Linear Streets Research Articles

Urban Integration of Historic Centers


 Historic centers are considered one of the tangible forms of civilization in terms of depicting the extensions of the past. They form one of the intensively proposed controversies in the modern field in regard to the possibility of dealing with them, the objectives of development and conserving them as they represent the merge of the old and the new. This is manifested in the merger of contradictions and the changing value resulting from urban interference in order to link the historic centers with other parts of the city through linear streets that penetrate its urban structure and divide its urban texture, causing a common problem for most Islamic Arab historic centers.

Urban Integration of Historic Centers


 Historic centers are considered one of the tangible forms of civilization in terms of depicting the extensions of the past. They form one of the intensively proposed controversies in the modern field in regard to the possibility of dealing with them, the objectives of development and conserving them as they represent the merge of the old and the new. This is manifested in the merger of contradictions and the changing value resulting from urban interference in order to link the historic centers with other parts of the city through linear streets that penetrate its urban structure and divide its urban texture, causing a common problem for most Islamic Arab historic centers.

Going on a Field Trip: Critical Geographical Walking Tours and Tactical Media as Urban Praxis in Sydney, Australia

Going on a Field Trip: Critical Geographical Walking Tours and Tactical Media as Urban Praxis in Sydney, Australia

Linear Street Pattern in Urban Cities in Malaysia Influence Snatch Theft Crime Activities

Malaysia is one of the countries that is having rapid urbanization and the crime rates are getting worried by the Malaysian government. Thus, this paper objective is to identify the street pattern characteristics that influence the snatch theft activities. The character of the street pattern is identified by using the GIS to construct, determine andanalysethe area with high reported snatch theft cases. The result shows the area with the high number of snatch incidents is becoming a snatch theft hotspot area and the fragmented parallel type of street pattern influenced the snatch activities. eISSN: 2398-4287 © 2018. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/e-bpj.v3i8.1386

Diversity and vitality of tree species in the street plantations of Kryvyi Rih city

The important factor of improving the ecological-esthetical role of green plantations in the city environment is a reasoned selection of tree species for greening city territories. That is why there is a necessity to study the state of green plantations in industrial cities. The aim of the work was to study the diversity of dendroflora in city plantations in green plantations of Saksagansky district of Kryvyi Rih city and to reveal decorative species of tree plantations, most resistant to conditions of the urbanized environment. The studies were conducted by the method of inventory of green plantations with defining their type, forest valuation parameters and vitality level. It was established, that the studied territories contain 49 types of tree plants that include 17 families and present 23 genera. By the number of specimens there prevail Aesculus hippocastanum L.(13,4% of the whole number of trees), Populus bolleana Louche (7,8%), Populus nigra L. (6,6%), Ulmus laevis Pall. (6,4%), Tilia cordata Mill. (6,0 %), Robinia pseudoacacia L.(4,1%). The most number of types, characterized with 7-8 points of vitality originates from the Circumboreal floristic region (almost 39% of all species that received highest vitality indices). Fast-growing species prevail in plantations of the studied region, they are 67%. The share participation of middle-growing and slow-growing species is essentially less (23% and 10% respectively). The decrease of vitality of tree plants with age depends on their growth intensity. The decrease of vitality of tree plants is most Fast in slow-growing species (in the age after 30 years), and in middle- and Fast-growing species after 40-50 years. So, slow-growing tree plants must not be involved into the composition of linear street plantations of the Right-bank Pridneprovie, because they are less long-lived under these conditions. The highest vitality is typical for plants in age categories 21-30 and 31-40 years (27,4% and 22,9% respectively). The most number of trees with the lowest vitality level was revealed among young plants under 10 years old. Species of genera Fraxinus L., Acer L., Populus L., Robinia L.,Ulmus L can be recommended as the most vital among street plantations

Dynamics of Cloud-Top Generating Cells in Winter Cyclones. Part III: Shear and Convective Organization

