Linear Alkylate Sulfonate Research Articles

Degradation of phospate in laundry waste with biosand filter method

The most active ingredients in laundry waste such as clothes softener and detergent are ammonium chloride, linear alkyl sulfonate (LAS), sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, sodium carbonate, sodium sulfate, alkylbenzene sulfonate. These materials are not biodegradable This study aims to reduce the phosphate and surfactant content with the biosand filter method which uses activated carbon as adsorbents with the laundry to nutritional waste mixtures ratio of 100%: 0, 75%: 25%, and 50%: 50% (%volume) with anaerobic process. The parameters analyzed were Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Suspended Solid (TSS), Volatile Suspended Solid (VSS), pH everyday and Phosphate and Surfactant before and after anaerobic processes. The pH for this study is set in the range of 6.9-7.5. The largest volume was at 50%: 50% (v/v) mixture of laundry waste and nutrients obtained 76.61% TSS, 63.55% VSS, 53.67% COD, 74.32 % phosphate and 53.54% surfactant. Reduction of phosphate and surfactant values is caused by the presence of a dirty layer (biofilm) in the tank so as to produce phosphate and surfactants that have met quality standards based on the Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia No. 82 of 2001.

PEMANFAATAN DAUN WARU (Hibiscus tiliance L) SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKU DETERJEN

SLS (Sodium Lauryl Sulfate) and LAS (Linear Alkyl Sulfonate) are active ingredients in detergents which have a negative impact on living things and the environment. To overcome these problems, one of the environmentally friendly alternative ingredients is waru leaves. The purpose of this study was to determine the benefits of waru leaves in their use for washing cloth, knowing the effectiveness of waru leaves as an active ingredient in cleaning stains and knowing the level of contamination of COD waste waru leaf extract. The composition of the detergent formula uses the experimental method with 1 factor, namely the concentration of waru leaves (80%, 82%, 84%, 86%, 88%). The sample selection stage is based on the parameters of pH, foam height, optimal viscosity. From this stage, two best formulas were obtained, namely 80% and 82% waru leaf extract. The two best samples were washed so that the best formula was 82%. Further testing is carried out to measure the level of waste contamination. The sample had a pH of 7.56, foam height of 4.10 cm, viscosity of 539.0, white degree of WI-CIE 155.02 and level of COD contamination of 308.25 mg / l. These results can prove that waru leaves can be used as detergent raw materials.

Post-treatment of anaerobic reactor effluent for reuse using a triple filtration system

This study evaluated the triple filtration technology efficiency as a post-treatment of anaerobic reactor effluent. This study was carried out employing different concentrations of ferric chloride as coagulant and peracetic acid or calcium hypochlorite as oxidant. The filtration rates used were 150 m3/m2 d and 120 m3/m2 d. The efficiency of the system was evaluated through physicochemical and microbiological parameters. The best conditions found were those using 20 mg/L ferric chloride, 120 m3/m2 d filtration rate and 0.8 and 1.6 mg/L free chlorine. These conditions resulted in turbidity <1.0 NTU, Total Organic Carbon <1.5 mg/L, Chemical Oxygen Demand <1.0 mg/L, Biochemical Oxygen Demand <1.0 mg/L, in addition 100% removal of Total Phosphorus and Linear Alkylate Sulfonate. The post-oxidation process promoted inactivation of 100% Total Coliforms and E. coli. The post-treatment was able to produce effluent with characteristics that enable its urban, damming, creation and maintenance of wetlands, industrial and agricultural reuse proposed by USEPA.

Selection of Pseudomonas sp. for Lipid and Detergent Degradation

The objective of the research was to identify which Pseudomonas species has the ability to alter lipids and surfactants simultaneously. This research was conducted by using three Pseudomonas species, vegetable oil, and commercial detergent which contains Linear Alkyl Sulfonate LAS. The result shows that Pseudomonas aeruginosa is able to reduce lipids and surfactant 80.53% and 61.22% respectively.

