Linguistic Specifications Research Articles

Plant disease prescription recommendation based on electronic medical records and sentence embedding retrieval

BackgroundIn the era of Agri 4.0 and the popularity of Plantwise systems, the availability of Plant Electronic Medical Records has provided opportunities to extract valuable disease information and treatment knowledge. However, developing an effective prescription recommendation method based on these records presents unique challenges, such as inadequate labeling data, lack of structural and linguistic specifications, incorporation of new prescriptions, and consideration of multiple factors in practical situations.ResultsThis study proposes a plant disease prescription recommendation method called PRSER, which is based on sentence embedding retrieval. The semantic matching model is created using a pre-trained language model and a sentence embedding method with contrast learning ideas, and the constructed prescription reference database is retrieved for optimal prescription recommendations. A multi-vegetable disease dataset and a multi-fruit disease dataset are constructed to compare three pre-trained language models, four pooling types, and two loss functions. The PRSER model achieves the best semantic matching performance by combining MacBERT, CoSENT, and CLS pooling, resulting in a Pearson coefficient of 86.34% and a Spearman coefficient of 77.67%. The prescription recommendation capability of the model is also verified. PRSER performs well in closed-set testing with Top-1/Top-3/Top-5 accuracy of 88.20%/96.07%/97.70%; and slightly worse in open-set testing with Top-1/Top-3/Top-5 accuracy of 82.04%/91.50%/94.90%. Finally, a plant disease prescription recommendation system for mobile terminals is constructed and its generalization ability with incomplete inputs is verified. When only symptom information is available without environment and plant information, our model shows slightly lower accuracy with Top-1/Top-3/Top-5 accuracy of 75.24%/88.35%/91.99% in closed-set testing and Top-1/Top-3/Top-5 accuracy of 75.08%/87.54%/89.84% in open-set testing.ConclusionsThe experiments validate the effectiveness and generalization ability of the proposed approach for recommending plant disease prescriptions. This research has significant potential to facilitate the implementation of artificial intelligence in plant disease treatment, addressing the needs of farmers and advancing scientific plant disease management.

The projects of doctrine of worldview in the light of lingua-cultural analysis

The paper proposes a diachronic study of the worldview phenomenon by the means of linguaconceptual analysis, together with genealogical method. The study consists of three issues. First, to compare the cultural and linguistic specifications of worldview problematic in German, Russian, and Anglo-American philosophical cultures. Further, to discover disciplinary intersections of those branches of knowledge, in which these doctrines of worldview are in demand. Finally, to compare the status of such doctrines in current philosophy, taking into account the prevailing epistemological attitudes in the German-, Russian- and English-language traditions. The identified similarities and differences in the ideas about the essence and tasks of the doctrine of worldview will make it possible either to assert that worldview problematic fits into the historical and philosophical perspective as a unit-idea, or to disprove it. Among the similarities identified in these philosophical cultures, it should be noted: shaping of an integrative system of views, including elements of both “scientific” and “non-scientific” philosophy; combination of the logical set of argumentations with the creative freedom of research; rethinking the principle of self-care by creating a holistic conceptual picture of the world. The latter includes not only axiological and anthropological identification strategies, but also the substantiation of the starting positions on which these pictures of the world are built. The revealed differences concern the discursive practices that substantiate these pictures of the world. Those practices are: scientific, traditional (including religious), linguistic (including communicative), and they can also intertwine each other. An analysis of modern authors’ doctrines of worldview shows the relevance of worldview issues in the perspective of the “perennial philosophy” project. At the same time, the current paper demonstrates that the modern doctrines of worldview can be conceptually considered as a way of understanding and criticism of modern culture.

Political Resistance on Social Media: An Evaluation of Figurative Language

The use of resistance against 'power' is prevalent in the politics on social media, which is practised in different forms like pictures, and comments showing anger or hate. So, this study highlights the linguistic specifications of language’s use in political resistance on social media by underlining figurative language. The study follows the theoretical base of Foucault’s studies (1977) and(1982) by pinning the concept of 'resistance'. For this purpose,Facebook’s public group named as PTI TIGERS was selected(because of the high number of group members) to take the data.Data was narrowed down to the specific content. Through the use of figurative speech, different focused aspects and intentions of political resistance show the semantic complexity of using resistance-based figurative expressions by the public.

