Linguistic Composition Research Articles

Human intelligence can safeguard against artificial intelligence: individual differences in the discernment of human from AI texts

Artificial intelligence (AI) models can produce output that closely mimics human-generated content. We examined individual differences in the human ability to differentiate human- from AI-generated texts, exploring relationships with fluid intelligence, executive functioning, empathy, and digital habits. Overall, participants exhibited better than chance text discrimination, with substantial variation across individuals. Fluid intelligence strongly predicted differences in the ability to distinguish human from AI, but executive functioning and empathy did not. Meanwhile, heavier smartphone and social media use predicted misattribution of AI content (mistaking it for human). Determinations about the origin of encountered content also affected sharing preferences, with those who were better able to distinguish human from AI indicating a lower likelihood of sharing AI content online. Word-level differences in linguistic composition of the texts did not meaningfully influence participants’ judgements. These findings inform our understanding of how individual difference factors may shape the course of human interactions with AI-generated information.

Madrid’s linguistic landscape: languages and cultural allusions in the Vista Alegre neighbourhood

ABSTRACT The linguistic landscape of Vista Alegre, a multicultural migrant neighbourhood in Madrid, was analysed to explore the interplay between language use, public spaces, and societal dynamics. By examining 137 non-official signs geolocated in linguistic cartography, the study aimed to identify the languages employed and the strategies of certain communities to make themselves visible. Spanish emerged as the predominant language, followed by English, while Chinese, Romanian, Arabic, and Italian collectively accounted for less than 10% of the sample, indicating a broad linguistic diversity not directly correlated with the resident population's linguistic composition. Regarding strategies, nearly half of the signs displayed semiotic strategies such as personal and family names, geographic references, and flags. Notably, nationalities such as Chinese and Romanian do not leverage the linguistic landscape for identity expression, in contrast to Honduran, Colombian, Ecuadorian, and Venezuelan communities, which use it to render themselves visible. The term ‘Latino’ is prominently presented to foster a collective identity among various nationalities. This linguistic landscape analysis underscores that in the ethnolinguistic vitality of Vista Alegre, national visibility is made apparent through the choice of language along with cultural and geographical references that will help negotiate identities.

Replicating “Language Matters”: Taking Baselines into Account

Abstract This study evaluates the visibility of French-speaking scholars in Canadian political science by analyzing the reading materials assigned in Canadian politics courses. Extending Daoust et al.'s (2022) research, we establish a baseline for their calculations and build an original dataset gathered from all political science departments’ websites and Google Scholar. Our analysis based on three assumptions about the expected academic representation of francophones—Canada's linguistic composition, the makeup of political science departments and faculty members’ productivity—reveals a discrepancy favouring anglophone scholars by up to four percentage points. Our findings extend Daoust et al.'s (2022) contribution by highlighting a similar language-based bias in overall citation practices among Canadian scholars, with French-speaking authors being significantly under-cited compared to their English-speaking counterparts despite demonstrating higher levels of overall productivity. Implications for the future of the discipline are also discussed.

“Did you watch the Disney parade?” pedagogical translanguaging for evoking students’ perezhivanie to integrate representations in linguistically diverse science classroom

Learning content subjects like science requires culturally and linguistically diverse students to learn abstract representations. Previous studies focused on how content teachers can use translanguaging to promote emotional engagement of students with homogenous cultural and linguistic composition. As students in culturally and linguistically diverse classrooms brought different emotive experiences to classrooms, it was important for teachers to leverage semiotic resources to evoke shared memory that reconcile backgrounds of different students. This bridged the gap between students’ lived experiences and learning of abstract content representations. In the current case study involving a seventh-­grade mixed medium of instruction (MMI) science classroom, we examined how a science teacher capitalised on culturally and linguistically diverse students’ shared emotive experiences to translate across different representational levels in science. Drawing on the socio-­cultural concept of perezhivanie, our findings showed that the science teacher leveraged the class’s collective experience of watching the Disney parade and linked it to water molecules moving around dissociated salts in blackboard drawings. We argue for the importance of reconciling lived experiences among students with diverse cultural and linguistic background, in order to facilitate their equitable access to content subjects.

