Linear Timeline Research Articles

The Impact of Non-linear Narrative Structures on Better Character Development in Animated-short Movies

Nonlinear narrative structures are infrequently used in animated short films and their benefits seems to be relatively neglected in comparison with cinema. Yet, the revolutionary potential of utilizing such structures in animated short films is endless. Nonlinear narratives provide techniques and tools which helps in better introduction and development of characters, resulting in in-depth emotional involvement of the audience. Such engagement is viable without the emphasis which classical structure puts on irrevocable principles such as linear timeline. This paper discusses the impact of nonlinear narrative structures in four animated short films, “The coin” (2019), “Negative Space” (2017), “Late afternoon” (2017), “The boy who saw the iceberg” (2000), which demonstrate a restructure of temporal factors. Each of these films is not only taking advantage of an exclusively tailored nonlinear structure using time distortion, they are also enforcing the impact they have on the way characters are delineated which could be inspired by other film-makers in animation. This paper discusses such innovative potentials in narrative structure of animated short films by relying on David Bordwell classical narration theories in “Narration in the fiction film” (1985), which are then diversified into nonchronological structures according to temporal feature of the narration. The present study argues that not only applying various nonlinear storytelling structures is possible in the context of animated short films, it also provides film-makers with measures and capabilities to achieve memorable and engaging characters.

The 4 Epochs of the Metaverse

The concept of the Metaverse has attracted considerable attention since 2021, primarily due to the rebranding of “Fakebook” to “Meta” and its promise of delivering a more immersive online experience. However, the origins of this term can be traced back to Neal Stephenson's sci-fi novel, “Snow Crash”, published in 1992. In the current study, an extensive articles review has been conducted, including academic sources, technology blogs, business reports, and social media posts. The main goal is to create a comprehensive timeline of the Metaverse and its underlying technologies. By categorizing 26 significant milestones into four distinct periods, the study introduces a framework called "4 Epochs of the Metaverse." The suggested framework challenges previously established linear timelines found in literature by identifying time periods that are based on content, rather than on chronological order. The findings emphasize that the Metaverse is not a new phenomenon, but, rather, a concept that has evolved over time since 1905 and can be classified under 4 dynamic periods, which are named Epochs. The study provides an in-depth description of the origins and evolution of the Metaverse, serving a dual purpose for researchers and practitioners: it provides insights into the transformative potential and future possibilities of the metaverse, while it lays the groundwork for further exploration and innovation in this phygital (physical + digital) environment.

The Human Dredger

The Human Dredger is a non-fiction, autobiographical recount of the writer’s education through food and its importance to society. The piece was written in June 2022 and includes scenes from Melbourne, Australia and Amalfi, Italy. The work explores the nature of memory regarding cuisine and its impact on growth from childhood into adulthood. The piece conveys how, foundationally, the understanding of different cultures can be approached through their interpretation of and appreciation for food. The writer reflects upon his childhood experiences with food and his changing perspectives as his palate develops. The story follows this human growth through a developed maturity of the palate. Replacing a linear timeline, the author’s life is spelled out in a series of courses.

Queer Mapping as Decolonial Praxis

Queer Mapping as Decolonial Praxis

Pedagogies of Time: “Editing” Textbooks, Timelines, and Childhood Memories

Drawing on the concept of “pedagogies of time,” this article analyzes early literacy textbooks and our own childhood memories of temporal socialization in (post)Soviet Armenia, Georgia, and Latvia. While textbook analysis reveals purposeful socialization of children into modern linear timelines, memory stories interrupt these predetermined trajectories and shift attention toward multiple forms of temporalities that coexist alongside and entangle with each other. Using a speculative thought experiment, we “edit” a chronological timeline in one of the stories from early literacy textbooks as an attempt to simultaneously (re)write the dominant timespaces of socialist modernity and the way childhood appears there.

Chloe T. Sun. Conspicuous in His Absence: Studies in the Song of Songs and Esther

Chloe T. Sun. <i>Conspicuous in His Absence: Studies in the Song of Songs and Esther</i>

Reprogramming Modernism

The advent of digital not only fosters new possibilities in creation but also in conservation. Architectural preservation evoked in the Modern period, when mimicry, a standard method of creation was paused and the intention to preserve past notations of architecture awakened. Now, what is the future of Modernism in the Digital archive?Digital Modern manifests the revival of this objective with actual tools. Digital proposes a new approach to history and the treatment of the past by keeping all records recallable to the present. Cloud computing proposes timeless history, where previous memory stored in algorithms is available at the level of representation. This essay shows how Modern architectural notations are explicitly inherited by the Computational era and introduce the correlation between typology and digital patterns. The period influenced by the industrial revolution and universal solutions prepared the platform for the current era influenced by the digital revolution.To understand the relationship between the two dominant epochs, this essay relies on the notions of mimicry, rules, models and methods as modes of repetition and creation crosslinked with different stages of technological development in history. This will lead to the understanding how virtual copies create a new chapter in mimesis and provokes a new chronological approach. The research methodology does not follow a linear timeline but builds on simultaneous perspectives of the Digital Modern phenomenon.

