Linguistic Dictionaries Research Articles

Adjectives ‘otdalyonnyy’ [distant], ‘priblizitelnyy’ [approximate], and ‘neulovimyy’ [elusive] as Means of Expressing Semantics of Implicit Similarity

This article is dedicated to linguistic means that denote implicit similarity between one object and another. The author aims to identify common patterns in constructing contexts that describe situations of implicit similarity. The study focuses on the specific usage of the adjectives ‘otdalyonnyy’ [distant], ‘priblizitelnyy’ [approximate], and ‘neulovimyy’ [elusive], along with their derived adverbs, as tools for expressing implicit similarity. The research employs definitional, componential, distributional, and contextual analysis methods, utilizing data from linguistic dictionaries and the Russian National Corpus. The analysis of corpus data reveals that situations of implicit similarity can be characterized by four criteria: “semantic class,” “basis for comparison,” “degree of similarity,” and “presence of explanations.” It is demonstrated that the contextual synonyms ‘otdalyonnyy (-o)’ [distant (-ly)], ‘priblizitelnyy (-o)’ [approximate (-ly)], and ‘neulovimyy (-o)’ [elusive (-ly)] exhibit several distinctions in their functioning across various criteria: frequency of use, collocational compatibility, semantic class of the compared objects, basis for comparison, and degree of expressed implicit similarity. In most cases, implicit similarity between objects is not thoroughly motivated but is presented as a ready result of perception, comparison, and interpretation carried out by the speaker.

أبرز المشكلات الشائعة في مكونات القراءة لدى الطلبة ذوي صعوبات التعلم

The current study aimed to identify the most common problems in the reading components among students with learning disabilities from the perspective of Arabic language course's teachers in government primary schools that contain learning disabilities programs in the education departments in Makkah Al-Mukarramah region, and to study the differences in knowledge levels according to the study variables. The final study sample consisted of (224) male and female teachers. To achieve the objectives of the current study, a descriptive survey approach was used, where a questionnaire was prepared as a tool for collecting data. The questionnaire consisted of (36) statements distributed over five dimensions. The results of the current study showed that the most common problems in the reading components among students with learning disabilities came at a level of (medium) agreement in general, with a general arithmetic mean of (3.155), while at the level of the sub-dimensions of the questionnaire, they all came at a level of (medium) agreement. The results also showed statistically significant differences in the total score averages of the questionnaire according to the gender variable in favor of male teachers, the number of years of experience variable in favor of male teachers who have experience from (1-5 years), and the workplace variable in favor of the education departments in the governorates of Makkah Al-Mukarramah and Taif, while the results showed no statistically significant differences in the total score averages of the scale according to the academic qualification variable. Based on the results reached, the researcher recommended several research recommendations and proposals, the most important of which is that the curriculum should include methods that motivate students to return to linguistic dictionaries and glossaries to search for the meanings of new vocabulary, and conduct additional studies aimed at discovering more scientific facts about the phenomenon of reading problems.

Folk orthology in the digital environment

In the digital era, folk orthologs (language normalizers who are not professional in the quality of speech, the choice of criteria, and the codified norm) have received unlimited access to the electronic publication of their opinions, which has come to the attention of scientists. The relevance of the proposed topic is determined by the need to popularize traditional cultural values, in particular, knowledge of the Russian language. The purpose of the study is to find out the motives of folk orthologs and the norm criteria used in their rulemaking, degree of objectivity, the correspondence of their opinions to scientific ideas and the level of literacy in their statements. The research material was based on judgments about the language of non-professional linguists available at online forums (public dialogues) about the Russian language. The method of content analysis was used, including the search and selection of judgments of folk orthologs, as well as the analysis of linguistic material from the perspective of compliance with norms in linguistic dictionaries. The results of the study showed both the lack of knowledge of folk orthologs about the Russian language and their demand for this knowledge. The motives for their activities were identified - interest in the language and its protection, self-realization, leisure time, and also the main areas of activity of folk orthologs - rulemaking, and the search for norms in spelling, vocabulary and grammar. This knowledge made it possible to propose recommendations for a possible dialogue between scientists and folk orthologs.

