Linear Trace Research Articles

Intraplate active deformation: Lake Salt fault zone and source of the Obruk (Bor-Niğde) earthquakes, Cappadocia-central Anatolia, Türkiye

Intraplate strike slip deformation structures play a crucial role in understanding how the earthquake are triggered, and respond to long-term deformation in plate interiors. One of the examples for intraplate structure is the Lake Salt Fault Zone (LSFZ) in Türkiye, located at the Central Anatolia region which has hosted a few moderate magnitude earthquakes. The LSFZ extends in NW-SE direction along the eastern border of the Lake Salt basin. In the western and central sections, it exhibits a rather linear trace, and it marks the west-northwestern boundary of the Cappadocian plateau. Along its strike, two big cities, namely, Aksaray and Niğde, and some significant eruption centers (the Hasan, Keçibuyduran and Melendiz Mountain stratovolcanoes) are located, and there is a 12 km right lateral offset. LSFZ has four main segments, namely, Karacaören, Keçikalesi, Obruk and Büyükkaraoğlan fault segments, and they have hosted two moderate-sized (Mw = 5.1 to 5.2) earthquakes (on September 20, 2020 and February 25, 2023) at the localities approximately 5 km ENE and SSW of Obruk Town (Niğde). Their focal mechanisms revealed that the LSFZ exhibits dominantly dextral strike-slip faulting with normal component. The vertical and horizontal displacement rates along the LSFZ are 0.14 mm/yr and 4.6 mm/yr, respectively. The recurrence interval of earthquakes of Mw ≥ 6.7 on the LSFZ is more than one thousand years, owing to the low slip rate. We propose that the LSFZ is in a seismic gap having potential to host a large earthquake.

Effects of expansion-free condition on adiabatic collapse in [formula omitted] gravity

This study explores the impact of f(G,T) gravity, where G is the Gauss Bonnet invariant and T is the trace of the energy–momentum tensor, on the adiabatic anisotropic spherical gravitating source under the expansion-free condition. We coupled the relativistic matter with spherical symmetric structure by applying f(G,T)=αGn+λT Gauss–Bonnet model with a linear trace. To derive the collapse equation, we used the perturbation method on the field equations and the contracted Bianchi identities. The dynamics of instability range is depicted in Newtonian (N) and post-Newtonian (pN) regimes. Furthermore, instead of using the adiabatic index, we establish the instability range by looking at the density profile and anisotropic pressure configuration. We investigate the analytic solutions that meets the expansion-free condition. Finally, we have successfully achieved the original results obtained by Herrera et al. (2012) in General Relativity by setting α=λ=0 in proposed cosmological model.

Cosmological models in [formula omitted] gravity and the dynamical system analysis

The study addresses matter-coupled modified gravity, particularly f(T,T) gravity, unveiling distinct formalism. The research further discusses stability analysis, and the dynamical system approach, exploring the dynamics of critical points to understand these models’ viability better. The dynamical system analysis of the cosmological models in f(T,T) gravity, where T and T respectively represent the torsion scalar and trace of the energy–momentum tensor has been investigated. It demonstrates how first-order autonomous systems can be treated as cosmological equations and analyzed using standard dynamical system theory techniques. Two forms of the function f(T,T) are considered (i) one with the product of trace and higher order torsion scalar and the other (ii) linear combination of linear trace and squared torsion. By employing this methodology, the research aims to uncover the actual behavior of the Universe. The findings emphasize the graphical representation of these insights, enriching our understanding of cosmological scenarios.

Linear complexity and trace representation of balanced quaternary cyclotomic sequences of prime period p

Linear complexity and trace representation of balanced quaternary cyclotomic sequences of prime period p

ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ ОБРАБОТАННОГО НЕПОЛНОГО РОГОВОГО СТЕРЖНЯ ДЗЕРЕНА PROCAPRA GUTTUROSA ИЗ ПЯТОГО КУЛЬТУРНОГО СЛОЯ СУХОТИНСКОЙ МАСТЕРСКОЙ

