Linguistic Politeness Strategies Research Articles

EUPHEMISM AS POLITENESS STRATEGY: INVESTIGATING LANGUAGE USE AMONG CHILDREN OF INDONESIAN MIGRANT WORKERS IN MALAYSIA

This study explores euphemism in the language use of Indonesian migrant workers' children in Malaysia. Focusing on intercultural communication within Indonesian schools, it employs a qualitative case study approach with observational data collection. Results reveal diverse euphemistic forms (1) one-word substitutions, (2) circumlocution, (3) borrowing, (4) abbreviation, (5) hyperbole, and (6) figurative expression in Bugisness, Indonesian, English, and Malaysian. These euphemisms serve as linguistic politeness strategies for indirect speech acts in communication.

Significance of Linguistic Politeness Strategies Employed in Teacher-Student Question-and-Answer Sessions in Schools within Magadi Township, Kenya

Linguistic politeness is an aspect that has been used in classroom interaction, although little knowledge is available on politeness expressions during question-and-answer sessions. Therefore, in this paper, the researcher investigates linguistic politeness during question-and-answer sessions to add knowledge to the existing literature on linguistic politeness during question-and-answer sessions. This study aimed to find out the strategies of politeness used by teachers during question and answer sessions in the classroom and the respective payoffs. The target population consists of six primary and secondary school teachers in a classroom engaging learners through oral questions. The study employs a descriptive design and techniques such as questionnaires, interviews and participant observation to collect authentic data. The data are analysed by coding and categorizing the politeness strategies used by the teacher. Data are explained using the principles of Brown and Levinson's Politeness Theory (1987). The findings indicate that teachers used positive politeness, negative politeness and bald-on-record strategies to facilitate the learning process during question-and-answer interactions in the classroom. Further data indicate that the choice of a politeness strategy was influenced by the rank, power and social status of the teacher.

A Contrastive Study of Politeness Strategies Between Arumpone and Batara Wajo Based on Dialogue Discourse in the Lontara Latoa and Sukku'na Wajo Manuscripts

This paper aims to demonstrate the differences in the values of linguistic politeness strategies in the Bugis language inherited by King Bone, Arumpone (abbreviated as AP), and King Wajo, Batara Wajo (abbreviated as BW), respectively through the Latoa Lontara manuscript (Bone) and the Sukku'na Wajo Lontara manuscript. This is very interesting because theoretically (Brown & Levinson, 1978), the dialogue in the two Lontara manuscripts was asymmetrical or hierarchical (the dialogue between the king and the subordinates), so superiors may use the cukuk speech to subordinates. However, this study found that BW used the cukuk speech, while AP did not. The difference in the choice of politeness strategy was that AP chose the type of distance politeness or self-politeness, while BW chose camaraderie politeness. As for subordinates, they should use congaa speech to their superiors in asymmetrical speech situations. However, the facts show that the subordinates of both kings never use the congaa speech to their respective superiors. In this case, Kajaolallido (abbreviated as KL), the AP's subordinate used the sanraa speech as used by AP to him, and even used the cukuk speech to AP when was asked to give moral advice. Meanwhile, BW's subordinates always used the cukuk language to BW. The most important finding here is that the power of the moral advice variable became the determining variable in choosing the politeness strategy and shifts the power of the social status variable.

THE MECHANISM OF STUDYING PRAGMATIC COMPETENCE

Aim. To analyze linguistic politeness strategies of artificial bilinguals in the implementation of the speech act of refusal.Methodology. In the course of the study, a linguistic experiment was carried out on the basis of written discursive test methodology.Results. The experiment has revealed that artificial bilinguals use a great variety of politeness strategies in their discourse. These strategies are reflected in the head act and the supportive speech acts of refusal.Research implications. The submitted methodology allows to analyze the strategies of linguistic politeness which is a part of pragmatic competence. The latter one should be obtained by artificial bilinguals who are learning a foreign language. The results of the experiment can be used in courses on Theory of Intercultural Communication and Pragmalinguistics.