AbstractCloud-top generating cells (GCs) are a common feature atop stratiform clouds within the comma head of winter cyclones. The dynamics of cloud-top GCs are investigated using very high-resolution idealized WRF Model simulations to examine the role of shear in modulating the structure and intensity of GCs. Simulations were run for the same combinations of radiative forcing and instability as in Part II of this series, but with six different shear profiles ranging from 0 to 10 m s−1 km−1 within the layer encompassing the GCs.The primary role of shear was to modulate the organization of GCs, which organized as closed convective cells in simulations with radiative forcing and no shear. In simulations with shear and radiative forcing, GCs organized in linear streets parallel to the wind. No GCs developed in the initially stable simulations with no radiative forcing. In the initially unstable and neutral simulations with no radiative forcing or shear, GCs were exceptionally weak, with no clear organization. In moderate-shear (Δu/Δz = 2, 4 m s−1 km−1) simulations with no radiative forcing, linear organization of the weak cells was apparent, but this organization was less coherent in simulations with high shear (Δu/Δz = 6, 8, 10 m s−1 km−1). The intensity of the updrafts was primarily related to the mode of radiative forcing but was modulated by shear. The more intense GCs in nighttime simulations were either associated with no shear (closed convective cells) or strong shear (linear streets). Updrafts within GCs under conditions with radiative forcing were typically ~1–2 m s−1 with maximum values < 4 m s−1.

Street as a big geo-data assembly and analysis unit in urban studies: A case study using Beijing taxi data

Quantitative research of urban geography has benefited greatly from the rapid development of big geo-data. Spatial assembly is an essential analytical step to summarize and perceive geographical environment from individual behaviours. Most research focuses on the methodology of how to utilize the big data, while the adopted spatial units for data aggregation remain areal in nature. This article conceptually proposes an idea of sensing cities from a street perspective, emphasizes the significance of street units in quantitative urban studies. Using a three-month taxi trajectory dataset and the major streets in Beijing, we explore the spatio-temporal patterns of urban mobility on streets, cluster streets into nine types based on their dynamic functions and capacities. Additionally, we discuss the differences and connections between the linear street unit and traditional areal units, investigate the possibility of uncovering urban communities using streets, and point out the complexity of streets. We conclude that street unit as a supplement to areal units, is able to effectively minify the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP), sense urban dynamics, depict urban functions, and understand urban structures.

Evaluation and improvement of outdoor thermal comfort in urban areas on extreme temperature days: Applications of automatic algorithms

The objective of this paper is to present and apply automatic algorithms to evaluate and improve non-stationary outdoor thermal comfort in urban areas. The effects of urban planning on thermal sensations are analyzed in three linear urban street designs and in non-linear arrangement of the streets with no vegetation in Novi Sad, Serbia. A temporal analysis is performed for extreme hot and cold days using universal thermal climate index (UTCI) simulations in the Grasshopper program. In future linear street design, the frequencies of the greatest thermal stress situations substantially decrease on hot summer days and slightly increase on cold winter days. Past, present, and future urban designs of linear street are compared, and the largest UTCI decreases are noted at 10, 17 and 18 UTC on hot summer days at 11 UTC on cold winter days. Future planed and proposed urban design of linear and non-linear streets is compared and the largest UTCI decreases are noted at 10 UTC on summer day and increases at 11 UTC in winter day. The building height and density increases in the future street design will modify the thermal environment. The proposed automatic algorithms are applicable for the analysis of human thermal comfort in various urban designs and climates.

Linear street extraction using a Conditional Random Field model

A novel method for extracting linear streets from a street network is proposed where a linear street is defined as a sequence of connected street segments having a shape similar to a straight line segment. Specifically a given street network is modeled as a Conditional Random Field (CRF) where the task of extracting linear streets corresponds to performing learning and inference with respect to this model. The energy function of the proposed CRF model is submodular and consequently exact inference can be performed in polynomial time. This contrasts with traditional solutions to the problem of extracting linear streets which employ heuristic search procedures and cannot guarantee that the optimal solution will be found. The performance of the proposed method is quantified in terms of identifying those types or classes of streets which generally exhibit the characteristic of being linear. Results achieved on a large evaluation dataset demonstrate that the proposed method greatly outperforms the aforementioned traditional solutions.

Examining the Relationship Between Road Structure and Burglary Risk Via Quantitative Network Analysis

To test the hypothesis that the spatial distribution of residential burglary is shaped by the configuration of the street network, as predicted by, for example, crime pattern theory. In particular, the study examines whether burglary risk is higher on street segments with higher usage potential. Residential burglary data for Birmingham (UK) are examined at the street segment level using a hierarchical linear model. Estimates of the usage of street segments are derived from the graph theoretical metric of betweenness, which measures how frequently segments feature in the shortest paths (those most likely to be used) through the network. Several variants of betweenness are considered. The geometry of street segments is also incorporated—via a measure of their linearity—as are several socio-demographic factors. As anticipated by theory, the measure of betweenness was found to be a highly-significant predictor of the burglary victimization count at the street segment level for all but one of the variants considered. The non-significant result was found for the most localized measure of betweenness considered. More linear streets were generally found to be at lower risk of victimization. Betweenness offers a more granular and objective means of measuring the street network than categorical classifications previously used, and its meaning links more directly to theory. The results provide support for crime pattern theory, suggesting a higher risk of burglary for streets with more potential usage. The apparent negative effect of linearity suggests the need for further research into the visual component of target choice, and the role of guardianship.