PROSES ADSORPSI SENYAWA LINIER ALKILBENZENE SULFONAT (LAS) MELALUI ARANG AKTIF KULIT UBI KAYU

This research aims was to analyze the potential of activated charcoal leather cassava in the adsorption process linear compounds alkilbenzene sulfonate (LAS) contained in the liquid waste household detergents. Stages of the study consisted of charcoal formation process of the skin of cassava through the combustion process of pyrolysis, charcoal leather activation process cassava, and the compound adsorption process linear alkyl sulfonate (LAS) contained in the liquid waste household detergents. The results showed that activated charcoal is formed from leather waste cassava LAS have the ability to adsorb the compounds contained in domestic wastewater. Treatment optimum adsorption occurs at a concentration of activated charcoal leather cassava 4 grams and a contact time of 20 minutes.

Determination and Characterization of Photocatalytic Products of Linear Alkyl Sulphonate by High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

In this study, Linear Alkyl Sulfonate (LAS) as anionic detergent active compounds was treated with photocatalytic method. The method degrades LAS to form CO2 and H2O. Time variations performed to the photocatalysis was conducted hour to hour, from 1 to 5 hours. Determination of LAS concentration was carried out using methylene blue active substances (MBAs), whereas characterization of LAS structure was observed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (NMR). The results showed that 69.9% of LAS decomposes 65.1% of CO2 are formed.

Effect of additives on the morphology of calcium sulfate hemihydrate: Experimental and molecular dynamics simulation studies

The effects of sodium dodecyl sulfonate (SDS) and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) on the morphology of calcium sulfate hemihydrate (HH) were studied by experiment and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. It was observed that the additives significantly inhibited the axial growth of HH crystals. The binding energies (Eb) between the additives above and the (002) face were much higher than the ones of other faces. The following sequence was obtained: Eb(002)>Eb(110)>Eb(200)>Eb(1−10), which could provide a rational interpretation to the experimental results. In addition to the additives above, the effects of other linear alkyl sulfonates (LAS) and alkyl benzene sulfonates (LABS) on the (002) face were also investigated and the binding energies were increasing with the number of carbon atoms increase. The results obtained from this study should be helpful to the performance evaluation and selection of the morphology modifiers for HH crystals.

Colour change of polyester dyed fabric during washing by ecological surfactants

Alkyl polyglucosides (APGs) have appeared on the market, offering good levels of biodegradability and ecotoxicity. These nonionic surfactants, obtained from natural substances, are 100% biodegradable and very suitable for washing. They are highly soluble, only slightly sensitive to electrolytes and rarely influenced by water hardness. This paper analyses the behaviour of APG and linear alkyl sulfonate, separately and in mixtures of different proportions, in order to show how dyed polyester fabric changed colour during washing and how dye transfers to white textile items (diacetate, polyamide, cotton, acrylic and wool). Before this process, the polyester was dyed with disperse dyes. Disperse dyes can become deposited on white polyester fabric during washing due to various mechanical, chemical, electrical or adsorption-related causes. In an attempt to explain the behaviour of the deposition of disperse dyes in the washing process, we assessed the total potential energy between disperse dye and polyester fabric based on the theory of heterocoagulation. The zeta potentials of the insoluble disperse dyes and the fabrics were related to the results obtained by staining white fabric during washing.

Relationship among parameters of lake polluted sediments evaluated by multivariate statistical analysis

In the attempt to assess the relationship and interdependency among sediment toxic pollutants, in particular heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and linear alkyl sulfonates (LAS) and some of the sediment typical components: inorganic carbon (IC), organic material (OM) and acid volatile sulphides (AVS), multivariate techniques of statistical analysis have been applied to a set of chemical data obtained by the analysis of the sediments of the Trasimeno Lake, a central Italy lake characterized by a large surface (128 km 2) and a low mean depth (about 4.5 m). The results of principal component analysis (PCA) show interrelationships between: OM content and PAH, Pb, and Cu concentrations of the sediments, LAS and AVS, and AVS and IC. The effect of the different sampling periods on sediment composition and contamination level, and the clustering of the sampling sites as a consequence of pollutant load are also shown. The principal component bi-plot of the variables and samples indicates that PAH have the greatest influence on the separation of samples in the different sampling periods.

