Lingzhi Mushroom Research Articles

Growth and Production Stimulation of Young Pink Oyster Mushrooms (Pleurotus flabellatus) through CaCO3 Supplementation from Shellfish Shells and Coconut Water

Pink oyster mushroom (Pleurotus flabellatus) is one of the oyster mushroom varieties that has a distinctive aroma similar to lingzhi mushroom, pink color, numerous clusters, and a slightly firm texture. The aim of this research was to determine the growth and production stimulation of pink oyster mushrooms (P. flabellatus) through supplementation of CaCO3 from shellfish shells and coconut water. This study utilized a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) arranged in factorial with two factors, consisting of four levels with three replications. The first factor was CaCO3 supplementation from shellfish shells with four levels: K0: 0 gr/baglog, K1: 5 gr CaCO3 from shellfish shells/baglog, K2: 10 gr CaCO3 from shellfish shells/baglog, K3: 15 gr CaCO3 from shellfish shells/baglog. The second factor was coconut water supplementation with four levels: A0: 0 ml/baglog, A1: 20 ml coconut water/baglog, A2: 40 ml coconut water/baglog, A3: 60 ml coconut water/baglog. The results showed significant differences in mycelium growth rate and highly significant differences in pileus number, pileus width, pileus thickness, stalk height, and mushroom fresh weight. Supplementation of 10 gr CaCO3 from shellfish shells/baglog and 40 ml coconut water/baglog showed the best interaction for all parameters.

Pharmacological activity of the Ethanolic extract of Lingzhi to the Immune system

The immune system is a defense system of the human body that has a function to protect humans from foreign. One of the indicators of an increased immune system is an increase in the number and type of the leukocyte cell (lymphocytes and monocyte) and lymph weight. In Indonesia, many natural ingredients can be used as an alternative medicine to maintain the immune system, including the Lingzhi mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum). The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacological activity of Lingzi mushroom extract on the number and type of leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocyte) as well as spleen weight in white male swiss webster mice. The method of this research is an experimental laboratory with a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) using a post-test control group design. The sample population taken was 25 mice divided into five groups including negative, positive, test 1 (5.6mg/20g BW of mice), test 2 (11.2mg/20g BW of mice), test 3 (16.8 mg/20 g BW of mice). Each group consists of 5mice. The data collection was obtained from the result of the cell count, leukocyte cell count, and lymph weight in mice which was carried out after the treatment with lingzhi mushroom extract for 6 days. The results showed that a test 2 (11.2mg/20g BW in mice) was effective to increase the number of a leukocyte, test 3 (16.8mg/20gr BW of mice) was effective to increase leukocyte, lymphocytes and lymph weight. However, test 1, 2, and 3 reduced amount of neutrophil segment. Lingzhi mushroom extract test 3 showed better than other groups due to increase of leukocyte, monocyte, lymphocyte and lymph.

Drying behavior, color change and rehydration of lingzhi mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum) under convection-assisted microwave drying

Lingzhi mushrooms (Ganoderma lucidum) are a highly valued agricultural product that is used for medicinal purposes due to its range of important nutrient contents. However, the mushroom is perishable, as it is sensitive to moisture. To increase its shelf life and maintain the quality, a hybrid drying technique of convection-assisted microwave drying was investigated in this study. In the experiment, 3-mm thick slices of lingzhi mushrooms were dried at a hot air velocity of 1 m/s, hot air temperatures (Tdry) of 50, 60, and 70 °C, and microwave powers (Mp) of 200, 400, and 600 W. The mass of lingzhi mushrooms was recorded every 5 min until there was no further change in mass. The experimental results presented drying behaviors in terms of dry basis moisture content (Mdb) and drying rate (DR). Additionally, the overall color differences (ΔE) and the percentage of rehydration (Rd) were assessed. The results demonstrated that the increase in Tdry and Mp resulted in the DR and ΔE increasing, while the drying time and Rd decreased. The highest DR of 8.6 gwater/min and the shortest drying time of 25 min were observed at a Tdry of 70 °C and Mp of 600 W. The L*, a*, and b* values of the dried lingzhi mushrooms showed significant statistical differences (p < 0.05) compared to the fresh samples. The ΔE was significantly affected by both Tdry and Mp, while the Rd was more influenced by Tdry than Mp, with a significance level of p < 0.05. The lowest ΔE and highest Rd values were achieved at Tdry = 50 °C and Mp = 200 W. Furthermore, the developed empirical model accurately predicted the moisture ratio (R2 > 0.9982 and RMSE < 0.0210).

