whole-body topical spray; CyLence ® Pour-on Insecticide (1% cyfluthrin), applied as a neat pour-on at the manufacturer's recommended use rate for lice; and untreated control. Both spinosad treatments and cyfluthrin provided ≥96% control of B. bovis for up to 7 weeks, whereas the efficacy of coumaphos dropped to <90% after week 5 at one site. Spinosad spray had the best therapeutic and residual control of all treatments against L. vituli, ≥98% for at least 5 weeks at both sites, compared with 3 weeks for coumaphos at one site. Spinosad and coumaphos sprays provided 100% control of S. capillatus for at least 8 weeks compared with ≥97% control for spinosad and cyfluthrin pour-on treatments over the same interval. While H. eurysternus burden was low and limited to one study site, all four treatments provided 100% control for at least 6 weeks. These studies showed that topically applied spinosad provided a high degree of therapeutic and residual control against both sucking and chewing lice.

Efficacy of eprinomectin against Linognathus vituli and Bovicola bovis on calves

Efficacy of eprinomectin against <i>Linognathus vituli</i> and <i>Bovicola bovis</i> on calves