The article is devoted to the functional analysis of the tool of Procapra gutturosa Mongolian gazelle, made on an incomplete horn rod, found during excavations in 2019. The Sukhotinskaya workshop has been known since the 1970s. For the first time it is mentioned in the scientific reports of I.I. Kirillov as a place of collection of numerous lifting material. For the first time, a test pit at the site was laid in 2013, and in 2019 it was expanded. In the course of these works, at the base of the section, a processed horn rod of Procapra gutturosa of an average degree of preservation was found, which was subjected to functional analysis. In the course of studying the object under binocular and metallographic microscopes, five microsections were identified on the largely destroyed treated surface of the horn rod, which retained individual areas of focal micropolishing and thin linear traces directed along the axis of processing. The direction vector of these microtraces coincides with the visual profile of the horn rod processed into a wedge by cutting. These areas are preserved on the heights of the furrowed surface in places where the bone substance of the horn shaft has not undergone significant changes. Of particular interest are individual microchip of hornfels and micaceous rock/pyrite, which are stuck directly in the bone substance at an angle of about 30°, which clearly indicates the angle and direction of processing. Based on the results of the functional analysis of the tool, an extraordinary tool was determined, carrying two generations of trimming by cutting off the knocked-off edge.

The Geometry and Kinematics of the Latest Paleozoic Allatoona Fault, One of the Youngest Thrusts in the Southernmost Appalachian Hinterland, Alabama and Georgia, U.S.A.

The Allatoona thrust fault in the southernmost hinterland of the Appalachian Blue Ridge-Piedmont megathrust sheet is among the latest structures in the kinematic sequence of events along the west flank of the orogen. It is an out-of-sequence, craton-directed thrust fault that cuts metamorphic isograds and earlier thrusts, and it has a nearly linear trace of ≥280 km, making it one of the major thrust faults in the orogen. On the northwest, the fault cuts Pennsylvanian or younger(?) regional cross antiforms that cause significant orogenic curvature of older underlying thrust sheets and is likely Permian in age. To the southeast, however, units within the fault hanging wall maintain a nearly constant width resulting in a significant change in the regional structural architecture of the orogen. In the central segment of the fault, where it marks the western/eastern Blue Ridge domain boundary, a ~20 km-long eyelid window (Mulberry Rock window) framed by three amphibolite facies thrust sheets overlying the greenschist facies Talladega belt allochthon, allows a 3-D view into the structural architecture, kinematics, and trajectories of the regional thrusts. Two earlier thrusts within the window (Mulberry Rock and Burnt Hickory Ridge thrusts, with a combined minimum horizontal net slip component of 27 km) are cut by the Allatoona fault, which is a ~15 m-wide high strain zone with top-to-the-northwest displacement, and a >17.2 km horizontal net slip vector. Structural branch points between the Allatoona and Mulberry Rock thrusts indicate that the Mulberry Rock allochthon is a large north-trending horse beneath the Allatoona fault, centered on the Mulberry Rock window, which is likely the result of oblique ramp thrusting over the massive Mulberry Rock Gneiss. The Allatoona fault cuts down obliquely into the tectonostratigraphy progressively deeper both to the northeast and northwest, locally approaching underlying foreland thrust sheets, and cutting older regional structures. To the northeast, the Allatoona fault lies at the base of the Dahlonega gold belt, becoming an internal eastern Blue Ridge thrust at Dawsonville, Georgia. Although that sequence extends another 120 km into North Carolina, continuation of the Allatoona fault that additional distance is in debate. Regardless, the Allatoona is one of the kinematically latest and longest faults in the southern Appalachian orogen.

A comprehensive re‐look into Jurassic‐Cretaceous Neotethyan active margin in Iran: Evidence of deep mantle flow into subduction magma factory and formation of transitional basalts

