Link State Routing Protocol Version Research Articles

New Approach for Advanced Energy Efficiency in MANET (AEE-M) by Improving Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2 (OLSRv2)

New Approach for Advanced Energy Efficiency in MANET (AEE-M) by Improving Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2 (OLSRv2)

Formalising the Optimised Link State Routing Protocol

Routing protocol specifications are traditionally written in plain English. Often this yields ambiguities, inaccuracies or even contradictions. Formal methods techniques, such as process algebras, avoid these problems, thus leading to more precise and verifiable descriptions of protocols. In this paper we use the timed process algebra T-AWN for modelling the Optimised Link State Routing protocol (OLSR) version 2.

MEQSA-OLSRv2: A Multicriteria-Based Hybrid Multipath Protocol for Energy-Efficient and QoS-Aware Data Routing in MANET-WSN Convergence Scenarios of IoT

Convergence of typical wireless networks [mobile ad hoc network (MANET) and wireless sensor network (WSN)] is paving the way toward brand-new cooperative platforms for Internet of Things (IoT) communications. The IoT enables the global connectivity of a wide variety of heterogeneous objects in accordance with their battery capacity, processing capabilities, and mobility to serve people in a collaborative manner automatically and intelligently. In such ubiquitous smart environments, efficient and effective data routing among IoT devices represent a real challenge due to nodes heterogeneity. Thus, this paper proposes a hybrid multipath energy and quality of service (QoS)-aware optimized link state routing protocol version 2 (MEQSA-OLSRv2), which is developed to cope with the challenges presented by limited energy resources, mobility of nodes, and traffic congestion during data transmission in the MANET-WSN convergence scenarios of IoT networks. This protocol uses a node rank according to multicriteria node rank metric (MCNR). This MCNR aggregates multiple parameters related to energy and QoS into a comprehensive metric to dramatically reduce the complexity of multiple constrained considerations and avoid the control overhead caused by separately broadcasting multiple parameters. These metrics are the node’s lifetime, residual battery energy, node’s idle time, node’s speed, and queue length. The MCNR metric is utilized by a new link quality assessment function for multiple-route computation. It is also adopted to select a multipoint relay (MPR) set of nodes by using an energy and QoS-aware MPR selection mechanism for flooding topological information. The simultaneous consideration of energy and QoS parameters can benefit the tradeoff between QoS and energy awareness. The performance of the MEQSA-OLSRv2 is evaluated through EXata-based simulations, and its effectiveness is validated by comparing it with the conventional routing protocols. The MEQSA-OLSRv2 is found to outperform existing schemes even in heavy traffic load and high-mobility scenarios. Furthermore, the MEQSA-OLSRv2 considerably enhances QoS, reduces energy consumption, and decreases the energy cost per packet.

ORACE-Net: A novel multi-hop body-to-body routing protocol for public safety networks

With the growing increase of disasters worldwide, in terms of frequencies, intensities and unpredictability, there is currently a growing need for novel ubiquitous communication systems enabling public safety networks (PSN). Disaster operations require real-time and low latency data communication, in live video and audio streaming, as well as in integration with social networks. In this context, existing network infrastructures might be either damaged or overloaded. Thus, it is expected that wireless Body-to-Body Networks (B2Bs) could play a key role in setting-up tactical PSN deployments enabling effective and reliable disaster response and management. In addition to the challenges with radio technologies and their inter-operability, coexistence and energy consumption issues, routing is also an important and critical challenge for the PSN. In this paper we propose a novel wireless B2B routing protocol, called “Optimized Routing Approach for Critical and Emergency Networks (ORACE-Net)” to enhance routing performance in disaster relief. ORACE-Net aims to exploit dynamic B2B communications between wearable networks to establish and maintain a mobile dynamic communication backbone. Analytical evaluations are conducted to analyze the communication overheads of ORACE-Net in comparison to existing routing standards, including Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector version 2 (AODVv2), Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2) and Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR). Extensive simulations are then performed under realistic assumptions and synthetic mobility models, and show that ORACE-Net outperforms conventional routing approaches in terms of packet reception rate, energy consumption and fairly performed in terms of delay compared to the other approaches.

Cross-Layer Service Discovery Mechanism for OLSRv2 Mobile Ad Hoc Networks.

