Linkage Theory Research Articles

Linkage Theory and Autocratic Regime-Survival Strategies in a Post-Liberal Order: The Case of Authoritarian Middle Power Turkey (2013–2022)

ABSTRACT At a time of authoritarian drift in many parts of the world characterizing a post-liberal order, this paper aims to contribute emerging literature on how domestic and international factors interact in shaping the foreign policy preferences of middle powers in this new epoch. Hinging on a synthesis of linkage and regime survival theories, the article argues that as the ‘inner-directed linkage’ of the West to those authoritarian regimes weakens, those regimes’ ‘outer-directed linkage’ with emerging Asian authoritarian centres strengthens. Having been ruled for more than 20 years by authoritarian leader Erdoğan of the JDP (Justice and Development Party), Turkey is an interesting case as an authoritarian middle power with its incrementally intensifying ties with Russia and China. Drawing on the Erdoğan regime’s statements and acts departing from the liberal order, especially after the Gezi Park protests in 2013 and the failed coup attempt in 2016, the article concludes that Turkey has recalibrated its domestic and foreign policy, replacing its Europhilism with Eurasianism as a part of his regime survival strategy.

The impact of foreign ownership on corporate social responsibility

Firms around the world are paying great attention to enhancing their corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices and international stakeholders are believed to have the potential to offer significant insight and knowledge to help firms expand their CSR efforts (Tokas & Yadav, 2023). This study is among the few to identify the impact of offshore owners on the CSR activities of publicly traded companies in Vietnam. With 309 firms included in the study during the period of 2015 and 2019, using ordinary least squares (OLS) estimation and robustness tests, the empirical result indicates that greater engagement of foreign owners improves the CSR practices of publicly listed firms in Vietnam. This finding aligns entirely with existing theories on the relationship between foreign ownership (FO) and CSR, such as superior knowledge transfer theory, capital-based linkage theory, legitimacy theory, and stakeholders’ theory. Another interesting finding of this research is a significantly positive relationship between FO and CSR of nonenvironmentally sensitive firms while no significant impact is found in environmentally sensitive firms. The implication drawn from this outcome suggests that Vietnamese companies should use the robust backing provided by international stakeholders to effectively implement CSR initiatives, with the ultimate goal of achieving sustainable development.

Efficiency Improvement of Urban Spatial Economic Interaction and Regional Economic Development in the Context of Industrial Circulation

Abstract With the deepening of economic globalization, interregional connectivity is increasing, making regional economic linkages a hot topic in economics. This study draws on the principles of operations research to classify the urban spatial financial interaction structure into four primary forms: isolated scatter, line, circle, column and network. Through the social network analysis method, the economic structure of urban space is analyzed from the three dimensions of network density, network centrality and cohesive subgroups. At the same time, the distribution of the potential hierarchy of intercity economic links is explored in detail using the gravity model. The empirical Analysis of the 26 city clusters in the Yangtze River Delta reveals that the spatial correlation of the industrial circulation level among these cities is 0.331, and the mean value of the empirical distribution reaches 0.4338, which significantly indicates that the industrial circulation level is positively correlated with the regional economic development. This study provides a valuable reference for the formulation of regional development strategies and shows a unique innovation in enriching the content of economic linkage theory.

A Thematic Analysis of Enhancing Constructive Political Conflict Using Positive Imagined Interactions

This narrative inquiry aimed to investigate whether the deliberate use of positive imagined interactions (IIs) could contribute to the enhancement of cross-cutting political conflict, and also tested the seventh theorem of II conflict linkage theory. Undergraduate student participants were assigned to one of three conditions: positive II, negative II, or control in a three-phase procedure. Participants engaged in an II and then reflected on their IIs through open-ended questions before having real cross-cutting conversations on a political topic of their choice with trained confederates. Participants then completed a questionnaire assessing the constructiveness or destructiveness of their interaction. Thematic analysis revealed that 40 out of the 45 total participants engaged in positive and constructive conflict with their conversation partners. Positive IIs facilitated perspective-taking, while negative IIs allowed individuals to mentally defend their beliefs. Although the results neither confirmed nor refuted Theorem 7 of II conflict linkage theory, they did provide support for Theorem 3, which suggests that negative intrusive IIs can manifest even when individuals attempt to have positive IIs.