LINGUISTIC POLITENESS STRATEGIES IN CORPORATE DISCOURSE (by the example of corporate codes of conduct of companies)

This article attempts to study linguistic politeness strategies in corporate discourses with means of linguopragmatic analysis of Codes of Conducts, available on the Internet open sources. Codes of Conduct are meant to evoke in the addressee (company employees, business partners, customers, government agencies, or society as a whole) a positive impression, while formulating corporate behavior norms obligatory for the employees and partners to comply with. Being a set of directive and commission speech acts, on the one hand, and on the other hand, being a document that forms the image of the company, Codes of Conduct represent an interesting material for the analysis of the ways to reduce face-threatening acts. The methodological basis of the undertaken research are the communication theory, corporate discourse and the sociolinguistic postulates of Brown and Levinson’s Theory of Politeness. Politeness, as an essential condition for any kind of communication, is a social and cultural phenomenon, as it signifies linguistic features associated with norms of social behavior. Respectful attitude towards each other correlates in business communication with superior-subordinate relationship. Social norms or behavioral rules adopted in corporate discourse determine the speaker’s choice of politeness strategies and linguistic features. The article analyzes linguistic politeness strategies, aimed to reduce communicative pressure within the directive speech act, as well as interaction of these strategies and their linguistic execution. The most often-used politeness strategies to be find in Codes of Conduct are use of in-group identity markers and stating a directive speech act as a general rule or a practice already established in a company.

Teachers’ Use of Compliments as Linguistic Politeness Strategies during Classroom Interaction: The Case of Selected Secondary Schools in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

This article appraises teachers’ use of compliments as linguistic politeness strategies (PSs) in a non-native English-speaking community. It is guided by Brown and Levinson’s (1987) Politeness Theory and Austin’s (1962) Speech Act Theory. The paper uses materials recorded in 32 lessons by 16 teachers of different subjects which took place in selected secondary schools in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Purposive sampling was used to obtain the participants. Data was collected through classroom observation and interview. Results show that the teachers used a variety of compliments as linguistic PSs, including compliments, compliments with gratitude, and compliments with congratulatory notes. By so doing, they positively influenced various aspects of the classroom interaction, for example raising students’ feeling of being admired by their teachers, promoting students’ confidence, encouraging active participation in lessons, and promoting students’ relaxation. This study traced the use of compliments as linguistic PSs using cross-sectional data; future studies may examine longitudinal data to unearth a number of key issues with regard to compliment use. Keywords: Compliments, face-saving strategies, politeness theory, linguistic politeness strategies, face-saving strategies, speech acts

‘Next steps are…’: An exploration of coaching and feedback language in EPA assessment comments

Purpose Entrustable Professional Activities (EPA) assessments are intended to facilitate meaningful, low-stakes coaching and feedback, partly through the provision of written comments. We sought to explore EPA assessment comments provided to internal medicine (IM) residents for evidence of feedback and coaching language as well as politeness. Methods We collected all written comments from EPA assessments of communication from a first-year IM resident cohort at the University of Toronto. Sensitized by politeness theory, we analyzed data using principles of constructivist grounded theory. Results Nearly all EPA assessments (94%) contained written feedback based on focused clinical encounters. The majority of comments demonstrated coaching language, including phrases like ‘don’t forget to,’ and ‘next steps are,’ followed by specific suggestions for improvement. A variety of words, including ‘autonomy’ and ‘independence’ denoted entrustment decisions. Linguistic politeness strategies such as hedging were pervasive, seemingly to minimize harm to the supervisor-trainee relationship. Conclusion Evidence of written coaching feedback suggests that EPA assessment comments are being used as intended as a means of formative feedback to promote learning. Yet, the frequent use of polite language suggests that EPAs may be higher-stakes than expected, highlighting a need for changes to the assessment culture and improved feedback literacy.