Речевой жанр криминальной угрозы в интернет-коммуникации

The author attempts to explore the threat as a speech genre of verbal aggression. It is argued that the threat is most often found in the texts of modern online-communication, the characteristics of which are close to a synthetic oral-written form of communication and the colloquial genre. It is emphasized that in modern studies the threat is researched from a legal and linguistic point of view. The author proves the idea that there are two main types of threat statements – a threat-warning, including a causal action, and a threatpunishment. A specific sub-genre of threat is a blackmail, which includes manipulation by means of information compromising the addressee. Semantically, the threat can be explicit, clearly expressed, and implicit, whose interpretation requires an appeal to the logics of the statement. Implicit threat in online-communication is the most difficult type to research, since its interpretation involves analyzing the logic of constructing a statement by identifying linguistic techniques presented in the text – the use of euphemisms, idioms, semantic convolution, metaphors, sarcasm, precedent case reference and non-verbal components of communication (images, emoji. Implicit threat is studied using data from various explanatory linguistic dictionaries and fragments of texts submitted for forensic linguistic examination. It is reported that the genre of a criminal threat should be distinguished from other genres such as promises, orders, warnings, verbally expressed suicidal intentions, malevolence, a threat in a broad sense, and calls to a violent action.

Лексикографическое портретирование лексемы «абсурд»

The aim of the research is to provide a lexicographic representation of the word ‘абсурд’ (absurd), compiled on the basis of data from various linguistic dictionaries. To compile a lexicographic portrait of this word in accordance with the theory of Yu. D. Apresyan, it was necessary to consider it from various sides: etymological, word-formation, grammatical, syntactic, stylistic, phraseological, pragmatic. This became the subject of the research and determined the structure of the work. The paper clarifies the lexical meaning of this word and gives its complex characteristics in various aspects. The scientific novelty lies in a comprehensive linguistic description of the lexical unit under study, which allows us to identify the history of its appearance in the language in the middle of the 19th century, trace its development up to the present day, show its collocability and speech functioning. As a result of the research, it was revealed that the lexical meaning of the lexeme ‘абсурд’ has practically not changed since its appearance in the Russian language, however, it has received quite significant clarifications, which is manifested in its collocability and systemic connections.

Cultural Contents in Alsihah Dictionary by Aljawhari

Aljohari is one of the outstanding scholars of the Arabic language, and his dictionary, Alsahah, is one of the oldest, best, and most prestigious linguistic dictionaries. The research aims to clarify the cultural contents of this dictionary, and I have used the inductive method to achieve this goal. The cultural contents in this study are represented by three aspects: belief, devotion, and morality, and the moral aspects are the broadest and most covered in the dictionary. It is noted that there are some mistakes in the doctrinal aspects of Aljawhari in his determination of the meanings of some of the Unity of Allah's Names and Attributes, and he did not mention all the linguistic meanings of the monotheism of divinity. One of the most important recommendations is to study the topic: Doctrine issues in the Sahih dictionary of the essential critical study, and topic: Cultural contents in the dictionary of the tongue of the Arabs is a critical study.