The Methodology of Saudi Critical Authorship

Methodology is among the most crucial tools for both general linguistic composition and critical analysis. Every classification system requires a methodology to determine how its categories are selected and its contents are organized. Methodology refers to the specific approach appropriate for each science or topic within that science. It consists of a set of general rules designed to uncover the truth in a field of study. Essentially, it is the approach that a researcher uses to explore a problem, discover the truth, or achieve the desired objective.

Learning while Walking the Streets of Rayong: Combining Linguistic Landscape and Language Awareness through Action Research with Children

This paper presents the outcomes of an action research study that implemented a linguistic landscape (LL) unit as an English language learning activity at the secondary school level in Rayong, Thailand. The theoretical framework employed in this study draws upon Lefebvre’s (1991) conceptualization of space, adapted for pedagogical purposes as explained by Malinowski (2015). The study places particular emphasis on cultivating students' awareness of the LL in their neighborhood throughout a six-week instructional session. The instructional activities were designed to investigate the potential of LL in enhancing English language acquisition and promoting cultural sensitivity. Data collection involved the utilization of questionnaires and on-site observations. Two main conclusions may be drawn from the action research project's findings. First of all, the students showed signs of a greater sense of familiarity with their neighborhood, which suggests that they are more aware of the LL around them and that they understand LL to be a useful instrument for language learning. Secondly, the students identified a discrepancy between the LL of Rayong and the city’s vibrant economic activity as well as its diverse ethnic and linguistic composition, suggesting that the existing LL does not adequately reflect these dynamic facets of the city.

Специфика перевода рекламных слоганов в Рунете

Marketing of goods and services includes active advertising activities, which are implemented primarily in the web space. One of his pragmatically effective tools is an advertising slogan, a formulaic means of marketing communication, which is studied in the paradigm of modern linguistics in various aspects. This article is devoted to solving a translatological problem, i.e. identifying the translation specifics of advertising slogans in the web space. The material of this study is the texts of advertising slogans in English, functioning in the Internet space, and their translation into Russian. During the analysis, advertising slogans involved in the global advertising discourse in the period from 1993 to 2023 were used. The authors use methods of pragmalinguistic analysis, as well as techniques of interpretative analysis with elements of content and intent analysis. The peculiarities of the linguistic composition of the original slogans in English are revealed, due to the correlation of the slogan with a group of goods. The main translation solutions in the translation of slogans are transcription, adaptation, and lexical transformation. The pragmatic effect of the texts of the original slogans and their translations in the focus of marketing communication is determined and described. The logic of translation decisions and the factors influencing the preservation of slogans in the original language in the target linguaculture are established.

Optimizing Sentiment Analysis Models for Customer Support: Methodology and Case Study in the Portuguese Retail Sector

Sentiment analysis is a cornerstone of natural language processing. However, it presents formidable challenges due to the intricacies of lexical diversity, complex linguistic structures, and the subtleties of context dependence. This study introduces a bespoke and integrated approach to analyzing customer sentiment, with a particular emphasis on a case study in the Portuguese retail market. Capitalizing on the strengths of SentiLex-PT, a sentiment lexicon curated for the Portuguese language, and an array of sophisticated machine learning algorithms, this research constructs advanced models that encapsulate both lexical features and the subtleties of linguistic composition. A meticulous comparative analysis singles out multinomial logistic regression as the pre-eminent model for its applicability and accuracy within our case study. The findings of this analysis highlight the pivotal role that sentiment data play in strategic decision-making processes such as reputation management, strategic planning, and forecasting market trends within the retail sector. To the extent of our knowledge, this work is pioneering in its provision of a holistic sentiment analysis framework tailored to the Portuguese retail context, marking an advancement for both the academic field and industry application.