Subduction zones display the most diverse magma compositions from various calc‐alkaline differentiates to alkaline mafic associations, but mechanisms generating Nb‐Enriched Basalts (NEB) and High‐Nb Basalts (HNB) in such settings have received less attention from the researchers. Occurrences of NEB and HNB magmas in the Mesozoic Neotethyan active margin in Iran, known as the Sanandaj‐Sirjan Zone, provide an excellent natural lab for examining this interesting petrologic puzzle. The Middle‐Jurassic typical calc‐alkaline arc plutons exhibit a NW‐SE subduction parallel trend. In the northwestern sector of the zone, the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous magmatic rocks (JCMR) define a chain that transects the Middle‐Jurassic arc trend. The two cross‐cutting magmatic chains are chemically and genetically different. The JCMR include three distinct compositional groups: (i) tholeiites that are depleted in high‐field‐strength elements (HFSE) and show subduction‐related geochemical fingerprints, (ii) NEB with higher abundances of Nb and other HFSE, and (iii) HNB with the highest abundances of Nb and other HFSE. The latter two groups do not display typical arc signatures and are transitional between arc and plume‐type magmas. These three groups of rocks show linear major and trace element, and Sr–Nd isotopic variation trends extending from Mid‐Ocean Ridge Basalts‐like tholeiites to Oceanic Island Basalts‐like HNB. Hence, a two‐component mixing process is suggested for explaining the compositional variation of the JCMR. We propose that a vertical window resulted from slab tear created the geodynamic environment for juxtaposition of magmas originated at different mantle depths and formation of the transitional basalts by magma mixing.

Synthesis, structural characterization and determination of the nitro-containing explosives detection potential of supramolecular lanthanum complex and Lanthana nanoparticles

A novel nanoparticle sized complex, [La(HO-C6H4-CH2COO)3(H2O)].(H2O), has been prepared by the reaction of LaIII ion and a versatile carboxylate ligand, 4-hydroxyphenylacetatic acid. The obtained complex was structurally characterized by using single crystal X-ray diffraction, SEM-EDS and FT-IR spectroscopy. Then, we synthesized La2O3 nanoparticles by the calcination of the complex and characterized its features by powder X-ray diffraction and SEM analysis. Average particle sizes of the complex and La2O3 particles were determined 19.6 nm and 44.02 nm, respectively. The bulk form of La2O3 (bulk) was bought commercially. The linear optical absorption traces of all materials were recorded by using UV–Vis spectrophotometer. The nitro-containing explosive detection potentials of complex, nanoparticles and bulk materials were investigated by using fluorescence spectrophotometer which is measured the fluorescence quenching of these three materials in nitro-containing media. It was found that all of the studied materials are good candidates especially for the detection of nitroaromatic compounds.

Rough discrete fracture network multi-parameter joint modeling based on improved neural spline flow

Discrete fracture network (DFN) modeling is a popular method for studying reservoir characteristics. However, on one hand of the existing DFN studies, the correlations that may exist among the multi-dimensional parameters of the fracture (dip, dip direction, trace length, aperture, and roughness) were ignored and each property was estimated independently. On the other hand, the 3D DFN models were simplified as flats without roughness. Therefore, this study proposes a simulation method for the rough discrete fracture network while considering multi-parameter joint distribution to make up for the stated deficiencies: (1) An improved deep learning model for the joint distribution estimation and joint sampling of the multi-dimensional parameters of the fracture is proposed, which is the Neural Spline Flow improved by the Multimodal Distribution (NSF-MD). The initial distribution of the Neural Spline Flow (NSF) is improved from a unimodal Gaussian to a multimodal mixed Gaussian, which enhances the fitting ability of the NSF model for the multimodal joint distribution. (2) A modeling assumption of the 3D rough fracture surface is presented to improve the conventional flat ones. In this way, a 3D rough fracture surface is generated by the NURBS tensor product of the fractal traces, and the fractal trace is simulated parametrically based on the fractal dimension. Finally, an outcrop DFN modeling application from southwest China indicates that the NSF-MD can simulate the correlations among the fracture multi-dimensional parameters and that the 3D rough discrete fracture network model (RDFN) increases the representation of the fracture roughness. The Wasserstein distance, which is an indicator quantifying the accuracy of the joint multi-parameter estimation, of the NSF-MD model was 72.4% and 81.9% better than that of the NSF model and that of the conventional method with parameters estimated independently, respectively. The relative distance error (RDE) and the global angle error (GAE) of the fractal traces were 87.9% and 88.3% more accurate than those of the conventional linear traces, respectively.