Comparing of antioxidant ability, α-glucosidase inhibition and cytotoxicity of three fruiting body shapes of Ganoderma lingzhi

In the process of artificial culture, Ganoderma mushrooms will appear with several different shapes of fruiting bodies, even though they share the same species. The differences in shape can influence and create differences in bioactivity and active ingredients. This study looked at the biological activities of ethanol crude extracts from three shape kinds of fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lingzhi mushroom and herb tablets made from kidney-shaped fruiting body including antioxidant, α-glucosidase inhibition and cytotoxic activity in some cell lines. Besides, the content of ganoderic acid A was also evaluated among the tested samples. The results showed that different shapes of G. lingzhi could possess differences in bioactivities. The shapes with elongated fruiting body stem including antler- and intermediate form, have better antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory capacity than the common kidney shape. Furthermore, the antler and intermediate forms' cytotoxic activity against cell lines including fibroblast, NCI H469 and Hep G2, were higher than the kidney-shaped mushroom extracts. Similarly, the results of ganoderic acid A content from the extracts of antler- and intermediate form samples were also higher than that of the other form. Meanwhile, the herb tablets had the same pattern to the kidney-shaped extract in several activities. The ganoderic acid A content of the tablet sample was lower than that of three samples extracted from different mushroom shapes. Interestingly, the tablets showed the best-reducing power among the investigated samples.

Biochemical and Pharmacological aspects of Ganoderma lucidum: Exponent from the in vivo and computational investigations

Ganoderma lucidum is known as lingzhi mushroom, which is said to have medicinal properties by the local residents. This research was focused to assess the antidepressant, anxiolytic, and sedative activities of the mentioned mushroom extracts by means of in vivo and in silico approaches. The antidepressant, anxiolytic, and sedative properties of the methanol extracts of G. lucidum (MEGL) were assessed using the forced swim test hole board, open field test, elevated plus maze, hole cross test, and thiopental sodium-induced sleeping time. The extracts revealed significant antidepressant, anxiolytic, and sedative activities in a dose-dependent manner. Rutin and quercetin were found to be the most effective enzyme inhibitors in the molecular docking study. According to the findings of in vivo and molecular docking study, it could be forecast that, the extract could have substantial antidepressant, anxiolytic, and sedative characteristics and deep molecular strategies on this extracts might create a target for the development of novel therapeutics. Further investigations are needed to appraise the molecular mechanisms implicated and isolate the bioactive components.

Investigating the cellular antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of the novel peptides in lingzhi mushrooms

The lingzhi mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum) is well known for its medicinal properties and has long played a role in traditional oriental medicine due to its health-giving benefits and potential to extend life expectancy. The mushroom contains a number of highly bioactive compounds and can also act as an excellent source of protein. This research investigated the peptides obtained from the protein hydrolysates of lingzhi mushrooms to assess their free radical scavenging abilities. These peptides were acquired via different proteases (Alcalase, Neutrase, papain, and pepsin-pancreatin) and were tested at a range of different concentrations (1.0%, 2.5%, and 5.0% w/v). The highest levels of 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging activities were presented by lingzhi mushroom hydrolysate using 2.5% (w/v) pepsin-pancreatin after 6 h of digestion. The hydrolysate was then fractionated using 10, 5, 3, and 0.65 kDa molecular weight cut-off membranes. The results showed that the MW 0.65 kDa fraction had the highest level of free radical scavenging activity. Further analysis of this MW 0.65 kDa fraction began with another RP-HPLC fractionation technique to obtain three further sub-fractions. De novo peptide sequencing using electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS) was chosen as the optimum method for studying the F3 sub-fraction. DRVSIYGWG and ALLSISSF were discovered as new peptides with different antioxidant properties. Adenocarcinoma colon (Caco-2) cells showed the antioxidant action of these synthesized peptides. This activity was linked to peptide concentration. The peptides and their pure synthetic counterparts were found to reduce NO generation by RAW 264.7 macrophages without causing cytotoxicity. The results of gene expression reveal that the DRVSIYGWG and ALLSISSF peptides were able to cut the expression of the proinflammatory cytokine genes iNOS, IL-6, TNF-α, and COX-2 in the context of RAW 264.7 macrophages.