الاحتجاج بالقرآن الكريم في علوم اللغة العربية

In the Name of Allah, the Most Merciful, the Most Compassionate. With His help, we seek assistance, and in Him, we put our trust. He is the Most Merciful of all. May peace and blessings be upon our Prophet Muhammad, sent as a mercy to all worlds, and upon his family, companions, and spouse, with abundant salutations until the Day of Judgment. Every matter has a guiding principle, and similarly, every language has sources it relies upon and draws from. Undoubtedly, the most important sources of the Arabic language are the Quran, the Prophetic Hadiths, and the poetry and sayings of the Arabs. The use of the Quran as evidence holds significant importance, serving as a source from which all branches of Arabic studies have drawn, whether it be linguistic dictionaries, books of interpretation (Tafsir), grammar, rhetoric, literature, or other areas within the various sciences of Arabic. This is because the Quran is considered the primary source in all these fields. Linguists have used the Quran from two perspectives: As a source to validate the accuracy of a linguistic term, grammatical structure, or a specific dialect of the Arabic language. It is a crucial reference for determining the correctness of meanings related to the sciences of Arabic. Its benefit is vast, whether at the level of individual Quranic words or syntactic structures, even down to phonological aspects, where Quranic words act as guiding lights for the interpretation and clarification of many language terms. It helps in determining the meanings of numerous Arabic terms, as the Quran is rich in linguistic expressions. In the interpretation of the Quran itself, the primary approach to understanding the meaning of Quranic terms is through the interpretation of the Quran by the Quran.This study includes several key topics, such as the meaning and significance of using evidence, its sources, the importance of citing the Quran, Quranic readings, and how linguists have benefited from citing the Quran and its readings. It also discusses the difference between Quranic readings and the Quran as a whole, especially in terms of their use as evidence in the sciences of Arabic. With this, we ask for Allah's guidance. Our Lord, accept this from us Indeed, you are the Hearing, the Knowing. (Surah Al-Baqarah, 2:127).

Эксплицитная и имплицитная семантика термина «жанр» в юрислингвистическом дискурсе

The paper addresses the issue related to the functioning of terminological elements in the metalanguage of legal linguistics. The study aims to identify the semantic features of the term “genre” functioning in legal-linguistic discourse. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that the term “genre” has become the subject of research taking into consideration its functioning in a new scientific discourse, i.e., legal-linguistic discourse, for the first time. The term “genre” is quite often encountered in theoretical texts, as well as in research materials, i.e., in texts of a practical nature. The meanings embedded in the term “genre” are examined and analyzed, specifically those from explanatory and specialized linguistic dictionaries. The results of the study show that a new semantic charge has been discovered in legal-linguistic discourse, which is not recorded in any of the existing definitions to date, namely, the meaning of the method of analyzing linguistic material, providing the opportunity for interpreting not only explicit but also implicit semantic charge of the data presented for analysis.

An Arabic Lexical Platform: The Meta-linguistic Model

The dictionary is an essential foundation of language, as it preserves the fundamental structure of the language. However, the Arabic library in general, and the Arab world in particular, have suffered from a clear deficiency in the field of lexicography. Lexicographic studies have taken two approaches: the first focuses on revising the works of previous scholars, while the second examines the principles of modern lexicography and their availability in traditional Arabic dictionaries.
 The advent of technology has exacerbated the problem, as it has facilitated the development and accessibility of many technological applications with non-Arabic languages, especially those written from left to right. This has led to the availability of linguistic dictionaries that enrich these languages. Meanwhile, the Arabic language and its lexicographers have lagged behind the goals achieved by their predecessors through their dictionaries. This has created a temporal gap that hinders the progress and adaptation of the Arabic language to advancements and technology, with the language being accused of difficulty and technological deviance.

Impact Of Arabic Language Academies And Their Foundations On Community Service/ أثر مجامع اللغة العربية ومؤسساتها في خدمة المجتمع

This research is a descriptive approach that studies the impact of linguistic academies and institutions concerned with the Arabic language on both the local and the Arab communities. The boundaries of the study are the linguistic academies in Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Algeria, Syria, and other linguistic institutions; it aims to monitor the goals of the academies and institutions and to show their relationship with society, in addition, to highlight the areas of cooperation between them, to present the areas in which community can be served, and to identify the core obstacles facing these academies and institutions in their linguistic mission. Therefore, the research answers an important question: Is there an impact of Arabic linguistic academies and institutions on the local and Arab community? The sample of study adopted by the research was all the Arab academies, the most prominent of which are the Iraqi, Syrian, Jordanian, Egyptian, Saudi, and Algerian Arabic language academies, by tracking their websites and printed books and collecting the topics they published, and have a direct relationship with the local and Arab community. The most important goals of these academies are to preserve the integrity of the Arabic language, to take care of new terms and Arabize them, to establish linguistic issues, to monitor the reality of the Arabic language, and to make linguistic dictionaries. One of the aspects of the relationship between the academies and the community is through carrying out linguistic projects, communicating with it, and holding courses and competitions for it. The research clarified the most significant obstacles that affect this relationship, the most important of which are low financial resources, the rarity of linguistic experts, and media weakness. The research concludes with the need to break the elite control of linguistic academies and institutions and to expand the integration of human potentials that serve the Arabic language so that there are multiple windows of influence and the need to involve segments of society in linguistic thinking, its problems, ways to solve it and to pay attention to computational, psychological, social, political linguistics, by offering courses, programs, and diplomas that assist national plans for human development.