車両通行の多い街路空間での経路選択と探索行動

The purpose of this study is to clarify a part of the process in spatial cognition by analyzing the relationship between the eye fixation behavior and the pedestrian movement. This moving experiment for searching the famous sightseeing spots was performed on the busy quarter street of Roma. From the experiments, the following can be concluded. 1) A subject's walking course pattern with low degree of spatial cognition has the "shortest path type" and the "semi-shortest path type". 2) Head moving action shows a tendency to be reduced in the "square" and linear streets.

Movement-generated land-use agglomeration: simulation experiments on the drivers of fine-scale land-use patterning

Groups of mobile sighted individuals, whether insect, animal or human, behave in complex ways as they search their environment for the resources needed to live. Among urban human societies, search behaviour is complex and emergent since it relates to settlement morphology and land-use pattern, both of which themselves result from human activity. Recently, agent simulation experiments have been used to study patterns of emergent behaviour in the dynamics of crowd movement and in the construction of paths through open space. Here we report simulations in which agents are given long-distance vision and direct their behaviour in response to information from the entire cone of vision afforded by the morphology of the local environment and their gaze direction. We show that the morphology of the environment and the location and aggregation patterns of resources within that environment affect the efficiency with which these agents can conduct their search. Linear streets and clustered aggregations afford efficient search for multi-target ‘comparison’ behaviour where agents search among a number of targets for a ‘best match’ to their requirements, while dispersed locations are most efficient for single target ‘convenience’ trips. We propose that urban space morphology and retail location patterns may have evolved to support efficient search. Finally, we argue that knowledge of distributed processes of decision taking such as that involved in search for resources and location selection on the part of resource providers, could lead to a new intellectual framework for land use planning.

On optimal cell planning: Case study for a DCS 1800 system

AbstractMicro and pico cell planning strategies are adopted in personal communication systems (PCS) in order to increase their capacity. The usage of the upper UHF band in combination with greater bandwidth is already proposed by telecom engineers in order to achieve the promised service quality and data rates. These strategies are characterized by an increased number of cells in specific geographical areas with the corresponding operating base transceiving stations (BTS) located at relatively low heights above the street level. In this case, the cell planning procedure in linear streets under line‐of‐sight (LOS) conditions needs further study concerning the technical characteristics of the PCS.In this paper, the propagation characteristics of a DCS 1800 system are investigated on a theoretical and experimental basis in a specific geographical area (center of Patras City in Northern Pelloponesse). An improved RF propagation model is proposed in order to determine the propagation path losses occurring under certain multipath fading conditions. Hence an optimum determination of a system's cellular area can be achieved. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

繁華街におけるストリート・パフォーマンスの実態とその発生場所の空間特性 : コミュニケーションを誘発する都市空間に関する研究

This paper aims to clarify the actual state and the spatial characteristics of street performances in Osaka. Some results show as follows. 1. Street performances can be classified under four main contents: play, creation, feat, and dance. 2. A flow of people, the closing time of shops, the brightness, and the distance between other performances have relation to the distribution .of street performances. 3. The shapes of those spaces can be classified into 4 groups: the linear street, the street composed of a variety of elements, the small-scale space on which people can pause, and the monotonous open space. And the spatial preference varies greatly depending on the type of performance.