Some interesting aspects of modified Gauss–Bonnet gravity

The main idea behind this paper is to study [Formula: see text] theory of gravity, where [Formula: see text] is Gauss–Bonnet (GB) term and [Formula: see text] is the scalar field. Scalar field has been introduced to explore gravitational interaction between geometry and scalar field. Field equations in Friedmann–Robertson–Walker (FRW) cosmology are constructed and found to be coherent with the existing literature. Exponential solutions are reconstructed. The coupling of the scalar field to the GB term leads to viable results. Further, we probe the oscillating universe in the said gravity model using linear trace term. Energy conditions are explored and graphically analyzed in detail to substantiate our work. Behavior of the Hubble and deceleration parameter is also examined. It is evident from the results that our model provides us with acceptable bouncing solutions for chosen parameters.

Traversable wormhole models in modified theories of gravity

In this paper, we explore traversable wormhole solutions in different cases of modified [Formula: see text] theories of gravity. We have taken the functional form [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is Ricci scalar and [Formula: see text] is the trace of energy momentum tensor, while [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are constants. The different forms of [Formula: see text]-gravity in [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] frameworks and [Formula: see text] gravity are analyzed with its geometric behavior. The energy conditions are also discussed in the isotropic scenario using EoS [Formula: see text] and hybrid shape function [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is the throat radius. In this investigation, we found that quadratic geometric term and linear trace term of [Formula: see text] gravity and hybrid shape function play a significant contribution to validate the energy conditions for nonexotic wormhole solutions.

Linear and areal surface roughness assessments for the study of tooth wear in human enamel.

To test 8 models of linear surface roughness assessment in characterizing surface profile description and to correlate these models with equivalent areal parameters over sound human enamel in vitro. Thirty enamel blocks were randomly selected. The roughness data (2D-Rp; Rv; Rz; Rc; Rt; Ra; Rq; Rsk; Rku/3D-Sp; Sv; Sz; Sa; Sq; Ssk; Sku) was obtained in duplicate in a non-contact 3D optical profilometer. The models were composed by 1 single vertical trace (model 1) until 8 traces (model 8 composed by three vertical traces, three horizontal traces, and two diagonal). The addition of linear sampling traces to the enamel blocks did not result in Rp, Rv, Rz, Rc, Rt, Ra, Rq, Rsk, and Rku value changes (low power-from 5 to 72%). Significant Spearman's correlation coefficients were obtained in most correlation analysis (Rp ↔ Sp; Rv ↔ Sv; Rz ↔ Sz; Ra ↔ Sa; Rq ↔ Sq; and Rku ↔ Sku). A single vertical trace in the middle of the sample was representative of the overall enamel surface roughness (Rp, Rv, Rz, Rc, Rt, Ra, Rq, Rsk, and Rku) models. The majority of the assessed models in the correlation evaluation presented significant and positive association. The findings highlight the applicable model for roughness analysis over human enamel recommended for research and in situ trials assessments.

Use-Wear and Experiment of the Stone Pendants from the Eneolithic Burials at the Mouth of the Kama River

The paper presents the results of traceological experiments aimed at obtaining standards of traces that are formed on slate suspensions as a result of their wearing. Some results of an experiment on the use of denticulate slate stamps when applying an ornament to a clay vessel are also considered. These standards were necessary for the verification of previously obtained data on the use-wear research of slate pendants from the Eneolithic burials of the Murzikha II and Tenishevo burial grounds, which were studied in the Republic of Tatarstan, in the area of the Kama – Volga confluence in the second half of the 20th century. These burial grounds have been singled out to a special Ust’-Kama cultural type of the Eneolithic sites. As a result of the experiments, the authors identified two types of traces from wearing slate pendants, which became decisive for the functional identification of artefacts. The experiment also helped to verify the traces on denticulate pendants of the Murzikha II and confirm their use as stamps in the ornamentation of ceramics. However, the presence of linear traces on the teeth of artefact stamps has not yet been reflected on experimental stamps and additional experiments are needed.