Особенности реализации термина “authority” в публичных выступлениях Дональда Трампа: семантика, синтагматика и прагматика

The idea of power plays a crucial role in political communication. This article discusses the verbalization of the notion of power expressed through the lexeme “authority”. The aim of the study is to identify the collocation and colligation features of the implementation of this term in political discourse, as well as the features of the tactical and strategic organization of speech associated with the verbalization of the analysed notion. The experimental material was the public speeches of the 45th President of the United States, Donald Trump, in the period from 2017 till 2020. The scientific novelty of the study is due to an attempt to solve the problem of the comprehensive description of implementing the notion of power through the lexeme “authority”, which includes an analysis of collaborative, collocation features of use, as well as tactical and strategic organization of speech. As a result of the study, morphosyntactic and lexical-phraseological characteristics of using the term “authority” as a linguistic specification of the ontological concept POWER have been determined.

Da li su nam potrebna preciznija metodološka pravila za pisanje propisa?

In order for language to be fully accepted as a goal of communication, it is necessary that "participants have the same code, ie. a system of signs or symbols on the basis of which they compose messages. "Communication flows smoothly when all parties in the process know equally well the code that is used in communication. Sometimes, the code used in the preparation of messages differ from the code known to other participants on the other side of the communication process. Communication becomes fuzzy and one-way and must be brought to a state of unambiguous code used for both preparing and receiving messages. In the process of writing regulations, different language codes are used: the one known to everyone, that is, mostly known to everyone, and the other, which is composed of professional terms and terms from foreign languages. The terms from this second code must necessarily be explained by the terms from the first code, that is better known and more frequently used code, since the regulations are also written for a wider circle of people, not only for lawyers who know the second code better. Due to linguistic, but also structural and logical challenges that arise in the process of writing regulations, in 2010 the Unified Methodological Rules for Writing Regulations were adopted. This act regulated in the most precise way, the way of writing regulations so far, their internal structure, and also insisted on determining a unique writing style and terminology that will be used when writing legal acts because of the variety of addressees to which the regulations refer. In our paper, we consider the possible need for change, ie even greater linguistic specification of some provisions of this regulation, in the context of the role and significance of language in law. All our proposals stem from the well explained challenges that modern legislation has been facing lately in the process of its creation and self-application.

Morfeus+: Word parsing in Basque beyond morphological segmentation

This work describes the formalization of a word structure grammar that represents the complex morphological and morphosyntactic information embedded within the word forms of an agglutinative language (Basque), giving a comprehensive linguistic description of the main morphological phenomena, such as affixation, derivation, and composition, and also taking into account the modeling of both standard and non-standard words. We have identified the relevant issues to be addressed in the representation of such a grammar.We also present the development of Morfeus+, a tool for the analysis of unrestricted texts, testing its applicability and showing that its coverage is wide and robust, allowing the efficient processing of big volumes of data.This paper describes a mature system that has required several person/years and that tries to integrate a rigorous linguistic specification together with more practical implementation matters, such as the appropriate treatment of unknown words in unrestricted texts.

The Science of Wad‘ and “el-‘Ucâletü’r-Rahmiyye” (Study and Review)

Vaz‘ ilmi, dış dünyadaki varlık veya nesnelerin insan zihnindeki suretleri olan manalar ile bu manaları simgeler yoluyla zihin dışına aktaran lafızlar arasındaki ilişkinin ne şekilde ve hangi yollarla kurulduğunu incelemektedir. Hicrî VIII. asırda kelam, usul ve dil âlimi Ebü’l-Fazl ‘Adudüddîn el-Îcî’nin er-Risâletü’l-vaz‘iyye adlı risalesiyle bağımsız bir literatür olarak incelenmeye başlamıştır. Ebü’l-Kâsım es-Semerkandî, Abdurrahman el- Câmî, Kemâlüddîn eş-Şirvânî ‘İsamüddîn el-İsferâyînî, Seyyid Şerif el-Cürcânî, Seyyid Muhammed el-Kefevî ve Seyyid Hafız es-Sirozî gibi sonraki müelliflerin metinleriyle gelişimini sürdürmüştür. Son döneme gelindiğinde alana dair birçok eser telif edilmiştir. Bu eserler arasında Eğinli İbrahim b. Halil Efendi’nin Metnun fi’l-vaz‘ adlı risalesi, önceden beri tartışılagelen vaz‘ meselelerinin tamamını teorik ve pratik düzlemde sistemli olarak ele alma ve vaz‘ bilgisini bilimin konusu haline getirme noktasında gösterdiği çabayla dikkat çekmektedir. Makalenin konusu olan el-‘Ucâletü’r-Rahmiyye, sözü edilen eserin şerhidir. Bu çalışmada özellikle muhtevanın geliştirilmesi ve meseleler hakkında yapılan tartışmaların tespit edilmesi açısından vaz‘ ilmine büyük katkıları olduğuna inandığımız bir metnin vaz‘ literatürüyle birlikte değerlendirmesi yapılacaktır.