Independent sequences and freeness criteria

Let M be a module over a Noetherian local ring A. We study M-independent sequences of elements of the maximal ideal mA in the sense of Lech and Hanes. The main tool is a new characterization of the M-independence of a sequence in terms of the associated Koszul complex. As applications, we give a result in linkage theory, a freeness criterion for M in terms of the existence of a strongly M-independent sequence of length equal to the embedding dimension edim(A) of A, and another freeness criterion inspired from the patching method of Calegari and Geraghty for balanced modules in their 2018 paper.

ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN NIGERIA- NIGER REPUBLIC BORDER SECURITY

This is an open border where contact is predominant and does not function as barrier between the two countries. It is a unique zone of cultural similarities, language, law as well as condition of trade, work, and life. This border is the location for the most intense interactions between the two populations. The border has the highest level of cross-border movement of border residents. Security challenge across this border is attributed to a constant movement of people and goods. This paper is on the issues and challenges of security and social stability along Nigeria-Niger Republic International border. It argues that amongst the various challenges to border security and social stability along the border, corruption, insecurity, porous nature of the border and uncontrollable movement of people are responsible. The persistence of these grim issues makes the border tumbled pathway to heightened state of insecurity and social instability across the border. This is in view of the numerous activities taking place across this border posing security threat. The paper employs reactive re-active model approach as a variant of linkage theory as a tool in understanding the study. Qualitative method was employed for this study. The paper concludes and recommends the study.

Decomposing manufacturing CO2 emission changes: An improved production-theoretical decomposition analysis based on industrial linkage theory

Identifying key drivers of manufacturing CO2 emissions is critical to carbon reduction practices. For manufacturing, CO2 emissions are mainly determined by production capacity and production scale. However, traditional production-theoretical decomposition analysis (PDA) fails to consider production-scale-related drivers. To better support policy development and implementation, this paper improves PDA based on industrial linkage theory. The improved model can identify seven production-capacity-related drivers and five production-scale-related drivers, allowing a comprehensive understanding of CO2 emission drivers. Then this model is implemented to investigate CO2 emission changes in 18 manufacturing sectors in Hubei Province, China, from 2012 to 2017. Results show that manufacturing CO2 reduction efforts in Hubei Province have yielded some achievements, with reduced potential energy intensity and improved CO2 emission technical efficiency in most sectors. Changes in external market demand and final demand structure have contributed to CO2 reduction in most sectors. Results also reveal some problems in manufacturing in Hubei Province, such as the inability to improve CO2 emission technical efficiency and CO2 emission technology strength, the slow improvement of energy utilization technical efficiency and energy utilization technology strength, and the reduction of value-added rate.

Characteristics of the Former Salt Factory of Kalianget, Sumenep

The term of morphology is widely used to describe the physical form of urban areas based on the historical city. The Old City of Kalianget is a modern city that was built as the salt briquette factory area during the colonial period in 1899. This study aims to identify the characteristics of urban morphology in the old city of Kalianget. The deductive qualitative method is used from the beginning of identifying the area problems, field survey and data analysis. This study uses the urban design theory by Roger Trancik. The urban design theory identifies morphology through figure ground analysis, linkage theory, and place theory. The study shows the land was dominated by the factory area in 1947 and has been dominated by the residence and abandoned buildings nowdays. Moreover, the road structure is formed with a grid pattern with the intersections between roads and dominated by T-junction. The center of the old city of Kalianget is an open space in the middle of the area characterized by the plots building. It closes to the open spaces and the main road has the larger size than the next layer.