Active tectonics in the Main Boundary Thrust zone, Garhwal Himalaya, as evident from palaeoseismic signatures, morphotectonic features and PSI base ground deformation

In the Garhwal Himalaya, the steeply inclined Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) is characterized by landforms that indicate towards tectonic activity in the recent past. Linear active fault trace, sub‐recent fault scarps, strath terrace, uplifted terraces, deflected drainage, and triangular facet cones are some of the morphotectonic evidences of recent tectonic activity along the MBT. The MBT is defined by active fault trace in the form of linear depression and shows a prominent slope break across it. Thrusting of the Lesser Himalayan bedrocks over the colluvial deposits and back tilting of the colluvial deposits are also observed in the MBT zone. The formation of the sag pond and the deposition of the Quaternary lacustrine sediments followed by the deformation of the lacustrine deposits indicate phases of tectonic activities along the MBT. The later phase of deformation is represented by the folded lacustrine and colluvial deposits, where the amplitude of the fold measures about 3 m‐high and the deformed section measures about 23 m in length. The ongoing deformation patterns of the MBT zone have also been monitored with the help of Synthetic Aperture Radar‐based time series analysis. We used Sentinel‐1C dataset in ascending direction with polarization of the VV+ VH acquired between December 2, 2017 to September 7, 2021 to identify phase changes caused by ongoing active deformation. The Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) result based on Sentinel‐1A suggests that the Dehradun–Mussoorie and adjoining region has undergone an average deformation of 5.5 to −11 mm/year and the ground displacement of 1.5 to −3.8 cm. The time series analysis reveals that the Mussoorie hills in the MBT zone have higher rate of deformation.

Auto-identification of linear archaeological traces of the Great Wall in northwest China using improved DeepLabv3+ from very high-resolution aerial imagery

• Deep learning applied to VHR aerial imagery of Dunhuang for archaeological purposes. • An improved DeepLabv3+ network was used to extract the Great Wall of Han Dynasty. • ResNet101 based on transfer learning helps extract deeper features. • A hybrid loss function combining Dice coefficient and cross-entropy improves the identification accuracy. In the field of remote sensing (RS) archaeology, the identification of archaeological traces is an important foundation for further archaeological analysis and understanding of the ancient landscape. However, conventional methods rely heavily on visual interpretation by archaeologists and RS specialists, which are difficult to handle the large amount of archaeological traces in massive RS data. Especially for large-scale linear archaeological sites, such as the Great Wall, it is challenging to obtain systematic and complete identification results through human–computer interpretation. Based on the theory of deep learning, we propose an improved DeepLabv3+ model and conduct a typical application of the Great Wall of the Han dynasty (GWH) in northwest (NW) China using very high-resolution (VHR) aerial imagery. The main improvements of the DeepLabv3+ model were (1) replacing the encoder module with pre-trained ResNet101 to obtain deeper features, and (2) adding the Dice coefficient to the loss function to improve the accuracy under the unbalanced condition of positive and negative samples. The experimental evaluation reveals that the improved DeepLabv3+ model achieved accuracy of 98.37%, recall of 98.92%, F1 of 98.64%, and intersection over union (IoU) of 97.32%. Compared with the original model, accuracy, recall, F1, and IoU have improved by 9.03%, 9.13%, 9.08%, and 16.22%, respectively. Furthermore, the identification results in the test area also indicate that the improved model has good transferability. This study provides an automatic approach for surveying and mapping the GWH and indicates the great potential of deep learning in the identification of linear archaeological traces in RS archaeology.

Tectonic geomorphology and prehistoric earthquakes of the West Helanshan fault, West Ordos, and its implications for regional tectonics and seismic hazard