The Impact of Ethnicity and Ethnic Media on Presidential Voting Patterns

Traditional influences on Americans'political involvement have declined in recent years while the position of mass media and other influences have grown in election campaigns. Although declines have been found for the family, schools, and other socialization agents such as ethnic and religious groups, ethnic voting may be with us for a long time, as Wolfinger (1965) noted. These ethnic patterns of political involvement may be imbedded within the political system itself and continue into the second and third generations despite social changes that have reduced the political significance of national origin (Busch, 1976; Dahl, 1961; Fuchs, 1968; Levy and Kramer, 1973). Buenker (1981, p. 45-46) says that ethnic minorities have been integrated into the American political system so readily because politics accepts the existence of diversity and provides mechanisms for interest groups to compromise their differences without surrendering much of their uniqueness. Bourgoyne (1985, p. 5) notes that the past twenty years have seen the growth of ethnic voting blocs in which differences among various groups - in occupation, educational opportunity and voting registration - have become the basis of political power. Noting that social scientists usually focus on the impact of politics on ethnicity and nationalism, Smith (1996) stresses the need for reversing that relationship and studying the impact of ethnicity on politics. Ethnic politics may survive both assimilation and acculturation, the latter defined as the acquisition of the native culture, the former as the integration of ethnics at the primary level - kinship, neighbors, and close friends (Abramson, 1973; Alba, 1976; Gallo, 1974; Gordon, 1964). Even this earlier view of assimilation as a one-way, linear street is being questioned (D'Innocenzo & Sirefman, 1992; Heisler, 1977; Horowitz, 1977; Nash, 1989). Once many scholars tended to associate ethnicity with premodern stages of development, and, thus, ethnic conflicts and the intensity of ethnic identification were expected to fade with modernization. However, this notion has been questioned in more recent years by scholars noting that ethnic group activities seem to be rational strategies for dealing with contemporary problems in modern societies (Heisler, 1977; Jones, 1997; Tricarico, 1989; also see Thompson, 1989). Retaining one's ethnicity also fits in with notions of cultural pluralism, a challenger to the long dominant notion of assimilation (Kivisto, 1989).' Furthermore, people may return to their ethnic roots for security and meaning in times of conflict and rapid change. Preservation of ethnicity and the right to be often requires political activity (Rubin, 1976).' Ethnic Politics: An Overview: The history of ethnic politics in the United States includes contributions by its many different groups, but the disproportionate significance of IrishAmericans has been noted by many scholars. Sowell (1981, p. 30-31) points out that block voting by Irish in the big cities assured them political influence as early as the 1830s. Irish political machines were built on loyalty to individuals and to the organization (see Cochran, 1995-1996), with a guiding principle to be elected, not to introduce some ideological program. The Irish transformed American municipal politics by changing the class composition of municipal government, putting the power in the hands of men that came from the working class and often the slums. Only after many years did the Irish find it necessary to admit Italians and Jews to their political organizations (Sowell, 1981, p. 32) .3 After the mid-1920s, politics offered ethnic and foreign-born Americans an increasingly important opportunity to participate in the broader society by forging ties with other nationalities, but not seriously risking cultural contamination or the loss of identity (Archdeacon, 1983, p. 189). In New York City, Mayor Fiorello La Guardia, son of a Catholic Italian father and a Jewish mother, rejected the Irish dominated Democratic Tammany hall to join the Republican Party and win election as the first Republican congressman from the Lower East Side since the Civil War. …

Distributed Control of Traffic in Street Networks

Distributed approach to minimum delay optimisation of traffic control in two way linear street networks is presented. The method yields all local optimum solutions for existing traffic state in two stages: segment ones and network one. Applications of the method to calculating signal settings in street networks on-line is discussed.

GATES AS SIGNS OF AUTONOMY IN MUSLIM TOWNS

sion with Oleg Grabar about the Muslim built environment. He advised me to investigate the word khatta and its exact meaning and implication for Muslim towns. That advice gave me a key for future essays, among them this study. Most of the works that have dealt with gates have concentrated on monumental portals such as those to cities and mosques; they range in theme from semiotic interpretations to the geometric innovations of their builders. Gates to shared residential spaces such as dead-end streets have been neglected by historians, mainly because they are not attracted to gates that are neither as elaborately nor as elegantly built as monumental gates are. Here I will argue that residential gates play a role as symbols of control in society and deserve attention because they can contribute to the understanding of the sociocultural structure of societies where they are found. Contemporary scholars have been misled in their observations of the morphology of streets in Muslim towns; they describe them as either a labyrinth of thoroughfares and alleys, or as they exist today a network of linear streets organically arranged. But in the past there were gates all over the city that divided this labyrinthine space into many smaller spaces for the exclusive use of particular groups. These places closed in by gates had a function that has been lost today and that affected many aspects of city life. The same traditional physical organization had a totally different quality than that we see

Passenger conveyor economics

Operating and capital costs for a high speed conveyor are estimated from cost data for low speed conveyors and from estimates for high speed designs. Unit costs are developed with reference to theoretical and practical conveyor capacities, and to the effect of traffic peaking on average utilization. User benefits are modelled as the change in consumers surplus arising from the introduction of a conveyor on a linear street as an alternative to walking. Cost and benefits vary widely depending on system design and location and on characteristics of travellers. Benefit measurements should reflect the effects on travel demand of a proposed installation, changes in value of time with changes in mode, and the effects of benefit “dilution” associated with limitations on access to the conveyor.