Platʼe tsveta moloko (A milk-coloured dress): on one stable grammatical variation type

The article considers reasons and conditions for the spread of a new syntactic colour designation pattern, i. e. an attributive phrase with a colour identifier and a noun in the nominative case (X tsveta moloko / milk-coloured X, X tsveta baklazhan / aubergine-coloured X). The new model (X tsveta moloka / milk-coloured X, X tsveta baklazhana / aubergine-coloured X), which is inconsistent with Russian grammar, coexists in modern speech with the normative pattern. The study aims to determine the route of dynamic changes in this language area subject to variation. Using contexts extracted from the Russian National Corpus (the main and newspaper sub-corpora), the research identifies all grammatical variants of compound colour names and their qualitative and quantitative correlation. As a result, the body of colour terms having no codified variant is established. At the next stage, the research employed the "Media Archive" service (since 1996) of the electronic media bank "Integrum" as a source. Based on its materials and using a hypothetically specified search, the study has specified the composition of grammatically varying composite colour terms, as well as the composition of colouronyms that have no variants (tsveta diplomat / diplomat-coloured, tsveta kardinal / cardinal-coloured, and so on). The reasons for actualising the new analytical colour designation pattern include the novelty factor (tsveta cosmos / space-coloured, tsveta "beeline" / "beeline"-coloured) which is supported in writing by quotation marks and/or in the case of borrowings by writing in the original script. Other factors are the influence of a similar analytical pattern with an unchangeable adjective (tsveta electric / electric blue), regular use of a nomenclatural name (in advertising texts, in merchandise catalogues, and the like), and the tendency towards analyticity. The results of the research can be used in the practice of teaching Russian at school when studying the styles of the Russian literary language and their differences. In addition, they are relevant to lexicography when compiling specialised linguistic dictionaries, especially those that codify new colour terms in the Russian language.

The Reason for Omission of the First Letter of Verb (mitāl alwaw ī)

Objectives: This study aims to examine the opinions of Arab grammarians from the Basra and Kufa linguistic schools regarding the phenomenon of the omission of the first letter of verb (mitāl alwawī) in some patterns, and not deleting it in other patterns, and to interpret this variation by tracing such types of verbs in lingustiv dictionaries.
 Methods: The study employed an inductive approach in tracing the present tense verb with the ‘waw’ root consonant in linguistic dictionaries. In addation, a descriptive-analytical methodology was utilized to describe the forms of the mitāl verb, analyze them, and provide interpretations based on contemporary phonological principles.
 Results:. The deletion of the ‘waw’ from the present tense verb form (يَفْعِلُ) is caused by the heavy phonological sequencing, characterized by the juxtaposition of semi-vowel (y) with the short vowel (ɑ) in the first syllable, alongside the semi-vowel (w) in the first segment and the short vowel (i) in the second segment.
 Conclusions: The study concludes that grammarians' explanations for this issue are different, and that the rationale for the deletion of the ‘waw’ in certain patterns of the present tense (mitāl alwawī) verb is predominantly a phonological defect, stemming from the sonorous weight resulting from phonological sequences within the verb's segments.