Using picturebooks to support student teachers to address complex social justice issues in early childhood education settings

ABSTRACT Aotearoa New Zealand society is diverse in its ethnic, cultural and linguistic composition. Teachers in all education settings in this country are required to develop learning focused-cultures that are collaborative, respectful and inclusive for all children/students and their families. In this article, we report on a case study describing how picturebooks were utilised in a compulsory graduate course entitled ‘Diversity, Inclusion and Wellbeing’ for preservice early childhood education (ECE) student teachers. Thirteen picturebooks selected to match weekly topics were shared with students in face-to-face and online classes. Weekly reflections by the tertiary lecturer/teacher educator relating to the picturebooks, associated readings and subsequent discussions by students were analysed to explore student teacher responses to the picturebooks. The findings are discussed in relation to exploring the power of picturebooks as pedagogical tools in a tertiary environment and as advocacy and activism provocations for student teachers and teachers to use with children/students and their families.

Özbekçenin Gelişimindeki Sosyogenetik Faktörlerin Değerlendirilmesi

The emergence of modern Uzbek language is closely related to the migration movements of Turk communities towards today's Uzbekistan geography. Turks who reached this geography encountered settled city people of the Transoxiana cultural axis with a relatively high intellectual level. This situation resulted in the Turks, who have a nomadic tradition, being greatly influenced by the culture and language of the settled people. However, the political and social power of the Turks prevented this influence from reaching the level of assimilation. Especially after the Timurid Era, the influence of the Turks on the local folk culture gradually increased. In this article, the interaction between Turks and Indo-European settlers, it was interpreted with the hermenetic technique, taking into account historical, sociological, ethnographic and folklore data. In order to confirm the information interpreted with this technique, phylogenetic studies, which provide more objective data than other methods, were used, and the reasons for the common phonemicization and grammatical unification between Uzbek and Tajik were emphasized. In addition, as a result of these grammatical events, the distinguishing features of Uzbek from other Turk languages are discussed together with their historical reasons. Thus, it is aimed to determine in general terms the effects of the linguistic composition of today's Uzbekistan geography on Uzbek language.

Application of Interview Protocol Refinement Framework in Systematically Developing and Refining a Semi-structured Interview Protocol

A semi-structured interview is a data collection method used in qualitative inquiry. It involves the use of preconstructed questions to elicit information about a topic under investigation. A well-prepared interview protocol is an important tool for collecting quality data. Hence, preparing interview protocols and refining them to ensure precision and relevance is an important step to warrant the credibility and quality of data. This article discusses the steps taken to refine an interview protocol developed to conduct an analysis of the English language speaking skills needs of front office operators in the Maldives tourism industry. It describes the application of the Interview Protocol Refinement (IPR) Framework to refine the interview protocol. The four phases of the IPR Framework were used: (1) ensuring interview questions aligned with research questions, (2) constructing an inquiry-based conversation, (3) receiving feedback on the interview protocol, and (4) piloting the interview protocol. The application of the IPR Framework resulted in a fine-tuned interview protocol. The first phase helped to attain interview questions aligned with research questions. This phase helped in fine-tuning the interview protocol by ensuring that the interview questions aligned with the purpose of the research. The second phase allowed the building of an inquiry-based conversation that reflects the context of the research, thus creating an interview protocol designed to obtain specific information through conversation. The next phase aided in improving the protocol based on readers’ feedback. This phase helped in refining the interview questions by changing the content and wording of some questions and reordering them. The last phase resulted in conducting an interview in a real setting and testing the interview protocol. This helped to refine the interview protocol further by rephrasing interview questions for clarity, adding details to some questions, and modifying the linguistic composition of some questions. The IPR Framework involves an iterative refining process, thus enhancing the quality and trustworthiness of the interview protocol.

Parts-of-Speech (PoS) Analysis and Classification of Various Text Genres

Abstract Natural language processing (NLP) has made significant leaps over the past two decades due to the advancements in machine learning algorithms. Text classification is pivotal today due to a wide range of digital documents. Multiple feature classes have been proposed for classification by numerous researchers. Genre classification tasks form the basis for advanced techniques such as native language identification, readability assessment, author identification etc. These tasks are based on the linguistic composition and complexity of the text. Rather than extracting hundreds of variables, a simple premise of text classification using only the text feature of parts-of-speech (PoS) is presented here. A new dataset gathered from Project Gutenberg is highlighted in this study. PoS analysis of each text in the created dataset was carried out. Further grouping of these texts into fictional and non-fictional texts was carried out to measure their classification accuracy using the artificial neural networks (ANN) classifier. The results indicate an overall classification accuracy of 98 and 35 % for the genre and sub-genre classification, respectively. The results of the present study highlight the importance of PoS not only as an important feature for text processing but also as a sole text feature classifier for text classification.