A Linguistic Specification of Aesthetic Judgments

Abstract This paper aims to delineate the class of aesthetic judgments linguistically. The main idea is that aesthetic judgments can be specified by a certain set of assertibility conditions—i.e., by norms that govern appropriate speech-acts. This idea is spelled out in detail and defended against various objections. The suggestion leads to an interesting account of aesthetic judgments that is theoretically fruitful: it provides the basis for a non-circular and satisfying characterization of the whole domain of aesthetic research and it marks an important linguistic difference between aesthetic judgments and judgments of personal taste.

Linguistic Meaning Versus Pragmatic Meaning

A critical gap between linguistic specifications and context-relevantinterpretation has existed ever since linguists sought to investigate meaning.As a matter of fact, English language has gained an unprecedentedmomentum over the last decades, and the ultimate aim of English languageteaching has revolved around fostering the students’ ability to communicateproficiently in English. In this realm, much emphasis was given on thedevelopment of learners’ oral skills; however, those efforts were watereddown on the progression of linguistic competence on the expense ofcommunicative competence. In an attempt to bridge this gap, this studyadopted Grice’s Cooperative Principle (1975) and embodied examples onhow participants breach and neglect maxims upon which the Cooperativeprinciple rests. For this aim, the study was carried on 100 English majorstudents enrolled in the TEFL class at the Lebanese University (fifth branch);the investigation was carried over a period of four months in spring 2015-2016. The results revealed that despite the subjects’ adequate linguisticproficiency in English, EFL learners still fall behind attaining pragmaticcompetence. The study endorses recommendations for EFL learners,teachers, and curriculum designers.

A Genizah fragment of Bavli Eruvin 54a and 63b-64b

The present article is a study of the Genizah fragment containing parts of various sugyot from tractate Eruvin in the Babylonian Talmud. The principal focus is on the peculiarities of the Aramaic sections seen in contrast with the Hebrew parts of the text. The article introduces the ancient Aramaic wording in the fragment, emphasizing the consistent use of Aramaic, the elements of Aramaic grammar, the clarity of the usage and the precision of the linguistic specification. Proceeding along the same lines, the article also considers the relatively rare use of terminology in connection with the name of one of the Tannaim, as well as the use of Hebrew and a particular problem arising in connection with the fragment’s content – an issue which also arises in other versions of the same text.

ESSAYED LITERARY REVIEW: PHENOMONOLOGICAL AND DISCURSIVE SPECIFICATIONS

Problem of contemporary literary critic is on it looks like essayistic. The Critique attempts to not only to give complex analyses but also to present his own vertical context for Reader. Contemporary literary reviews are a lot of essayed parts. This article is revealed the phenomenological and discursive specifications of literary reviews, it is applied the question of its typology. Collision of creative paradigms in the structure of review allows it to define to informational, analytic and artistic-journalistic genres of journalistic both. Essayistic of literary review points out to the systematic thought of exegete of esthetic object (literary work), that gives a possibility to speak about this type of the text as an element of essayed-journalistic discourse. Literary specifications of review defines its quality in aspect of transtextual communication, in which literary and art works are the referents of depicting in the text, taken from the context of definitely culture-historical paradigm. Linguistic specifications of review are concluded in reflection of its genrestylistic nature and in a relationship precedent phenomenon which characterized Linguistic Personalities of Author and Reader in a given discourse. Philological synthesis of approaches is possible in the case of analyses of essayed review in aspects of discursive and narratology. As a result of research the author made a conclusion that contemporary literary critic has its own discursive specifications. Besides that cogniotypicality of literary critic makes explore linguistic specifications of personalities of Author and Reader as a whole set of relevant cognitive structures.