EFFECT OF SOLVENT IN COMBINATION WITH ULTRASONIC WAVE ASSISTANCE ON TRITERPENOID EXTRACTION FROM RED LINGZHI MUSHROOM (Ganodermalucidum)

Triterpenoid is one of the compounds that contribute tored lingzhi mushroom's major significant therapeutic activities (G. lucidum). Triterpenoids have anti-allergic, anti-cancer, anti-tumor, and anti-aging effects, enhance oxygen utilization, free radical scavenging, lowerblood pressure, inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis, and enhance liver function and blood pressure, inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis, and improve liver functionetc. The beneficial effects of triterpenoids in Ganoderma lucidum on human health have generated interest in developing methods for extracting them from the fruit bodies of G. lucidum. This article presents the effect of solvent in combination with ultrasonic wave assistance in triterpenoid extraction ability from red lingzhi mushroom. Before carrying out triterpenoid extraction; Red lingzhi mushroom was ground 2mm in size. Four parameters of the extraction process, including the ethanol concentration, ratio (v:w) between ethanol solvent and mushroom, extraction time, , extraction temperature, ultrasonic time and ultrasonic intensity were determined. The extraction without ultrasonic waves for 180 minutes was used as a control. The total triterpenoid content was collected during the extraction process. The results showed that red lingzhi mushroom was extracted by ethanol solvent at a concentration of 85%, the ratio between ethanol solvent and mushroom was 3:1 (v:w), ultrasound intensity was 58 W/cm2, frequency was 20 kHz), extracting temperature was 55°C, removing time was 5 min had total triterpenoid content 3.06 times higher than the control.

Evaluation of nutritive values and digestibility’s cacao( Theobroma cacao L.) pod husk fermented with lingzhi mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum) at different concentration and incubation time

Cacao pod husk has been widely utilized as animal feed. The purpose of this study is to evaluate nutritive values and digestibility of fermented cacao pod husk with different concentration and incubation time. A completely randomized factorial design consisting two factors; lingzhi mushroom concentration (K1 = 7,5%; K2 = 15%) and incubation time (L1 = 15 d; L2 =30 d; L3 = 45 d) was employed in this study (n=3 replicates). Proximate analysis was performed to determine nutritive values of fermented cacao pod husk. Fermented samples were then subjected to an in vitro digestibility with rumen fluid and McDougall’s buffer mixture. The results of study reveal that cacao pod husk fermented with the concentration of 15% at 15d and 30 d significantly increased (P<0.05) crude protein content but not for other parameters. Dry and organic matter digestibility of cacao pod husk fermented with 7.5% of lingzhi mushroom at 45 d significantly improved (P<0.05) in vitro dry and organic matter of treatment. In conclusion, cacao pod husk fermented with different concentration and incubation time was able to improve the nutritive values and in vitro digestibility of cacao pod husk.