Service discovery plays an important role in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). The lack of central infrastructure, limited resources and high mobility make service discovery a challenging issue for this kind of network. This article proposes a new service discovery mechanism for discovering and advertising services integrated into the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2 (OLSRv2). In previous studies, we demonstrated the validity of a similar service discovery mechanism integrated into the previous version of OLSR (OLSRv1). In order to advertise services, we have added a new type-length-value structure (TLV) to the OLSRv2 protocol, called service discovery message (SDM), according to the Generalized MANET Packet/Message Format defined in Request For Comments (RFC) 5444. Each node in the ad hoc network only advertises its own services. The advertisement frequency is a user-configurable parameter, so that it can be modified depending on the user requirements. Each node maintains two service tables, one to store information about its own services and another one to store information about the services it discovers in the network. We present simulation results, that compare our service discovery integrated into OLSRv2 with the one defined for OLSRv1 and with the integration of service discovery in Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol, in terms of service discovery ratio, service latency and network overhead.

Depth-First Forwarding for Unreliable Networks: Extensions and Applications

This paper introduces extensions and applications of depth-first forwarding (DFF)-a data forwarding mechanism for use in unreliable networks such as sensor networks and Mobile Ad hoc NETworks with limited computational power and storage, low-capacity channels, device mobility, etc. Routing protocols for these networks try to balance conflicting requirements of being reactive to topology and channel variation while also being frugal in resource requirements-but when the underlying topology changes, routing protocols require time to re converge, during which data delivery failure may occur. DFF was developed to alleviate this situation: it reacts rapidly to local data delivery failures and attempts to successfully deliver data while giving a routing protocol time to recover from such a failure. An extension of DFF, denoted as DFF++, is proposed in this paper, in order to optimize the performance of DFF by way of introducing a more efficient search ordering. This paper also studies the applicability of DFF to three major routing protocols for the Internet of Things (IoT), including the Lightweight On-demand Ad hoc Distance-vector Routing Protocol-Next Generation (LOADng), the optimized link state routing protocol version 2 (OLSRv2), and the IPv6 routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks (RPL), and presents the performance of these protocols, with and without DFF, in lossy and unreliable networks.

SECURITY ISSUES IN THE OPTIMIZED LINK STATE ROUTING PROTOCOL VERSION 2 (OLSRV2)

Mobile Ad hoc NETworks (MANETs) are leaving the confines of research laboratories, to find place in real-world deployments. Outside specialized domains (military, vehicular, etc.), city-wide communitynetworks are emerging, connecting regular Internet users with each other, and with the Internet, via MANETs. Growing to encompass more than a handful of "trusted participants", the question of preserving the MANET network connectivity, even when faced with careless or malicious participants, arises, and must be addressed. A first step towards protecting a MANET is to analyze the vulnerabilities of the routing protocol, managing the connectivity. By understanding how the algorithms of the routing protocol operate, and how these can be exploited by those with ill intent, countermeasures can be developed, readying MANETs for wider deployment and use. This paper takes an abstract look at the algorithms that constitute the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2), and identifies for each protocol element the possible vulnerabilities and attacks -- in a certain way, provides a "cookbook" for how to best attack an operational OLSRv2 network, or for how to proceed with developing protective countermeasures against these attacks.

A Hidden-Exposed Terminal Interference Aware Routing Metric for Multi-Radio and Multi-Rate Wireless Mesh Networks

In this paper, we propose a novel Hidden-terminal and Exposed-terminal Interference aware routing metric (HEI-ETT) for Multi-Radio and Multi-Rate wireless mesh networks in which each stationary mesh node is equipped with multi-radio interfaces that relays traffic to the extend networks by using multi-hop transmissions. We have two main design goals for HEI-ETT. First, we will characterize interferences as Hidden-terminal Interference and Exposed-terminal Interference regardless of inter- or intra-flow interference and should take into account both interference effects while computing the path metric. Second, an efficient transmission rate adaptation should be employed in HEI-ETT to enhance the network throughput. We incorporated our metric in well known Optimized Link State Routing protocol version 2 (OLSRv2) which is one of the two standard routing protocols for MANETs and evaluated the performance of our metric by simulation. The results show that our metric outperforms existing metrics such as ETX, ETT and WCETT.