Гэсэрийн туужийн өгүүлэмжийг бүтцийн онолын үүднээс задлан шинжлэх нь

The renowned “Epic of Geser Khan” is a vital part of Mongolian cultural heritage, woven with captivating folklore and legends. When it gained popularity in Mongolia, it led to various versions like “Peking woodblock printed Geser,” “Nomch Khatan’s Geser,” “Monk Zaya Pandita’s Geser,” “Zamlin Senchin’s Biography,” “Mongolian Lin Geser,” “Story of Tseveen’s Geser,” and “Geser in clear script.” In 1959 and 1960, B. Renchin and Ts. Damdinsuren contributed introductions and published these versions in the ‘Mongolian Memorial Writing Conference’ series, providing concise and detailed summaries in terms of content and size.
 Scholars believe that the narrative structures of the versions of “Peking woodblock printed Geser,” “Monk Zaya Pandita’s Geser,” “Nomch Khatan’s Geser,” and “Story of Tseveen’s Geser” share the similarity. It is suggested that “Yun Fu Se’s Geser,” published in 1716, is considered the subsequent volume of the “Peking woodblock printed Geser.” Hence, the objective is to scrutinize the narrative patterns within the novels “Yun Fu Se’s Geser” and “Peking woodblock printed Geser”, aiming to clarify and explain the interrelationship between these versions.
 It is a method of imagining epic events without a specific sequence. When comparing the two volumes, Firstly, it follows a common sequence in Mongolian epics. Time is often emphasized at the start, detailing the hero, his loyal companion, the assisting knight, and sworn oaths. Various obstacles are then introduced in diverse ways.
 Secondly, despite the Hero’s triumph, a contradiction arises as the seeds of suffering ripen within him. In Geser’s youth, an archenemy seizes his possessions and robs his parents, leading to Geser’s growth into a hero. This recurring pattern shapes the overall structure of the novel. The ensuing analysis employs structural theory to explicate internal connections, detailing how a fixed typology was utilized to iterate and elaborate upon the content of Geser’s novel.
 Thirdly, the queen gets captured, the hero’s home faces an invasion, and the hero chases and rescues, restores order, defeats enemies, and gains glory. The story of the Mongolian epic revolves around two main themes: the adventure of the hero’s wedding, and the battle against the monster, witch, or the other tribes. Based on these two themes, the new chapters of Geser’s novel, enriched with stories of heroes’ adventures, and heroic battles were created in interaction with oral and written traditions.
 Chapters XII and XIII of “Yun Fu Se’s Geser” exhibit a similar syntagmatic structure to the battle group featuring Sharaygol’s three kings in “Beijing Tiger’s Geser.” However, in “Yun Fu Se’s Geser” the events unfold on a grand scale, characterized by a high narrative frequency and a rich linguistic composition. Notably, these chapters align more with the tradition of written literature, preserving a distinct emphasis on detailed character descriptions and pronounced event depictions, in contrast to the oral tradition.

The Shifting Ontology of the Qurʾān in Ḥanafism: Debates on Reciting the Qurʾān in Persian