Time modelling in digital humanities. Challenges posed by the development of a database of medieval charters

Abstract Information management systems aimed at fully exploiting imperfect temporal data require advanced data modelling and data querying facilities. In this paper, we study how novel computational intelligence techniques can help to develop such facilities. More specifically, we describe how possibility theory can be used to model and handle the uncertainty that is inherent to vague, linguistic time specifications in a mathematically sound way. These mathematical time representations can then be stored in a database and advanced query evaluation techniques, for adequately coping with the represented uncertainty, can be used. Medieval charters are a typical example of documents on which related temporal information is often imperfect. To show the applicability of our technology, we illustrate how the development of the Diplomata Belgica database, a database describing medieval charters, can benefit from this novel technology. The added-value of the technology for future research in the humanities, in our case medieval history, is demonstrated by means of several illustrative query examples.

PAROLE/SIMPLE ‘lemon’ ontology and lexicons

The PAROLE/SIMPLE 'lemon’ Ontology and Lexicon are the OWL/RDF version of the PAROLE/SIMPLE lexicons (defined during the PAROLE (LE2-4017) and SIMPLE (LE4-8346) IV FP EU projects) once mapped onto lemon model and LexInfo ontology. Original PAROLE/SIMPLE lexicons contain morphological, syntactic and semantic information, organized according to a common model and to common linguistic specifications for 12 European languages. The data set we describe includes the PAROLE/SIMPLE model mapped to lemon and LexInfo ontology and the Spanish & Catalan lexicons. All data are published in the Data Hub and are distributed under CC Attribution 3.0 Unported license. The Spanish lexicon contains 199466 triples and 7572 lexical entries fully annotated with syntactic and semantic information. The Catalan lexicon contains 343714 triples and 20545 lexical entries annotated with syntactic information half of which are also annotated with semantic information. In this paper we describe the resulting data, the mapping process and the benefits obtained. We demonstrate that the Linked Open Data principles prove essential for datasets such as original PAROLE/SIMPLE lexicons where harmonization and interoperability were crucial. The resulting data is lighter and better suited for exploitation. In addition, it facilitates further extensions and linking to external resources such as WordNet, lemonUby, DBpedia etc.

Good Practice of Secondary Data Analysis (GPS): guidelines and recommendations

In 2005, the Working Group for the Survey and Utilisation of Secondary Data (AGENS) of the German Society for Social Medicine and Prevention (DGSMP) and the German Society for Epidemiology (DGEpi) first published "Good Practice in Secondary Data Analysis (GPS)" formulating a standard for conducting secondary data analyses. GPS is intended as a guide for planning and conducting analyses and can provide a basis for contracts between data owners. The domain of these guidelines does not only include data routinely gathered by statutory health insurance funds and further statutory social insurance funds, but all forms of secondary data. The 11 guidelines range from ethical principles and study planning through quality assurance measures and data preparation to data privacy, contractual conditions and responsible communication of analytical results. They are complemented by explanations and practical assistance in the form of recommendations. GPS targets all persons directing their attention to secondary data, their analysis and interpretation from a scientific point of view and by employing scientific methods. This includes data owners. Furthermore, GPS is suitable to assess scientific publications regarding their quality by authors, referees and readers. In 2008, the first version of GPS was evaluated and revised by members of AGENS and the Epidemiological Methods Working Group of DGEpi, DGSMP and GMDS including other epidemiological experts and had then been accredited as implementation regulations of Good Epidemiological Practice (GEP). Since 2012, this third version of GPS is on hand and available for downloading from the DGEpi website at no charge. Especially linguistic specifications have been integrated into the current revision; its internal consistency was increased. With regards to contents, further recommendations concerning the guideline on data privacy have been added. On the basis of future developments in science and data privacy, further revisions will follow.