STRATEGY OF FRENCH POLITENESS IN THE FILM "COMME UN CHEF": PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS

This study aims to determine the linguistic politeness strategies and linguistic characteristics that include formal and informal greetings and language functions in Daniel Cohan's film "Comme un Chef". This study uses a qualitative descriptive research method with a pragmatic approach. The source of the data for this study is speech that adheres to linguistic politeness. This data collection uses the method of listening by systematically observing and recording. The theory used was Brown and Levinson's language politeness theory including four strategies, namely the bald-on record strategy, positive politeness strategy, negative politeness strategy, off-record politeness strategy and silent strategy. The results showed that positive politeness strategies were more dominantly used than other politeness strategies, namely frank politeness strategies, negative politeness strategies, vague politeness strategies, and silent politeness strategies. Positive politeness strategies are realized by giving or asking for reasons and giving gifts (sympathy or appreciation). Negative politeness strategies are realized by minimizing the burden of requests and giving respect. Politeness strategies are vaguely realized by using gestures. Furthermore, linguistic features related to politeness, namely non-formal greetings are more dominantly used when communicating. Then, the language functions that are more often found in each politeness strategy are conative, emotive and referential.

A Pragmastylistic Analysis of Positive Politeness Strategies in Orhan Pamuk’s The Museum of Innocence

The research is concerned with positive politeness strategies used by Kemal, as the main character, in Orhan Pamuk’s The Museum of Innocence through pragma-stylistic perspective. The aims of this research are looking for the kinds of positive politeness strategies used by Kemal and describing how those linguistic politeness strategies realized in his utterances. The research data are utterances produced by Kemal taken from the novel. This research applied linking qualitative and quantitative research in order to be productive for descriptive, exploratory, inductive and opening-up purposes. Besides, it also applied content analysis method to reach a greater comprehension of what occur and how to explain the recent situation in the novel. The findings revealed that Kemal applied fifteen kinds of positive politeness strategies when he conversed with other main character. Positive politeness strategies realized by noticing of hearer’s condition, exaggerating, intensifying interest to hearer, using identity markers, seeking agreement, avoiding disagreement, presupposing common ground, making a joke, putting pressure on hearer to cooperate with speaker, showing his offer/ promise, being optimistic, including hearer in his activities, giving or asking for reasons, assuming reciprocity, and giving gifts to hearer. His utterances are also realized in the form of reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction, repetition, synonym, and antonym. Key words : Positive politeness strategies, pragma-stylistics, Orhan Pamuk, The Museum of Innocence DOI: 10.7176/RHSS/12-16-08 Publication date: August 31 st 2022

Requests and Linguistic Politeness Strategies: A Case Study of Igbo English Speakers in Nigeria

This article examined the Igbo native speakers’ perception of request act as well as the linguistic politeness strategies used to achieve this communicative intention in their conversational English as bilinguals. The study participants were 2748 undergraduate Igbo native speakers purposively selected from different Federal and State Universities in the core Igbo-speaking states of South-east/South-south Nigeria. To elicit data, a 10-item discourse completion task (DCT) with guided options written in English and designed to evoke politeness strategies in request discourse projecting hypothetical situations was administered to the participants. The results showed that the study samples brought to fore their sociocultural expectations as Igbo by adopting principally the directness strategy in performing the request act. Also, findings revealed that the participants paid attention to certain sociolinguistic variables such as hierarchy, extent of familiarity, which contributed to the variance, observed in their choice of strategies in some contexts. Furthermore, the study noted a measure of linguistic transfer of a tinge of the native language to the target language (English language) as participants tried to fulfill the communicative goals of the request act in the target language. Notably, the findings demonstrated the possibility of communication breakdowns arising from grammatically correct but pragmatically inappropriate utterances from learners hence the need to further emphasize pragmalinguistic and sociopragmatic consciousness - the dearth of which has been implicated in the study.