The Patterns of Influence: LIWC Analysis of Leading News Portals' Impact and Communication Accommodation Theory on Twitter

A quantitative analysis was conducted on the tweets of 20 leading Serbian mass media outlets and their followers during the three months from January 1 to March 30, 2021. The analysis, that encompassed more than 1 million tweets, was conducted using (a) Twitter API, (b) the Serbian version of LIWC linguistic dictionary, and (c) additional statistical analyses. Analyses revealed that words related to affective processes (negative emotions), social processes (family and friends), perceptual processes (feel and hear), and personal concerns (work and religion) expressed in tweets of mass media were predictors of the same words in not necessarily related tweets of their followers. The research has shown that spread of psychological and linguistic patterns by media and social networking sites is not limited to negative emotions solely. This research highlights the significance of recommender systems, as they help to determine the content that social media users encounter on a personal level. The findings also indicate how we can address emerging and pressing issues that affect individuals' well-being and democratic capacity, such as echo chambers and polarization. The obtained findings are in line with the communication accommodation theory, emotional contagion theory and negativity bias. Limitations of the present research, future directions, and implications are discussed.

When ESG talks: ESG tone of 10-K reports and its significance to stock markets

Since the ESG topic consistently gains on importance in the investment universe, companies provide investors with information regarding recent and future ESG activities through different reporting channels. The most recent research finds relevance of ESG-related corporate activities for formation of investors' opinion regarding companies' valuations and growth prospects. Based on a sample of more than seventeen thousand unique 10-K reports of US companies filed with SEC in period 2013 to 2019 and the word-power methodology proposed by Jegadeesh and Wu (2013), this study also shows evidence for significant relation of ESG textual tone of 10-K reports to stock market returns of filing companies around the report filing dates. Using the ESG linguistic dictionary recently proposed by Baier, Berninger, and Kiesel (2020), this study shows evidence for significant relation of social and governance-related topics disclosure to stock returns, while environmental narratives being ignored by the markets. When looking at individual words from the ESG lexicon, such words as “community”, “health”, “control” imply positive reaction of markets, while “discrimination”, “embezzlement”, and “crime” are related to negative returns. The robustness analysis based on the inverse document frequency word weightings and actual ESG performance scores confirms the significance of ESG information disclosure of 10-K reports for investors. Thus, this study sheds light on the mechanics of ESG information perception and its influence on capital markets.

ЗА РЕЧНИКА НА КЛЮЧОВИТЕ ДУМИ НА СЛАВЯНСКОТО ЕЗИКОЗНАНИЕ

The paper presents the main theoretical principles adopted in the work on a preliminary model of a multilingual keyword dictionary of Slavic linguistics and the results of the previous studies of the Bulgarian-Polish team. The authors go on to discuss the workflow of the compilation of the envisaged dictionary along with some of its parameters such as its scope, purpose, and prospective users. In addition, they present a model scheme of the structure of a dictionary entry, which contains a definition, relations to other concepts from the relevant subject field, as well as synonyms and equivalents of the target keyword.

ТЕМАТИКАТА НА КНИЖКА 2 ЗА 2023 Г. НА СПИ¬САНИЕ „БЪЛГАРСКИ ЕЗИК“

Issue 2/2023 of Balgarski ezik features diverse thematic content. Two of the articles deal with different aspects of phraseology – the non-semantic motivation of phraseological units in Bulgarian and stable comparisons in Bulgarian and Russian. Two other papers address innovative approaches to teaching Bulgarian language and literature through the adoption of novel methods in teaching syntax and the use of a newly created teaching aid – a digital dialect dictionary for children – in school-level education. One of the articles describes the design and compilation of a Key-word Dictionary of Slavic Linguistics.

The Impact of European Columns on Traditional Iraqi Architecture - Selected Samples

The column is considered as one of the important architectural elements in most of the archaeological and heritage buildings. The column is one of the ceiling levers and is used to raise ceilings of all kinds whether they are flat ceilings, domes, or gables and almost every building has it. It has been used since ancient times in buildings built by man as an architectural element in most cases and was used as a decorative element sometimes to decorate the facades of buildings and inside rooms and halls. The research referred back to the Holy Qur’an and some of its verses in which the column was mentioned and its interpretations were mentioned and the use of linguistic dictionaries and Arabic historical and archaeological sources that dealt with this term (column) in Iraqi and Greek architecture to give a clear picture of the origin and development of this element and its importance in Iraqi architecture throughout historical ages and the impact This element in the heritage architecture in Iraq.