A Probabilistic and Decision Attitude Aggregation Operator for Intuitionistic Fuzzy Environment

In this paper, a new operator for aggregation of uncertain information under intuitionistic fuzzy environment is proposed. A novel approach is proposed for the selection of best alternative action in the face of the imprecise probabilities and the complex attitudinal character of the decision makers (DMs). This approach is distinguished with its capacity to accommodate the linguistic specification of probabilities as provided by human experts directly without the need to determine the fuzzy membership grades. The focus is to compute the net payoff for each alternative in the face of uncertain states of nature and DM’s attitude. The proposed operator and the approach are illustrated through two real case studies. C � 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

A Fuzzy Decision Support Model for Natural Disaster Response under Informational Uncertainty

Coordination deficiencies have been identified after the March 2011 earthquakes in Japan in terms of scheduling and allocation of resources, with time pressure, resource shortages, and especially informational uncertainty being main challenges. The authors address this issue of operational emergency response in natural disaster management (NDM) by suggesting a decision support model and a Monte Carlo heuristic which account for these challenges by drawing on fuzzy set theory and fuzzy optimization. Deriving requirements for addressing NDM situations from both practice and literature, they propose a decision model that accounts for the following phenomena: (a) incidents and rescue units are spatially distributed, (b) rescue units possess specific capabilities, (c) processing is non-preemptive, and (d) informational uncertainty occurs due to vague and linguistic specifications of data. The authors computationally evaluate their heuristic and benchmark the results with current best practice solutions. The authors’ results indicate that applying the new heuristic can substantially reduce overall harm.

Semantic Layers for Illustrative Volume Rendering

Direct volume rendering techniques map volumetric attributes (e.g., density, gradient magnitude, etc.) to visual styles. Commonly this mapping is specified by a transfer function. The specification of transfer functions is a complex task and requires expert knowledge about the underlying rendering technique. In the case of multiple volumetric attributes and multiple visual styles the specification of the multi-dimensional transfer function becomes more challenging and non-intuitive. We present a novel methodology for the specification of a mapping from several volumetric attributes to multiple illustrative visual styles. We introduce semantic layers that allow a domain expert to specify the mapping in the natural language of the domain. A semantic layer defines the mapping of volumetric attributes to one visual style. Volumetric attributes and visual styles are represented as fuzzy sets. The mapping is specified by rules that are evaluated with fuzzy logic arithmetics. The user specifies the fuzzy sets and the rules without special knowledge about the underlying rendering technique. Semantic layers allow for a linguistic specification of the mapping from attributes to visual styles replacing the traditional transfer function specification.

Using fuzzy methods to model nearest neighbor rules

The basic principle used in the construction of nearest-neighbor models is discussed. The induced ordered weighted averaging (IOWA) operators are shown to provide a useful formal structure for building nearest-neighbor models. A methodology for learning IOWA operator nearest-neighbor models is described. Various types of nearest-neighbor rules are investigated, including those based on a linguistic specification. The situation in which the value of interest lies in an ordinal set is also considered. It is shown that the weighted median provides a useful tool for constructing nearest-neighbor rules in this case.

The syntax of single words: Evidence from a patient with a selective function word reading deficit

We describe the reading performance of a patient who has selective deficits for reading nonwords, function words, and morphologically complex words in isolation. His reading of highly abstract nouns and verbs, however, is relatively well preserved. He can recognise and comprehend the meaning of written function words, of derivational morphology, and of most inflectional morphology. We suggest that his deficit in reading grammatical morphemes is unrelated to his problems in reading nonwords and cannot be explained by their low semanticity and imageability. The patient's speech is ungrammatical but is not devoid of grammatical morphemes and his reading of functional elements improves when these are presented within the context of sentences. We argue that syntactic information relevant to individual lexical items including information about how the word may potentially be used within a phrase must be accessed during single word reading tasks (e.g., Levelt, 1989). This is particularly difficult for function words due to their linguistic specification, which is different from that of lexical categories (Chomsky, 1995). Both linguistic theory and Garrett's (e.g., 1982) model of sentence processing account for the patient's improved reading of function words in the context of sentences.

Section III

In this paper we wish to describe a joint British/Dutch project that was funded by the European Community under the TIDE programme. The main objective of the project Signbase has been to build a sign language database, which can be used to store linguistic information about a particular sign language. This repository then can be used to generate different types of signed language applications. The project commenced in March 1994 and ended in December 1996. The consortium consisted of people from three different places: the Deaf Studies Research Unit in Durham, UK (DSRU), the Dutch Foundation for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing Child (NSDSK) in Amsterdam and Bright Side of Life computer consultancy (BSL) in Maarssen. In this paper we discuss the linguistic specifications of Signbase, and then we describe the prototype of two end-user applications (CD-ROM British/English Dictionary and the Educational CD-ROM Nature and Environment) and a commercial application which has been developed during the Signbase project with additional funding (CD-ROM SLN/ Dutch Dictionary for parents and teachers deaf children).