How does experience teaching in Japanese EFL classrooms inform English native-speaker educators classroom practices? The negotiation of face in university classrooms

Abstract Language teachers experience a range of challenges unique to the cultural and social contexts in which they work. To negotiate these challenges and facilitate language acquisition, teachers draw on linguistic and sociocultural knowledge of the L1 and L2. United by a desire to develop and/or maintain positive aspects of face, students and their teachers employ culturally, socially and individually informed communicative strategies and behaviour to demonstrate individual worth and maintain classroom appropriateness. In this study, we analyzed the insights and practices of experienced and less experienced English native-speaker teachers (ENSTs) working with Japanese university students to identify challenges encountered within the classroom. The experienced language teachers (ExTs) identified a diverse array of challenges including student mental health, teacher fatigue and assessment transparency. In contrast, the less experienced teachers (LExTs) agreed that key challenges were student silence, use of the L1, and students sharing information. Focusing on the themes identified by the LExTs, we observed student/teacher interaction during learning activities and isolated the linguistic practices and behaviours employed by both groups of teachers. Through examining classroom exchanges we hope to arrive at a deeper understanding of the linguistic politeness strategies employed by ENSTs and potential implications for the negotiation of face.

STRATEGI KESANTUNAN DALAM DEBAT CAWAPRES PERIODE 2014 s.d. 2019 DI TV ONE BERDASARKAN PENDEKATAN BROWN DAN LEVINSON

This research is motivated by the fact that the use of languageis polite to the people who have an important role for Indonesia it is very important due to the smoothness and harmony and to establish intimacy between the narrator and the opponent. The formulation of the problem in this research is "How politeness between Hatta Rajasa and Jusuf Kalla on TV One in the candidate Vice President debate period2014-2019 based on the approach of Brown and Levinson? ". The aim or the purpose is to describe the linguistic politeness Hatta Rajasa and Vice President Jusuf Kalla in the debate vice president debate on TV One based approach Brown and Levinson. This study used a qualitative approach. The data in this study were obtained from the candidate Vice President debate sentences containing linguistic politeness strategies according to Brown and Levinson. Source of data in this study, candidate vice president debate. Data collection techniques in this research that usesrefer methods, tapping techniques, and use advanced techniques is (SBLC). Based on the findings and the discussion has been described in chapter IV, it can be concluded that politeness strategies according to Brown and Levinson include (1) Bald-on Strategy (Without Strategy), (2) Positive Politeness Strategy (familiarity), ( 3) Negative Politeness Strategy (Formalities), and (4) Off-record Politeness Strategy (Strategy of indirect or fuzzy.

Japanese Americans and generational tension: a case of the ethnic press the Utah Nippoo during World War II

Abstract The present study examines the relationship between language and generation among Japanese Americans during World War II by focusing on an example of the rarely studied ethnic press called the Utah Nippoo (“Utah Daily News”). In the difficult period of the war between the United States and Japan, Japanese Americans in Utah were generally successful in dealing with the gap between the first generation’s Japanese nationalism and the second generation’s American citizenship. The Utah Nippoo honored both a pro-Japan stance and a pro-American stance by allowing editorial freedom for each language section, yet maintaining cohesion and keeping the generations together. Data explicated in this study, which focuses on institutional talk, suggests that the linguistic gap between the Japanese-dominant first generation and the English-dominant second generation does not necessarily lead to generational tension if appropriate measures such as the use of linguistic politeness strategies are considered. This study will contribute to our understanding of the relationship between a relatively understudied language such as Japanese and acculturation among immigrants in the United States, with our focus on linguistic politeness.