Al Shabaab and its Violent Extremism in Kenya

The purpose of this paper on “Al Shabaab and its Violent Extremism in Kenya” aimed at exploring the dynamics of al Shabaab in Somalia as it affected Kenya. This descriptive research adopted judgmental sampling technique and relied mostly on secondary source (books, journal articles, monographs, internet materials etc) of data collection which were sourced in Nigerian libraries, subjected to content validity before analyzing qualitatively. Results of the findings revealed that the spillover of al Shabaab’s violent extremism to Kenya was caused by porous borders as well as local forces such as historic marginalization, propaganda technique and the presence of al Hijrah sect in Kenya. Al Shabaab has impacted negatively on Kenya’s security, diplomacy, economy as well as humanitarian services. Kenya has responded through the creation of Operation Linda Nchi and Operation Usalama Watch while United States, Africa Union Mission in Somalia, United Nations and European Union also assisted in fighting the dreaded sect according to findings. The contribution of these findings to the explanation of Rosenau’s linkage theory is excellent thereby deepening the understanding of its basic assumptions. Regrettably, Al Shabaab is still a potential threat to Kenya and the entire Horn of Africa, therefore, the paper recommends inclusive dialogue, national integration and constructive engagement as panacea for al Shabaab violent extremism.

Approach to Study pH-Dependent Protein Association Using Constant-pH Molecular Dynamics: Application to the Dimerization of β-Lactoglobulin.

Protein-protein association is often mediated by electrostatic interactions and modulated by pH. However, experimental and computational studies have often overlooked the effect of association on the protonation state of the protein. In this work, we present a methodological approach based on constant-pH molecular dynamics (MD), which aims to provide a detailed description of a pH-dependent protein-protein association, and apply it to the dimerization of β-lactoglobulin (BLG). A selection of analyses is performed using the data generated by constant-pH MD simulations of monomeric and dimeric forms of bovine BLG, in the pH range 3-8. First, we estimate free energies of dimerization using a computationally inexpensive approach based on the Wyman-Tanford linkage theory, calculated in a new way through the use of thermodynamically based splines. The individual free energy contribution of each titratable site is also calculated, allowing for identification of relevant residues. Second, the correlations between the proton occupancies of pairs of sites are calculated (using the Pearson coefficient), and extensive networks of correlated sites are observed at acidic pH values, sometimes involving distant pairs. In general, strongly correlated sites are also slow proton exchangers and contribute significantly to the pH-dependency of the dimerization free energy. Third, we use ionic density as a fingerprint of protein charge distribution and observe electrostatic complementarity between the monomer faces that form the dimer interface, more markedly at the isoionic point (where maximum dimerization occurs) than at other pH values, which might contribute to guide the association. Finally, the pH-dependent dimerization modes are inspected using PCA, among other analyses, and two states are identified: a relaxed state at pH 4-8 (with the typical alignment of the crystallographic structure) and a compact state at pH 3-4 (with a tighter association and rotated alignment). This work shows that an approach based on constant-pH MD simulations can produce rich detailed pictures of pH-dependent protein associations, as illustrated for BLG dimerization.

Meeting in the Middle: TVET Programs’ Education–Employment Linkage at Different Stages of Development

Technical and vocational education and training (TVET) programs are most successful at supporting youth labor markets when they combine education and employment. Education–employment linkage theory describes this combination in terms of power-sharing between actors from the education system and their counterparts in the employment system over key processes in the curriculum value chain of curriculum design, curriculum application (program delivery), and curriculum updating. The Education–Employment Linkage Index measures linkage for every function in a TVET program where actors from the two systems interact, aggregating those into processes and phases and eventually an index score. We apply this index to the largest upper-secondary TVET programs in Benin, Chile, Costa Rica, and Nepal. We find that Benin has relatively high education–employment linkage, while the other three countries score very low. Benin’s situation is unique because its TVET program is moving from employer-led to linked, rather than the typical employer integration into an education-based program. Other countries with large informal economies, low formal education and training rates, and existing non-formal employer-led training may be able to implement similar approaches.