Abstract A review of the works of the most authoritative Ḥanafī theologians and jurists shows that the later madhhab taught that its eponym, Abū Ḥanīfah (d. 150/767), held the Qurʾān to be the uncreated and eternal speech of God. According to this understanding, he and his followers believed the linguistic composition of the Qurʾān in Arabic to be a component of its miraculous nature. However, a closer examination of Ḥanafī sources leads one to conclude that the claim that Abū Ḥanīfah believed Arabic to be integral to the Qurʾān’s composition is not without contention. Abū Ḥanīfah permitted recitation of the Qurʾān within ritual prayer in Persian, which later Ḥanafī jurists used as a basis to argue that the Qurʾān, for Abū Ḥanīfah, consisted only of its meaning, not its expression in Arabic. After the Miḥnah, Abū Ḥanīfah’s permissive position became associated with the newly heterodox view of the “Created Qurʾān,” placing pressure on later Ḥanafī jurists to ensure that Abū Ḥanīfah was not associated with heresy. Whereas earlier Ḥanafīs contended that the Qurʾān was miraculous solely in its meaning and guiding capacities, later Ḥanafīs, when faced with scandal, condemned the earlier view and reinterpreted Abū Ḥanīfah’s views. The characterization of the miraculous nature of the Qurʾān as inhering in its canonized Arabic expression allowed the Qurʾān to serve as evidence of the prophethood of Muḥammad. This article traces the shift within Ḥanafism on the connection between language and the ontology of the Qurʾān to align with the Sunnī orthodoxy of the uncreated and fully inimitable Arabic Qurʾān. Although some aspects of the roles of Abū Ḥanīfah and Ḥanafism in this evolution have been studied by other scholars, I focus here on an overlooked figure, the proto-Ḥanafī Abū ʿIṣmah Nūḥ b. Abī Maryam (d. 173/789). This case study on the recitation of the Qurʾān in Persian examines and explores the impact of the understudied aspects of this evolution.

Hierarchies of home language proficiency in the linguistically diverse primary school classroom: Personal, social and contextual positioning

This study explores the ways in which 24 pupils in a primary school in Brussels, Belgium perceived and navigated the personal, social and contextual dimensions of home language proficiency, at the moment when their teachers enabled them to use their home languages in the classroom for the first time. Drawing on ethnographic data including classroom video recordings, and pupil focus-group sessions, we examine the mutually constitutive dynamics of the perceptions and enactment of proficiency and how these were socially and intersubjectively ratified by the classroom community. Findings indicate that the pupils situated themselves and others in hierarchies of home language proficiency, even when they were not speakers of that language. Overt references to markers such as fluency and lexical and grammatical accuracy fed into recursive patterns of participation, which in turn created differing affordances and constraints for learning. We highlight the importance of contextual factors such as the linguistic composition of the class that contribute to the way notions of linguistic proficiency were encultured.

Реченичне структуре у роману Време смрти Добрице Ћосића

The paper investigates the syntactic aspects of the composition of the novel Time of Death (first and second books) by Dobrica Ćosić, from the standpoint of theoretical-methodological postulates of text theory, linguistic composition and verbatology. Intra-sentence relationships in statements are discussed, with special reference to verb and noun rection, as well as their mutual relationship. The authors first recognize and describe the ability of language units to influence the form of dependent units that are combined with them, i.e. rectional structures, and based on the analysis of this type of structural cohesion - the research results are presented as determining and describing: appositional constructions in the organization of sentence structures; appositive or dislocated subcategorical determinatives; and attributive provisions with a classification meaning. Therefore, the subject of research are: (1) all forms of connection in appositional constructions - noun, pronoun and adjective and (2) all syntactic procedures of form expansion by adding new elements - apposition, adlocation, collocation, prosthesis, structural expansion. It was determined that in the novel Time of Death by Dobrica Ćosić there are two formal ways of building the structure: (a) congruent and more dominant - most often as three-part sentence structures with a conjunction and a predicate or with a semi-conjunction and a predicate, and (b) a reaction type of structure - with a conjunction and a predicate. On the basis of these findings, two regularities were established: the rules of linear distribution of consecutive sentences and the rules of structural repartition of the meaning pivots of the sentence. The authors conclude that Ćosić's sentence in Time of Death is characterized by linear discursiveness, most often as a connection of consecutive units, in which the syntactic mechanisms of conjunction, adjunction, interjunction and disjunction are particularly activated. Ćosić's syntactic procedure in this novel is defined as 'parable' - i.e. as a procedure with a distinct tendency and ability to build a complex structure by combining comparable microstructures, in the result of which the verbatological and stylistic value of successive constructions is revealed.