KARAKTERISTIK BIODEGRADASI ALKIL SULFONAT LINEAR OLEH Pseudomonas aeruginosa I Made Sudiana

Detergent contained of Linear Alkyl Sulfonate (LAS) is toxic material to human, animal and microorganism. Strain S1 isolated from detergent contaminated soil was able to grow in media with LAS as a sole carbon source. LAS degradation took place under aerobic condition, with μmax of 0.31-h, Ks = 7.75 mg/L, Vmax = 1.04 mg/L.hour-1and Km = 8.119 mg/L. Analyses of 16s rDNA revealed that S1 is belonging to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Detergency and foam studies on linear alkylbenzene sulfonate and secondary alkyl sulfonate

AbstractAmong anionic surfactants used in detergent products, the sodium salt of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (NaLAS) is the only surfactant belonging to the aromatic class; the others are aliphatic, e.g., the sodium salt of secondary alkyl sulfonate (NaSAS). We observed earlier that certain conformational changes taking place in aromatic anionic surfactants (NaLAS) upon micellization can be brought about in aliphatic anionic surfactants (NaSAS) by addition of phenol. In this paper we examined how conformational changes at the molecular level translated into macroscopic properties such as foam and detergency. We performed foam and detergency measurements on NaLAS, NaSAS, and NaSAS/phenol systems. Foam behavior of these systems is shown to be dependent only upon calcium ion sensitivities of the surfactants whereas the detergency results have a dependence on conformational changes at the molecular level.

Determination of Critical Micelle Concentration of Anionic Surfactants: Comparison of Internal and External Fluorescent Probes

Fluorescence spectroscopy has been utilized to determine the critical micelle concentrations (CMC) of anionic surfactants by external and internal probes and the results have been compared to those obtained by the surface tension method. The selection of anionic surfactants gave us the flexibility of having the probe within the surfactant molecule and having it reside at the palisade layer or in the micellar core. It is shown that the CMC value is not affected by the nature (whether part of the surfactant molecule or externally added) and location of the probe within the micelle. CMC values determined by surface tension and fluorescence techniques using external and internal probes agree quite well in linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) and secondary alkyl sulfonate (SAS) systems.

Distribution and degradation of Alkyl benzene sodium sulfonate, and its harmful effect on carp in Dianchi Lake

Sanitary and industrial sewage is a daily serious detriment to the water quality of Dianchi Lake, Yunnan Province, China. The numerous anionic detergents contained in sanitary sewage and the large number of metallic elements such as Cu, Pb, Cd contained in industrial discharge have made an obvious harmful effect on growth of carp (Cyprinus carpio chilia Wu et al.) in the lake. At the Dianchi Lake sampling and water intake area near Dragon Gate Village, the Linear Alkyl Sulfonate content in the water is over 0.7 (mg/l). This caused the carp's incubation rate and the terateger rate to reach 85% and 28% respectively, and results in a lethality rate of young carp of about 38%. In addition, further study has been stated on the distribution and degradation rates in Dianchi Lake water and in its sediments of two isomeric anionic detergents: ABS (Alkyl Benzene Sulfonate, in short form ABS) and LAS (Linear Alkyl Sulfonate, in short form LAS), and the harmful effect of LAS to its carp. Measures for harnessing and protecting the lake's aquatic environment from pollution, and using the area to develop carp aquaculture are posed. Water quality standards for feeding carp are also covered.

Capillary electrophoresis methods development and sensitivity enhancement strategies for the separation of industrial and environmental chemicals

This paper focuses on capillary electrophoresis (CE) methods development and sensitivity enhancement strategies for the separation of charged and neutral species of interest to industrial and environmental laboratories. Areas addressed include: (a) free solution and micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MECC) methods development strategies; (b) the use of coated capillaries with MECC and reversed polarity to improve separation speed; (c) size separation using a sieving polymer; (d) the use of specific and selective detection techniques to detect environmentally important analytes and metabolites; (e) automated sample concentration techniques to enhance sensitivity by >1000×. Numerous analyte classes are used to illustrate solutions for industrial and environmental problems. These classes include chlorinated phenols, phenoxy acid herbicides, aromatic acids, isomerized α- and β-hop acids, nitroaromatic and nitramine compounds, acidic dyes, linear benzene alkyl sulfonates (LAS), inorganic anions, and charged polymers. Procedures to improve resolution and selectivity are discussed along with methods to enhance sensitivity of detection. Finally, unified methods development strategies to separate and detect analytes in the industrial and environmental setting are described.