The conceptual model of spatial structure of tourism in cultural corridors in the core of Yogyakarta

The systemic harmony of the attraction in the cultural corridor area consisting of one or more fragments would work together forming a collective attraction. A destination in a corridor can be a visual linkage and datum linkage, both of which are parts of the cultural corridor. One approach to linkage theory is visual linkage and datum spatial linkage. The main aim of this study is to observe the existence of tourism object variation in regionalization and connectivity related to visual linkage and spatial datum. Visual linkage and spatial datum serve functional relation when measuring and analysing the spatial structure of tourism. The method used and developed in the study is of qualitative description with a conceptual model of the spatial structure of tourism using the connection of cultural tourism in the core of Yogyakarta city. There are two types of data used in this study, namely: a) primary data that is obtained through, field observation that includes observations of similar areas (precedent studies) and site locations to be used. b) Documentation, recording events using tools such as a camera that is used to capture images or videos, notebooks, and writing tools for taking notes or sketching and a smartphone. The result showed that the cultural corridor in the Malioboro area is a visual linkage of two or more fragments that are connected into a single unit visually able to unite the area at various scales. This results in connecting the area neutrally. The Malioboro area is a visual linkage, which is an area that is functionally united by connecting several areas and prioritizing one of them. The Malioboro area has several visual linkage elements such as line, corridor, side/edge, axis, and rhythm.

New Insights into the Formation Mechanism of Solid-Liquid Segregation in the Semi-Solid Processing: Macro-Micro Linkage Theory

Solid-liquid segregation is a typical problem in multiphase flow, especially in the die casting of metallic alloys. The avoidance of phase segregation in High Pressure Die Casting (HPDC), and Semi-solid Processing (SSP) for suspended flow is a benefit for improving product performance. At present, there is not a unified statement on the cause of the solid-liquid segregation defect. The formation mechanism of phase segregation is investigated by theoretical analysis from the perspective of hydrodynamic and rheology. The relationship between hydrodynamic parameters and characteristic rheological index is established. Maps of critical velocity, power-law index n, and consistency coefficient k are depicted for the semi-solid slurries. Then experiments and corresponding multiphase simulations were conducted to verify this theory. The macroscopic and microscopic linkage mechanism was proposed based on the theoretical discussion. This investigation not only provides important insights into the flow map of the semi-solid slurry, but also offers a key criterion of filling velocity for the avoiding of phase segregation for shear-thinning non-Newtonian fluids.

Case linkage in Australian serial stranger rape

PurposeCase linkage theory and practice have received growing empirical support; however, they have yet to be examined fully within Australia. For sexual assault case linkage to be successful, it is assumed that a serial rapist will behave relatively consistently across offences yet distinctively compared to other offenders. The purpose of this paper is to test the underlying principles of case linkage, behavioural consistency and distinctiveness, as well as distinguishing accuracy.Design/methodology/approachIn total, 250 solved stranger rapes by 171 offenders (46 serial rapists, 125 one-off rapists) were taken from Queensland Police Service (QPS) crime records. All possible crime pairings were created and cross-crime similarity was assessed using Jaccard’s coefficient. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis was used to examine the ability to distinguish between linked and unlinked offence pairs.FindingsSerial linked pairs had the highest Jaccard’s coefficient (0.456), followed by non-serial unlinked (0.253) and finally, serial unlinked pairs (0.247). Within the ROC analysis, an area under the curve value was found of 0.913, indicating excellent distinguishing accuracy. Both the underlying principles of behavioural consistency and distinctiveness were supported through theoretical and practical methods. This paper provides the first analysis of serial rape case linkage in Australia, adding validity to this practice.Research limitations/implicationsThe authors wish to acknowledge the support and assistance from the QPS in undertaking this research. The views expressed in this publication are not necessarily those of the QPS and any errors of omission or commission are the responsibility of the authors.Practical implicationsThis paper provides validity to the practice of case linkage using a database within Australia. The results of this paper can be used to inform investigators of serial offender behaviours. The theories of offender consistency and distinctiveness are supported, highlighting the importance of behavioural evidence for practitioners. This paper provided a practical increase of the quantity and quality of offences uploaded on the Australian violent and sexual crimes database, which will assist further linkage efforts.Originality/valueThis paper is the first in Australia to examine consistency, distinctiveness and case linkage of serial stranger rape. Thus is contributes significantly not only to an increased understanding of serial rape and case linkage in Australia but also brings Australia closer to modern research practices in this field.