Al-Barr Verse 177 from Surat Al-Baqara - An Analytical Study -


 
 
 
 Among the generous verses in which there is abundant goodness and guidance is a great verse of righteousness (177) from Surat Al-Baqara, as it contains a clear statement, complete guidance to the believer and his duties and obedience until he reaches the connection of righteousness in which victory and prosperity, as the verse began with a remembrance of faith in Allah and the Day ; Because they are the basis of all righteousness, and the principle of all that is good, and is not already full of faith to righteousness unless the master of self dominated them with an evidence, and accompanied by submission and acquiescence, and a factor with all the things that hypothesized and guided by Allah the Almighty - of the duties and virtues of that upgrade the believer to the degree of goodness and acceptance .
 I have studied and analyzed this blessed verse within the steps of analytical interpretation, relying in its study on the various books of interpretation, and important linguistic dictionaries to reach the most important aspects of the verse concerning in the guidance, meanings, and values and written a research entitled (verse 177 of Surat Al-Baqarah - analytical study).
 
 
 
 
 Our final prayer is: Praise be to Allah, Lord of the worlds, and may blessings and peace be upon the faithful Prophet and his family and companions.

Some Pictorial Expressions of Samin al-Halabi, May God Have Mercy on Him, Part One

Al-Sameen Al-Halabi (may God have mercy on him) is considered one of the scholars who were interested in language, grammar, morphology, and interpretation. His book ``Umdat al-Hafiz to the Interpretation of Ashraf Words,'' a linguistic dictionary of the words of the Noble Qur'an, is the only evidence of his interest in grammar, language, and interpretation. The author arranged the words mentioned in the Qur'an according to the letters of the lexicon based on the origins of the word without its appendices. Then he mentions in each of its articles a linguistic analysis accompanied by a verse from the Qur'an, then with hadith, poetry, and sometimes with one of the proverbs. He was often found citing the sayings of the imams and the language to support the (linguistic) idea that he is discussing. He made strange hadiths in it as well and mentioned linguistic evidence, which is close to two thousand, with some grammatical and rhetorical benefits. Book with scientific indexes.
 Keywords: interpretation, the Qur'an, Al-Samin Al-Halabi, figurative expressions, the mayor of Al-Hafiz

Compendiums of knowledge associated with linguistic terminology and linguists: history, classification features, and genre polyfunctionality

The author explores the historical development of Ukrainian linguistic terminology within the framework of national terminography, lexicography, encyclopediography. The article reviews and analyses the academic references encomprassing 1) nationally specific and borrowed terms as well as concepts in traditional and emerging linguistics branches (e.g., the Dictionary of Linguistic Terms by Ye. Krotevych and N. Rodzevytch; Dictionary of Linguistic Terms by D. Hanych and I. Oliinyk; Dictionary of Modern Linguistics: Concepts and Terms; Modern Linguistic Dictionary by A. Zahnitko; Ukrainian. Concise Dictionary of Linguistic Terms by S. Yermolenko, S. Bybyk, and O. Todor; Modern Linguistics: Terminological Encyclopedia by O. Selivanova; The Ukrainian Language. Encyclopaedia; etc.), and 2) personalities of Ukrainian linguists (e.g., Ukrainian Grammar in Names by A. Zahnitko, M. Balko; Nizhyn Linguistics by N. Boiko, S. Zinchenko, A. Kaidash; etc.). The author systemizes and classifies encyclopedic works based on different criteria in the classical way (according to nature of information: domain, subject-specific, biographical, personal works; according to target audience: professional linguistics, student philologists, applicants, pupils; according regional focus of linguistic conceptions: the Nizhyn region, the Poltava region; according to article structure: alphabetical, alphabetical-and-clustered), as well as in the new way (syncretism of linguistic and encyclopedic genres: subject-specific linguistic-and-encyclopedic-and-biographic works, domain regional-and-biographic ones, subject-specific regional-and-biographic ones). The universal and specific principles of forming the definitional part of both linguistic-encyclopedic and encyclopedic articles include interpretation by an author, macro- and mini-discursive cross-references, hyperlinks, scholarly inter-texts, novelty, debatable issues personal and bibliographic remarks, and global linguistic experience.