Apology and Linguistic Politeness Strategies in English among Igbo Native Speakers in Nigeria: an Inter-language Study

The study sought to explore the conversational English politeness strategies used by Igbo learners of English in Nigeria. Through a purposive sampling process, a total of 3000 copies of questionnaire in the form of Discourse Completion Task (DCT) consisting of 10 different apology discourse situations positing extent of familiarity, hierarchy and degree of infraction were distributed to undergraduates of Igbo extraction at seven universities systematically selected from the South-East and South-South zones in Nigeria. In all, 2748 copies of questionnaire representing 92 percent were duly completed, returned, coded and analysed using the quantitative tool for analysis of production data. Findings demonstrated that the samples used politeness strategies very significantly in apology discourse. Also, the study revealed that apologies are conversational habits of Igbo bilinguals as the offenders willingly made an apology regardless of social differences and context which were also reflected in their choice of strategies as there was obvious transfer of the nuances of the first/native language/mother tongue to their target language production. The study established that apology realisation in an interlanguage context i.e. Igbo speaking learners of English necessarily bears the burden of native language transfer into target language. In conclusion, this study showed that because of the Igbo understanding that in human interactions, there are possibilities of instances of affront or outrage Igbo bilinguals adopted mainly the positive and negative forms of politeness strategies in apology discourse as the case may be to accomplish a conversational demand. The study found evidence to further dispute the universality of politeness and argued that politeness is culture-specific.

Politeness Strategies used in Lwisukha in Local Public Administrative Meetings

The use of politeness strategies among Abiisukha is propelled by the cultural need to maintain close ties and relationship. When the relationship is not maintained, there will definitely be a communication breakdown (Billow & Krauss 1988). This occurs when one interactant feels offended and the partner does not mend the offense using a polite strategy. Generally, rules of interaction are like grammatical rules as they allow social members to perform their acts according to various mutual expectations and to understand each other by making a sense of features like apologizing, requesting or complimenting. Being sensitive to these acts in the course of interaction satisfies the feelings of the offended partner (Chomsky, 1990). In this paper, we present a pragmatic analysis of politeness strategies used by Abiisukha in local public administrative meetings. Firstly, we introduce the politeness strategies used by Lwisukha speakers in local public administrative meetings. Secondly, we explain how gender influences the use of linguistic politeness strategies in local public administrative meetings. And lastly, we show how setting influences the use of linguistic politeness strategies. The findings of this paper will be helpful to the stake holders and policy makers as it will enable them appreciate the need of politeness strategies for the coexistence of not only Lwisukha speech community but the country at large considering that Kenya as a country has so many tribes with different languages. The politeness strategies identified in Lwisukha can be incorporated in the other Kenyan languages.

A study into politeness strategies and politeness markers in Jordanian print advertisements as persuasive tools

AbstractThis study seeks to investigate the socio-pragmatic and persuasive functions of politeness in Jordanian print advertisements. Specifically, the study is concerned with the linguistic politeness strategies the Jordanian ads deploy in order to persuade the potential Jordanian customers of their products. Brown and Levinson’s (1987) seminal work as well as Watts’ (2003) and Spencer-Oatey’s (2005) research on politeness provide the framework for this study. My study is based on examining linguistic politeness as linked to social relationships (Christie 2005), in that “‘ways of putting things’ ... are part of the very stuff that social relationships are made of” (Brown and Levinson 1987: 55). It is believed that the success of the ads hinges on their politeness and persuasion strategies that appeal to the socio-economic and cultural specificities of Jordanian society. To this end, 200 Jordanian ads were collected from

Linguistic politeness in lawyers’ petitions under the Confucian ideal of no litigation

In order to investigate the linguistic consequences of the humble social position of Chinese lawyers shaped under the Confucian notion of no litigation, this article examines how lawyers strategically perform requests for legal actions by magistrates. The article draws on Penman’s (1990) grid of linguistic politeness strategies in court and Holmes et al.’s (2012) model of social constraints on linguistic politeness, two extensions of politeness in the Brown and Levinson (1978) tradition. I conceptualise group-face related positive and negative politeness and output strategies derived from Chinese Neo-Confucianism so as to accommodate linguistic politeness practices within the legal ‘community of practice’ (Mills 2009: 1057; Wenger 1998). A comparative discourse analysis of lawyers’ petitions captures the similarities and differences in their deployment of linguistic politeness in the past and the present when making requests threatens their face/security.