Rumen metabolic activities of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) pod husk fermented with lingzhi mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum) at different concentration and incubation time

Cacao pod husk is a potential tropical resources that is widely utilized as animal feed. The presented study aimed to investigate rumen metabolic activities of (Theobroma cacao L.) pod husk fermented with lingzhi mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum) at different concentration and incubation time. A completely randomized factorial was applied in this study consisting of two factors; lingzhi mushroom concentration (K1 = 7.5%; K2 = 15%) and incubation time (L1 = 15 d; L2 =30 d; L3 = 45 d) with 3 replicates. All samples of cacao pod husk were analyzed to determine NH3 concentration, volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration and gas production. Gas production was periodically collected at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10,12, 24, 48 and 72 h after incubation. The result of study indicated that there was significant interaction (P<0.01) between the concentration of G.lucidum and incubation time on NH3 concentration of rumen liquid. The highest concentration of NH3 was found at 7.5% G.lucidum concentration for 45 d incubation (14.70mM). G.lucidum concentration significantly affected (P<0.01) VFA concentration in which samples inoculated with the level of 7.5% G.lucidum was higher compared to that of 15% G.lucidum (125.16 mM vs 113.94 mM). This study concluded that cacao pod husk fermented with lingzhi mushroom at different concentration time influencing metabolic activities of the rumen.

Ethnography and applied metaphysics

Ethnography and applied metaphysics

Valorisation of biomass and diaper waste into a sustainable production of the medical mushroom Lingzhi Ganoderma lucidum

Global solid waste is expected to increase by at least 70% annually until year 2050. The mixture of solid waste including food waste from food industry and domestic diaper waste in landfills is causing environmental and human health issues. Nevertheless, food and diaper waste containing high lignocellulose can easily degrade using lignocellulolytic enzymes thereby converted into energy for the development and growth of mushroom. Therefore, this study explores the potential of recycling biomass waste from coffee ground, banana, eggshell, tea waste, sugarcane bagasse and sawdust and diaper waste as raw material for Lingzhi mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum) cultivation. Using 2% of diaper core with sawdust biowaste leading to the fastest 100% mushroom mycelium spreading completed in one month. The highest production yield is 71.45 g mushroom; this represents about 36% production biological efficiency compared to only 21% as in commercial substrate. The high mushroom substrate reduction of 73% reflect the valorisation of landfill waste. The metabolomics profiling showed that the Lingzhi mushroom produced is of high quality with a high content of triterpene being the bioactive compounds that are medically important for treating assorted disease and used as health supplement. In conclusion, our study proposed a potential resource management towards zero-waste and circular bioeconomy for high profitable mushroom cultivation.

The Effect Of Different Types Of Ganoderma lucidum Isolates On The Growth Of Mycelium On The Growing Medium (BAGLOG)

The cultivation of Ganoderma lucidum (lingzhi) or G.lucidum mushrooms in Indonesia is still not widely developed. Factors that influence the success of lingzhi mushroom cultivation include the planting medium, environmental conditions, and the source of isolates. There has not been much research on lingzhi mushrooms to get superior lingzhi mushroom isolates. The aims of this study was to determine the effect of different sources of isolates on the growth of the mycelium of the Ganoderma lucidum on the growing medium (Baglog). This test was carried out using an experimental method with a completely randomized design (CRD) with the treatment of planting Ganoderma lucidum isolates from Tasikmalaya, Cianjur and Banyumas, on planting medium (baglog). Each treatment was replicated 30 times so that a total of 150 experimental units were obtained. The data obtained were analyzed by analysis of variance (one way ANOVA) and continued with Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at an error rate of 5% and 1%. the conclusion of this study is that Ganoderma lucidum isolates from Tasikmalaya, Cianjur and Banyumas affect the diameter and growth rate of mycelium vegetatively.

A Mycochemical Investigation of the Black Lingzhi Mushroom, Amauroderma rugosum (Agaricomycetes), Reveals Several Lipidic Compounds with Anti-Inflammatory and Antiproliferative Activities.