Varietà di lingua nel romanzo di “Quer pasticciaccio brutto de via Merulana” di Carlo Emilio Gadda

”. The novel is an exceptional example of plurilingualism, therefore Gadda mixes technical terms, literary elements, Latinisms, Greek terms, new forms, and foreign words and phrases (English, French, German, Spanish). Further the collection of Italian dialects (Roman, Milan, Neapolitan, Venetian), the study intends to provide a stylistic analysis of the innovation of Gadda’s expression in the lexicon. The results of this linguistic fieldwork sets out to demonstrate also the lexicon and terms of the technical-scientific language of Gadda: for example terms and phrases of physics, engineering, mathematics, medicine, chemistry, biology, mechanics, geology, geography, astronomy, philosophy, theology, linguistics and rhetoric; as Gadda has a competence of the technical terms because of his studies as an electrical engineer at the Polytechnic and later his practical experience. It is an analysis, even elementary, of the linguistic composition of Gadd’s prose that can be used to understand the technique of his experimentalism, and how much he knew how to treasure every experience to enrich it and vary it on wider stylistic networks. This linguistic material mixes many ingredients such as: technical and scientific languages, various registers of speech, vernacular, jargons, archaisms, Latinisms, mixed with words of Gadda’s creativity, creating what the French called

Varietà di lingua nel romanzo di “Quer pasticciaccio brutto de via Merulana” di Carlo Emilio Gadda

This article focuses on the lexical components active in Gadda’s novel “Quer pasticciaccio brutto de via Merulana”. The novel is an exceptional example of plurilingualism, therefore Gadda mixes technical terms, literary elements, Latinisms, Greek terms, new forms, and foreign words and phrases (English, French, German, Spanish). Further the collection of Italian dialects (Roman, Milan, Neapolitan, Venetian), the study intends to provide a stylistic analysis of the innovation of Gadda’s expression in the lexicon. The results of this linguistic fieldwork sets out to demonstrate also the lexicon and terms of the technical-scientific language of Gadda: for example terms and phrases of physics, engineering, mathematics, medicine, chemistry, biology, mechanics, geology, geography, astronomy, philosophy, theology, linguistics and rhetoric; as Gadda has a competence of the technical terms because of his studies as an electrical engineer at the Polytechnic and later his practical experience. It is an analysis, even elementary, of the linguistic composition of Gadd’s prose that can be used to understand the technique of his experimentalism, and how much he knew how to treasure every experience to enrich it and vary it on wider stylistic networks. This linguistic material mixes many ingredients such as: technical and scientific languages, various registers of speech, vernacular, jargons, archaisms, Latinisms, mixed with words of Gadda’s creativity, creating what the French called pastiche.

How (not) to look for meaning composition in the brain: A reassessment of current experimental paradigms

When we use language, we draw on a finite stock of lexical and functional meanings and grammatical structures to assign meanings to expressions of arbitrary complexity. According to the Principle of Compositionality, the meanings of complex expressions are a function of constituent meanings and syntax, and are generated by the recursive application of one or morecomposition operations. Given their central role in explanatory accounts of human language, it is surprising that relatively little is known about how the brain implements these composition operations in real time. In recent years, neurolinguistics has seen a surge of experiments investigating when and where in the brain meanings are composed. To date, however, neural correlates of composition have not been firmly established. In this article, we focus on studies that set out to find the correlates of linguistic composition. We critically examine the paradigms they employed, laying out the rationale behind each, their strengths and weaknesses. We argue that the still blurry picture of composition in the brain may be partly due to limitations of current experimental designs. We suggest that novel and improved paradigms are needed, and we discuss possible next steps in this direction. At the same time, rethinking the linguistic notion of composition, as based on a tight correspondence between syntax and semantics, might be in order.

Linguistic, concept and symbolic composition in adults with minimal receptive vocabulary

ABSTRACT In this paper, we examine some basic linguistic abilities in a small sample of adults with minimal receptive vocabulary, whose receptive mental verbal age ranges from 1;2 to 3;10. In particular, we examine whether the participants in our study understand noun phrases consisting of a noun modified by an adjective. We use stimuli that they can recognise by name. Except for one participant, we find that, while all of them understand the noun and adjective in isolation, none seems to understand these noun phrases, which means that they seem to not do linguistic composition. In order to test whether the difficulty is linguistic or conceptual, we ran two other studies, one on concept composition, and the other on iconic symbolic composition (composition of pictograms). Results suggest that linguistic composition is particularly difficult in this population, and that vocabulary breadth may not predict compositional abilities.