TINDAK TUTUR DIREKTIF DALAM NOVEL PUKAT KARYA TERE-LIYE

This article was written based on (a) to describe the type of directive speech acts, (b) the strategy told the directive speech act, (c) the context of the use of directive speech acts, and (d) the effect of the use of linguistic politeness strategies recalled toin the novelPukat created by Tere-Liye.The data of this study is the speech acts of the figures contained in the novel Pukat created by Tere-Liye.The data source of this research is the novelPukat created by Tere-Liye.Data collected by reading and noting directive speech acts contained therein. Data were analyzed with the following steps: (1) identify the data and classifies data based on type, recalled strategy, context, and tells of the effects of linguistic politeness strategies in the directive speech act, (2) connecting the data with the data of the other, (3 ) conducted a study of data inference.The findings of this study are as follows. First, there are 5 types of directive speech acts, that is telling, asking, advising, challenging, and suggest. Second, there are 3 strategies recalled, that tells directly without further ado, instantly recalled with niceties positive politeness, recalled instantly with niceties negative politeness. Third, the strategy of direct recalled without further ado tends to be used in the context of the directive speech act hearer smaller, intimate, and speech do both. Fourth, the use of recalled strategy directly without further ado hearer in the context of smaller, intimate, and the speech made ​​two decent effect.

Linguistic Politeness in Student-Team Emails: Its Impact on Trust Between Leaders and Members

Research Problem: Claims have been made about the impact of applying Linguistic Politeness Theory to workplace contexts. Linguistic politeness theory argues that speakers or senders of messages make language choices to soften potential face-threatening acts. These claims have not been empirically examined in regards to trust between leaders and members. Research Questions: (1) What effect does a leader's use of linguistic politeness have on perceptions of trust? (2) Do indirect and direct requests differ in building trust? (3) Is there an optimal combination of level of directness and type of linguistic politeness strategy in building trust? Literature Review: Previous literature has shown that people in positions of power utilize linguistic politeness when interacting with subordinates. Further, studies have shown an association between managerial communication style and relational variables, including trust. No study, however, has empirically examined a leader's use of linguistic politeness on subordinate's perceptions of trust toward the leader. Methodology: The current study uses a quantitative approach. An experiment was designed to test the effect of politeness on trust. One-hundred fifteen undergraduates were selected for the experiment. Results and Discussion: Quantitative analysis, which included a two-way ANOVA, revealed that participants trusted leaders who used linguistic politeness strategies in their emails, as opposed to those who failed to include mitigating strategies. Furthermore, downgraders, moves that mitigate the force of face-threatening act without adding semantic content, were effective at building trust when paired with direct speech acts. Similarly, supportive moves, moves that mitigate face-threatening acts but do add semantic content, were effective at building trust when paired with indirect speech acts. The results have theoretical implications that include the contextual importance of linguistic politeness strategies. Further, practical implications include the way student leaders might phrase email requests to team members. However, because the sample included students, the results must be carefully interpreted, particularly when extrapolating to professional populations. Future studies can apply a similar methodology to a population of professionals, allowing for a comparison of datasets.

"You're a Guaranteed Winner": Composing "You" in a Consumer Culture

This article explores the functional elegance of direct mail as it constructs its target audience. More specifically, it examines direct mailings included in a nationally publicized court case involving Publishers' Clearing House and articulates how the use of particulargenre-based, rhetorical and linguistic strategies in these mailings construct reader identity. It argues that the documents use you-attitude toconstruct the identity of the reader as winner, implied reader devicesto reinforce the reader's identity as winner and to establish thereader's identity as the writer's friend, and linguistic politeness strategies to build feelings of solidarity of the reader toward the writer. Itconcludes with the observation that the direct mail in our study, ratherthan being "junk," is really a skillfully written set of documents, successfully interweaving various discourse strategies and raising bothethical and professional issues in the process.