The West Helanshan fault is situated at the junction of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, Alxa, and Ordos blocks, providing an opportunity to investigate the deformation in the transitional zone between the contractional northeastern Tibetan Plateau and extensional North China. Using field investigations and satellite imagery interpretations, we determined detailed geometry and kinematics of the West Helanshan fault. The West Helanshan fault is divided into three segments, including the northern, middle, and southern segments, based on varying fault strike, slip sense, and geomorphic expression. The northern and middle segments are dominated by right-lateral strike-slip motion as indicated by linear fault traces, horizontally offset streams and terrace risers, relatively insignificant vertical offset, and frequently changing facing direction of fault scarps. The late Quaternary right-slip rate is estimated to be 0.2–0.4 mm/yr, which is relatively low comparing with other strike-slip faults in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, based on 10Be-dated offset fluvial/alluvial surfaces. The southern segment shows conspicuous fault scarps with significant systematic vertical offset, which has a reverse component as revealed in the trench. The timing of the most recent earthquake revealed in the trench is constrained to be between 6.2 ± 0.7 ka and 5.9 ± 0.4 ka. Notably, the West Helanshan fault cuts through the city center of Azuoqi town, which is the capital of Azuoqi county and has about 100,000 residents, carrying high potential earthquake hazard in the future. Finally, combining the regional fault geometry and kinematics with GPS observations, we propose a limited north-northeastward extrusion model for the southern Alxa Block.

Design of linear steam distillation machine with arduino remote connection via messaging

This study aims to design a piece of distillation equipment, with greater efficiency and extraction capacity. Currently, there are steam distillation machines, most of these equipment has the capacity to distill between 1 to 100 kilograms of material. In the present design, a linear vapor trace distillation is applied, with a capacity to distill 200 kilograms of schinus “molle” on the other hand, the equipment will have connection to a mobile phone through Arduino, from which it will be possible to make emergency stops. This research was obtained through calculations showing that 1.89 liters of essential oil can be extracted from every 200 kilograms of molle. Finally, it is concluded that the current still is theoretically more efficient, extracting much more oil than the other still. Also, it has the capacity to distill all those roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and seeds that have an essence.

Correlation measures of binary sequences derived from Euler quotients

<abstract><p>Fermat-Euler quotients arose from the study of the first case of Fermat's Last Theorem, and have numerous applications in number theory. Recently they were studied from the cryptographic aspects by constructing many pseudorandom binary sequences, whose linear complexities and trace representations were calculated. In this work, we further study their correlation measures by introducing a new approach based on Dirichlet characters, Ramanujan sums and Gauss sums. Our results show that the $ 4 $-order correlation measures of these sequences are very large. Therefore they may not be suggested for cryptography.</p></abstract>

The effect of along-strike variation in dip on rupture propagation on strike-slip faults

AbstractStrike-slip faults can be nonplanar in both their strike and dip dimensions. While a large body of work has investigated the effects of changes in strike on earthquake rupture and arrest, no previous studies have investigated the role of along-strike variations in dip on strike-slip ruptures. Here, I use the three-dimensional finite-element method to conduct dynamic simulations of ruptures on strike-slip faults with linear surface traces and changes in dip along strike. I experiment with the amount of dip change as well as the abruptness of that change under a variety of initial stress conditions. In all of my initial stress cases, I find that a change in dip along strike can cause rupture to stop, and that larger dip changes over shorter distances are more likely to do so. This is largely due to the change in strike at depth that inherently comes from changing the dip; the majority of these behaviors are a result of the rupture front being forced to change direction mid-rupture. While some dip-slip movement does occur on the nonvertical parts of the model fault, it does not have a significant effect on rupture extent. However, linear-surface-trace, nonvertical-dip faults do produce different surface slip, stress, and ground motion patterns compared to corresponding nonlinear-strike, vertical-dip faults. Together, my results show that changes in dip along strike-slip faults do considerably impact the rupture process, suggesting that this type of geometrical complexity should be considered in rupture forecasts and hazard assessments.

Linear Complexity and Trace Representation of New Ding Generalized Cyclotomic Sequences with Period pq and Order Two

Linear complexity is an important property to measure the unpredictability of pseudo-random sequences. Trace representation is helpful for analyzing cryptography properties of pseudo-random sequences. In this paper, a class of new Ding generalized cyclotomic binary sequences of order two with period pq is constructed based on the new segmentation of Ding Helleseth generalized cyclotomy. Firstly, the linear complexity and minimal polynomial of the sequences are investigated. Then, their trace representation is given. It is proved that the sequences have larger linear complexity and can resist the attack of the Berlekamp–Massey algorithm. This paper also confirms that generalized cyclotomic sequences with good randomness may be obtained by modifying the characteristic set of generalized cyclotomy.