Big History and the Principle of Emergence

Life is a raucous carnival, full of “games” and “rides” whose ongoing interactions continually surprise us. Yet thinkers are too often tempted to treat it as a machine that spits out linear time lines of events, one leading deterministically to another. By its interdisciplinary nature, big history is inclined to treat the world as a carnival; yet the temptation to treat it in the more linear way sometimes prevails. This essay treats one key dynamic that governs life’s carnival—the principle of emergence. Emergence is the process by which a relatively simple entity interacts with its environment to become structurally complex, often in ways that seem impossible to anticipate. In this way, a seed becomes a fruit tree, a small community becomes a vast city, or a shamanic religion in a hunter-gatherer band evolves into a system of belief and practice shared by a billion people. By defining emergence and exploring religion as an extended illustration, this paper makes the case for more fully incorporating the principle of emergence into the study of big history.

This party is political: the moving politics of the queer dancefloor in 120 BPM (2017)

ABSTRACT This article addresses the connection between the activism of AIDS advocacy group ACT UP and the house music scene of 1990s Paris as presented in 2017 AIDS drama 120 BPM. The article mobilizes Jacques Rancière’s political and aesthetic philosophy alongside a phenomenological reading of dance and music to reveal how 120 BPM’s cinematic dancefloors construct cinematic politics. My reading suggests that the club scenes’ mobile camerawork and soundscape of remixed queer club anthems engages viewers in an affective, queer ‘club time’ that ruptures the straightforward, linear timeline of the film’s fictional narrative. Although Campillo has questioned his film’s capacity to ‘mobilise people today’, this article suggests that a phenomenological approach to the ‘queer time’ effected by the music and movement in the film’s club scenes reveals 120 BPM’s dancefloors as sites of embodied politics that transcend the specificity of the film’s cultural and historical context.

Narratives About the Future, the End of Times, and the Colonization of the Future

This article aims to argue about the colonization of the future and its narratives. Historically, the future has been determined by a linear Jewish-Christian timeline with a beginning, and an end. Beyond Apocalypse (Armageddon), and Utopia (the dream of Paradise on Earth), the turn of the millennium (the year 2.000) introduced new narratives to these. Technology, the bug of the millennium, and data science become predominant aspects to which the future relates to. This paper argues that the colonization of the future is the act of producing a future in which dominance is still in the power of some, and not available to all. Unless equality and equal distribution of forces win the battle, humanity will continue being a prisoner of the organizations that control and discourse about the future. The colonization of the future, likewise the Church and its final days, or Utopia&amp;rsquo;s discoveries of Lost Paradise, is being set to determine the future using technology and predictability. It is concluded that the turn of the millennium posts a new time to society, but again, it does not seem that all individuals have been invited. The colonization of the future is a key concept to discuss the forces that are creating the future, and it highlights the necessity to decolonize it.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

Enhancing patient and public contribution in health outcome selection during clinical guideline development: an ethnographic study

BackgroundPatient and public involvement (PPI) is a cornerstone in enhancing healthcare research and delivery, including clinical guideline development. Health outcomes concern changes in the health status of an individual or population that are attributable to an intervention. Discussion of relevant health outcomes impacts the resulting clinical guidelines for practice. This study explores how the input of PPI contributors at the National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (NICE) is integrated into guideline development, particularly in relation to health outcome selection.MethodsThe study used an ethnographic methodological approach. Data comprised: observations of committee meetings, scoping workshops and training sessions, and in-depth interviews with PPI contributors, health professionals and chairs from clinical guideline development committees. Data were analysed thematically.ResultsPPI contributors’ input in the guideline development process was often of limited scope, particularly in selecting health outcomes. Key constraints on their input included: the technical content and language of guidelines, assumed differences in the health-related priorities between PPI contributors and health professionals, and the linear timeline of the guideline development process. However, PPI contributors can influence clinical guideline development including the selection of relevant health outcomes. This was achieved through several factors and highlights the important role of the committee chair, the importance of training and support for all committee members, the use of plain language and the opportunity for all committee members to engage.ConclusionsLay member input during the outcome selection phase of clinical guideline development is achievable, but there are challenges to overcome. Study findings identify ways that future guideline developers can support meaningful lay involvement in guideline development and health outcome selection.