A mycochemical investigation on the medicinal mushroom Amauroderma rugosum led to the isolation of 30 compounds, including 14 sterols, 6 phenolic constituents, 5 unsaturated fatty acids, and 5 other compounds. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by comparison of their nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic and mass spectrometry data with literature data. Among them, compound 27 was obtained as a new natural compound, and compounds 2-4, 7-13, and 15-30 were isolated from the genus Amauroderma for the first time. Sterols and unsaturated fatty acids showed anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative activities in vitro. Compounds 5 and 6 showed the highest inhibitory effect on nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-induced murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells, with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 27.6 ± 2.1 μM and 15.3 ± 2.0 μM respectively. Compound 17 exhibited the strongest inhibition against HepG2 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines, with IC50 values < 25 μM. This study not only enriches the understanding of the diversity of chemical constituents in A. rugosum, but it also provides a basis for further development and utilization of A. rugosum as a source of new potential antitumor or anti-inflammatory chemotherapy agents.

Longan syrup with lingzhi mushroom extract: Evaluation of safety and efficacy on immune and inflammatory modulation in healthy adults

Longan syrup with lingzhi mushroom extract: Evaluation of safety and efficacy on immune and inflammatory modulation in healthy adults

Activity Of Lingzhi Fungan Ethanol Extract (Ganoderma Lucidum) Using Soxhlet Method For Bacteria Propionibacterium Acnes

The purpose of this study is to know Lingzhi Mushroom extract (Ganoderma Lucidum) has antimicrobial activity against Propionibacterium acnes using Ethanol Solvent, the method used is the disc diffusion method using 6 repetitions, the concentration used is 20 µg / ml, 40 µg / ml, 60 µg / ml / ml, 80 µg / ml and 100 µg / ml, Lingzhi mushroom was extracted using ethanol solvent with the Soxhlet method. The results of the research data showed that the largest inhibitory zone was shown at a concentration of 100 µg / ml of 6.91 mm with a medium inhibitory category. The conclusion of this research is the Lingzhi mushroom is able to inhibit the activity of Propionibacterium acnes in the medium category.

Effects of Extraction Temperature on Efficacy of Lingzhi or Reishi Medicinal Mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum (Agaricomycetes), Aqueous Extract against Oxidative Stress

This study was designed to understand the effect of extraction temperature, i.e., room temperature (GLRT), 50°C (GL50), 100°C (hot water; GL100), and 200°C (GL200) on antioxidant and biological activity of G. lucidum. The % yield obtained was 5.3%, 7.6%, 10.7%, and 13.2% at various extraction temperatures; room temperature, 50°C, 100°C and 200°C, respectively. Similarly, phenolic content (51.6, 57.9, 82.9, and 93.1 mg/g extract) and flavonoid content (18.8, 23.2, 34.3, and 36.3 mg/g extract) were observed to be increased with rise in extraction temperature. However, extraction temperature resulted in loss of antioxidant activities above 100°C as evident by chemical assays such as DPPH, FRAP, ABTS, and TRP conducted on extracts. In contrast, three bioactive compounds, i.e., adenine (3.26, 3.48, 2.16, and 1.45 mg/g extract), uracil (3.99, 3.21, 2.51, and 1.47 mg/g extract), and adenosine (5.92, 5.62, 2.22 and 0.7 mg/g extract), quantified by high performance thin layer chromatography showed decrease in their content with increasing extraction temperature. Extract prepared at room temperature and 50°C prevented loss of cell viability and generation of reactive oxygen species resulted after hydrogen peroxide exposure; however, cytoprotective efficacy was not significant at 100°C and 200°C The order of cytoprotective effects observed by these extract were in the following order: room temperature ≥ 50°C > 100°C > 200°C. Overall, the optimal temperature conditions for the efficient extraction of G. lucidum with water retaining bioactive compounds and biological activity was found to be below 100°C.

AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN DAN IDENTIFIKASI SENYAWA EKSTRAK JAMUR LINGZHI (Ganoderma lucidum) DENGAN LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY (LC-MS)

Lingzhi mushroom is widely used as an alternative treatment to reduce blood pressure and blood sugar levels, to maximize the potential of the Lingzhi fungus antioxidant tests are carried out. This study aims to determine the potential antioxidant activity of water extract and 70% ethanol extract of Lingzhi mushroom with maceration extraction time variation and identification of compounds with Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS). This research begins with the determination of fresh lingzhi mushrooms then made simplicia and extracted by maceration with time variation with soaking time of 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours each with 2 solvents namely water and 70% ethanol. The extract was tested by phytochemistry followed by testing the antioxidant activity of Lingzhi mushroom extract (ganoderma lucidum) by DPPH method. Then the compounds were identified by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS). Based on the results of research that maceration for 1 hour (1 day) Lingzhi mushroom with 70% ethanol extraction has the potential as an antioxidant with an IC50 value of 94.83 ppm. The results of identification with LC-MS in 70% ethanol extract as a compound that has potential as an antioxidant are Bisphenol M compounds, and 1- - [[2- (3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl) amino]} -3-methyl-2-octylpyrido [1 , 2-a] benzimidazole-4-carbonitrile.

Natural radioactivity concentration in traditional Thai herbal medicine

The aim of this study is to create a database of radioactivity concentration and annual effective dose of the naturally occurring radionuclides: 226Ra, 228Ra, 40K and 210Po in Thai medicinal herb plants. 99 types of popular Thai medicinal herb plants (total of 214 samples) such as Curcuma comosa Roxb., mucuna, white kwao krua, barbed grass, black galingale, lingzhi mushroom, Ginkgo biloba, jiaogulan, plu kaow, turmeric, ginger, safflower, moringa, gotu kola and garlic were randomly collected from drug stores and herbal fair. The activity concentration of 226Ra, 228Ra and 40K in all herb samples was determined by gamma-ray spectrometry while that of 210Po was determined by alpha spectrometry. The activity concentration was found to range from <0.20 to 89.92 Bq kg−1 for 226Ra, from <0.10 to 39.62 Bq kg−1 for 228Ra and from 4.83 to 2761.33 Bq kg−1 for 40K and from 0.32 to 47.13 Bq kg−1 for 210Po. The highest activities concentration of 226Ra, 228Ra, 40K and 210Po were found in the white kwao krua, jiaogulan, plu kaow and ginkgo, respectively. The average total annual effective dose due to ingestion of these herbal plants was assessed to range from 0.0001 to 0.0327 mSv y−1, with highest dose found in jiaogulan.

Morphological Characteristics, Yield Performance, and Medicinal Value of Some Lingzhi Mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum) Strains Cultivated in Tam Dao, Vietnam

The aim of this study was to evaluate the biological efficiency and main bioactive components of three G. lucidum strains, viz. GA1, GA2, and GA3, cultivated in Tam Dao town. The results demonstrated that all strains were capable of growing well on PDA medium supplemented with rice bran. The time required for complete colonization was 9 days. All tested strains of G. lucidum were able to adapt to climate conditions and produce fruiting bodies with satisfactory yield (13-17%), and therefore, they could be considered suitable candidates for commercial cultivation of G. lucidum in Tam Dao. No significant differences in polysaccharide content were observed among all strains. High concentrations of lucidenic N acid (0.33 mg g-1) and ganoderic acid (2.38 mg g-1) were determined in strain GA3. However, the highest ganodermanontriol content was detected in the strain GA1 with 0.3 mg g-1.

Optimal culture conditions for mycelial growth and fruiting body formation of Ling Zhimushroom Ganoderma lucidum strain GA3

The objective in this study is to investigate optimal culture conditions for mycelial growth and fruiting body formation of the Ling Zhi mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum strain GA3. The results of the study show that the optimal media and temperature for the mycelial growth are potato, glucose, and agar (PGA) supplemented with rice bran, and 25-300C, respectively. Strain GA3 is able to grow in a wide pH range, between 4 and 12.The most favourable substrate mixture for the formation and development of the fruiting body is 87% sawdust + 4% corn powder + 8% rice bran + 1% calcium carbonate (CaCO3).