Self-duality of the local cohomology of the Jacobian ring and Gherardelli’s theorem

We prove that the 0-th local cohomology of the jacobian ring of a projective hypersurface with isolated singularities has a nice interpretation it in the context of linkage theory. Roughly speaking, it represents a measure of the failure of Gherardelli’s theorem for the corresponding graded modules. This leads us to a different and characteristic free proof of its self-duality, which turns out to be an easy consequence of Grothendieck’s local duality theorem.

Linkage of Ideals in Integral Domains

In this paper, we investigate the linkage of ideals, in Noetherian and non-Noetherian settings, with the aim to establish new characterizations of classical notions of domains through linkage theory. Two main results assert that a Noetherian domain is Dedekind if and only if it has the primary linkage property; and a domain is almost Dedekind (resp., Prufer) if and only if it has the linkage (resp., finite linkage) property. Also, we prove that a finite-dimensional valuation domain is a DVR (i.e., Noetherian) if and only if it has the primary linkage property.

New Insights Into the Formation Mechanism of Solid-Liquid Segregation in the Semi-Solid Processing: Macro-Micro Linkage Theory

New Insights Into the Formation Mechanism of Solid-Liquid Segregation in the Semi-Solid Processing: Macro-Micro Linkage Theory

The Environment, Peace and Conflict in Nigeria: A Theoretical Foundation of Linkage Analysis, 1956-2000

Environment, peace and conflict are inseparable phenomena in Nigeria’s historical development. Over the years, environmental problems have taken centre stage in Nigerian history. Sometimes, it leads to peace while at other times contributes to conflict outbreak in Nigeria. However, scholars and practitioners of environmental studies have always studied environment and conflict in isolation of peace thereby neglecting how environmental factors contribute to peace building. To this extent, this paper interrogates the link between environment, peace, and conflict in Nigeria. The argument of the paper is that most conflicts that have occurred in Nigeria occurred as a result of environmental negligence. This paper adopted linkage theory as a theoretical framework of analysis. The paper concluded that environmental negligence contributes to conflict outbreak and retards peaceful coexistence.Key Words: Environment, Peace, Conflict, Nigeria, Linkage

Algebraic linkage and homological algebra

We prove that some of the main results of linkage theory can be extended to a more general context in homological algebra. Our main result states that, under suitable circumstances, if one has a morphism among two objects in an abelian category, both equipped with a good resolution, then there is a canonical procedure to build up a good resolution for the cokernel of the dual morphism.

Meeting the discipline challenge: Capacity-building youth-adult leadership

Because misbehavior in schools is often instigated by a confluence of organizational features, the purpose of this research was to understand what Youth Court reveals about the causes of in-school conflicts and to what extent its processes help to address them. This multi-site qualitative case study collected data in the form of observations, documents, semi-structured and focus group interviews in order to explore Youth Court processes and outcomes. Double-loop learning was used to describe the extent and quality of dialogue and interventions. The research questions were: Does Youth Court facilitate double-loop learning? What contributing variables influencing student misbehavior does this discourse reveal? What is the impact of this discourse on school policies and practices? Youth Court surfaces vital information about students, teachers, classrooms, and school-wide policy necessary to inform the development or adaptation of discipline policies and practices; in some cases, that information became a catalyst for changes in classroom and school-wide policies and practices. Youth Court helped to address individual instances of misbehavior with interventions that were restorative rather than punitive. And yet, the greater benefits of Youth Court, namely improvements to a school’s culture and climate, were not necessarily fully realized because Youth Court activity and other school processes and structures are not formally linked. Further research using linkage theory would help to unpack why successes in Youth Court did and did not spread to other areas of school.