Recognizing and mitigating against COVID-19 consequence management impacts in emergency management organizations.

Disasters should no longer be considered along a linear timeline, where response follows preparedness, recovery follows response, and mitigation follows recovery-even if those disaster cycle phases overlap. The spiral aspects of these disaster cycle phases require communities to be in the response phase at the same time as the recovery and also mitigation phases. Emergency management (EM) organizations should use COVID-19 as the basis for a new normal as to their own continuity of operations and government. Their current model for staffing and supporting incident management is not sustainable for a long-term pandemic. The approach to any EM's organizational response to COVID-19-and the "reset/restart" of any suspended internal actions and activities-should be consistently applied across the board through all missions, all lines of service, etc., and conducted along a standardized project-management approach, with Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, Timely (SMART) goals assigned, tracked, and reported in summary and detail by utilizing a stalwart construct from emergency management through planning, organizing, equipping, training, and exercising. The EM organization's role in their community, conducted through their people, products, and services-the tactical objectives and missions which that EM organization performs, will need to continue to adapt, not only for existing missions but also for new ones created by this pandemic as well.

A timeline model for clinical events: empowering data

Data visualization is key in the Big Data context, enabling different cognitive perspectives over large datasets. These visual perspectives can prompt relevant advantages with regard to healthcare records, because they may contribute to a faster, more understandable, and adequate way to capture patients’ health history and overall condition, thus improving healthcare quality.Timelines are well-known visual artifacts that help healthcare professionals to visualize patients’ electronic health records (EHR) over a time period. As data stored in EHR tend to quickly grow with each interaction between patient and healthcare system both number and size, traditional linear timelines are can increasingly become more difficult to manage visually, as they often span over different screens. Considering that a holistic analysis is desirable to provide proper and quality health services, data visualization should enable a seamless understanding of patients’ health history and overall condition. When dealing with critical episodes - such as an emergency - where time is an important factor, this is even more decisive. Furthermore, traditional timelines do not support multidimensional data representation. This paper presents a new visual model of time-dependent EHR based on radial models. It is capable of simultaneously displaying several data categories that characterize patients’ medical history, enabling medical professionals to be aware of different data categories over time in a single display, without the need to scroll between screens.

TO DISCLOSE A LESS GENERIC PRONOUN: ADDRESSING NON-BINARY "THEY"

Since the 13th century singular they have been used freely to account to the lack of gender-fair pronoun in the English language. Singular they that is normally employed as a pronominal non-possessive indefinite singular pronoun, in contrast to an expression on he/she generic. This study aims to provide a linear timeline that accounts to the usage of singular they from 13th century to date. Discerns through the scope of Diachronic studies. This study offers an analysis of context with diachronic relevance. The study uses argumentative cross-examination methods, by combing previous findings conducted by researchers who had undertook and attempted to write under similar theme .The results of this study show periodical changes from 13th century to the next, implying that sociocultural changes may be reflected in linguistic changes. The article postulates some that can be interpreted as lenient acceptance for the application of singular they. This study concludes despite the constant rejection singular they are a proper substitute for the gender-neutral pronoun in the English language due to two major advantages for singular they could afford neutrality and naturalness element in comparison to neologism.

A Unified Health System (SUS) for the Brazilian Amazon: contributions of the social theory of Boaventura de Sousa Santos

The Brazilian Amazon is far from being a homogeneous area. There are various forms of occupation and livelihood in the area that have in common a daily life deeply marked by interaction with the natural environment. Highlighting some elements of Boaventura de Souza Santos' social theory, this paper discusses how the problem of a linear timeline and the dominant scale in hegemonic thinking has served to leave the Amazonian territories outside the scope of inclusion in public health planning. It further points out that in order to engender 'post-abyssal' thinking in the SUS for the region inevitably requires the redefinition of the economic role of the region and an inclusive social development framework with the Brazilian Amazon, and not irrespective of it. Lastly, the possibility that the local SUS should be based on a three-pronged approach, not exclusively urban-centered, which considers its territorial extension, population density and the ways in which access to health services takes place.

Alternative Autobiographical Practices On The Example Of Zami. A New Spelling Of My Name By Audre Lorde

The aim of this article is to present women’s alternative autobiographical practices on the example of Audre Lorde’s “Zami. A New Spelling of My Name”. The book, published in 1982, is one of the first non-canonical autobiographical writings by women. The author intentionally gives her autobiographical story a form that goes beyond the autobiography (rooted e.g. in Jean-Jacques Rousseau “Confessions”), both in terms of form and content. The alternative dimension of “Zami” is reflected mostly in Lorde’s attempt to break with a linear timeline of her story. She interweaved different threads of her life to focus on her process of emancipation and self-development as a Black woman, poet and feminist, growing up during the time of racial segregation in the United States (1950s and 1960s). “Zami” emerged from combining biography and myth, historical facts with her poems and dreams. This way of Lorde’s autobiographical writing was categorized as „biomythography”.

Constraints of optimization of statistical analysis of data of engineerig monitoring of transport networks

Time series for the technical monitoring of the transportation networks include interference and omissions. Their analysis requires the special statistical analysis. Known statistical packages do not contain a full cycle for processing of large time series. The linear timeline for the processing of periodic data is not available in digital statistics. The sliding window approach is suitable for processing of interrupted time series. Its disadvantage is the restriction on the length of the row and the sensitivity to data gaps. The graph of the time series process­ing needs the internal optimization. The necessary steps for optimizing of the time series processing graph are determined. They are as follows: store data in an internal database, build the data samples on a single time scale, sampling based on the meta-description of the series, averaging in a sliding window, calendar bindings and omission masks, generalization of graphs, storage of graphics in vector format and so on. The conditions for the study of series are revealed such as the database, calendar structure of data, processing of the gaps, a package of numerical methods of analysis, processing in a sliding window.

Building a rapid autopsy program \u2013 a step-by-step logistics guide

BackgroundRapid Autopsy Programs offer an opportunity to collect tissue from patients immediately after death, providing critical biological material necessary to develop more effective therapies and improve patient outcomes. Here, we present a step-by-step guide to build a cancer-focused Rapid Autopsy Program, based on our own experiences building “The Legacy Project” at the City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center.MethodsThe linear timeline of events is separated into four phases: 1) Building the Infrastructure, 2) Recruiting and Consenting, 3) Preparing for Death, and 4) Tissue Collection and Follow up. Important considerations and methods for adaptation are discussed throughout the protocol.DiscussionUsing these methods, we successfully collected a total of 533 specimens from 9 subjects. The average time from death to last specimen acquisition was 6.1 h (range: 4.03–7.66 h; median: 5.71 h). A diverse team with various areas of expertise is critical for successful program implementation. Our goal herein this protocol is to provide a comprehensive framework and foundation for other institutions to use as a model.

The use of tense and aspect in isiZulu and English by isiZulu L1/English L2 speakers: An empirical investigation

ABSTRACT Past research indicates that the acquisition and subsequent usage of tense/aspect markings by second language (L2) speakers pose particular challenges. Such challenges may emanate, inter alia, from differences in the tense/aspect systems of a L2 speaker’s two languages. This article compares and contrasts the use of tense and aspect in isiZulu and English by isiZulu L1/ English L2 speakers. We conducted an empirical intra-individual study among first-year mechanical engineering students enrolled for a communication skills module at a university of technology. The participants produced two written reports on a hypothetical series of events which culminated in an imaginary laboratory accident. We investigate how similarities and differences between English and isiZulu manifest in the written reports of each student. The qualitative, intra-individual data analysis indicates that our participants carefully position the events on a linear timeline and that they encode the chronological succession of these events in detail in their L1. In contrast, these abilities are less apparent in the L2. Here, the chronological order of events is less clear because the students tend to ‘simplify’ the available L2 tense/aspect system; in particular, they seem to avoid the English inflectional morphology ‘-en’ (aux+ -en). Thus, English L2 students may be supported by (1) allowing space for the L1 to impact on the learning of the L2, and by (2) engaging students through custom-made, contextualised simulation activities that reinforce the use of English tense and aspect. Furthermore, our research supports transformative language policies and a promotion of African languages inside and outside academia.

Provincializing memory studies: The insistence of the ‘here-now’

This essay responds to Astrid Erll’s question about what it might mean to do memory studies in different parts of the world. We offer a response from the perspective of three researchers based in Australia. Focused on a season-opening gala performance, a photographic series, a site-specific protest, and a film that takes a choir from Central Australia to Germany, the essay tracks the emergence, in culture, of something we term the ‘here-now’. The essay argues that this ‘here-now’ belongs neither to historical temporality’s linear time-line, nor to the cosmology of an unsullied Indigenous culture – and cannot easily be addressed in the language of memory studies. Taking our lead from four case studies, we try to find words for what it is that the ‘here-now’ makes present, as it emerges in the artworks and events we discuss. We find that the ‘here-now’s’ ordering of place/time insistently evokes a yet-to-be realized Australia, while prompting recognition of the hard truths that still stand in its way.