Adsorption of Single Anionic Surfactants on Hydrophobic Surfaces

The adsorption of a series of linear alkyl sulfonates and linear alkyl sulfates on sulfonated polystyrene latexes of various surface charge densities was studied to provide a better understanding of the effects of surface charge on the adsorption of anionic surfactants. Direct measurement of the adsorbed amount via ion chromatography provided greater accuracy and precision than do indirect methods such as soap titration. Results indicate that in the region of surface charge densities between −3 and −7 μC/cm2the effects of surface potential on adsorbed amount are more complex than has been described in the past. Previous work hypothesized a steady decrease in adsorbed amount with increasing surface charge due to increased electrostatic repulsions. The data obtained in this investigation indicate local increases in the adsorbed amount, possibly a result of configurational rearrangements of the adsorbed surfactant leading to an increase in surface area available for adsorption.

Unilever rolls out 'new generation' detergent

Anglo-Dutch detergents and chemicals maker Unilever is introducing a concentrated detergent to the European market. The company says it has changed almost everything in the formulation that could be changed. The result is a new generation product, technologically unusual enough that it has spawned two legal actions in the Netherlands against U.S. soap producer Procter & Gamble. At first glance, the formulation changes don't appear all that dramatic. For example, the surfactant active ingredients the company has gone for a better blend soil-removing properties, turning to alcohol sulfates from linear alkyl sulfonates, according to Graham Catton, technical liaison manager fabric products. The formulation uses a zeolite builder, which Unilever has recently developed and patented. The company has used zeolites in its formulations some time, but this one is more efficient by weight, so less of it can be used. Moreover, the zeolite is efficient ...

Inverse Analytical Techniques Applied to Coincident Contaminant Distributions at Otis Air Force Base, Massachusetts

AbstractInverse analytical techniques have been applied to six coincident plumes at Otis Air Force Base near Cape Cod, Massachusetts. The plumes contain chloride, boron, trichloroethene, tetrachloroethene, and biodegradable and nonbiodegradable detergents. Thus, a host of processes including physical, chemical, and biological, are presumed to be operative. The analytical technique is structured to solve several equations simultaneously and provides unique values for several unknowns which control the behavior of the contaminant plumes. The determined parameters include source strength and size, the advective position of the contaminant front for both retarded and unretarded constituents, dispersivities in x and y, and a reaction rate constant that describes decay, biodégradation, or chemical transformation. The obtained values for the transport parameters for the different constituents were reasonably similar, with the transverse dispersivity ranging from 1.2 to 2.7 m and the longitudinal dispersivity ranging from 6.1 to 7 m. The unretarded advective velocity of boron, chloride, and tetrachloroethene were quite similar (73, 78, and 65 m/yr) whereas tetrachloroethene had a velocity of 48 m/yr. Of special interest is the half‐life determination of the reactive constituents. The organic compounds trichloroethene and tetrachloroethene have half‐lives of 11 and 10 years, respectively, whereas the biodegradable detergent with linear alkyl sulfonate had a half‐life of 7.6 years. In all cases, this set of parameters captures the essence of the various plumes with a high degree of accuracy.

Identification of isopropylbiphenyl, alkyl diphenylmethanes, diisopropylnaphthalene, linear alkyl benzenes and other polychlorinated biphenyl replacement compounds in effluents, sediments and fish in the fox river system, wisconsin

Five polychlorinated biphenyl replacement dye solvents and a diluent present in carbonless copy paper were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in the following matrices: effluents from a de-inking–recycling paper mill and a municipal wastewater treatment plant receiving wastewaters from a carbonless copy paper manufacturing plant; sediments; and fish collected near both discharges in the Fox River System, Wisconsin. An isopropylbiphenyl dye solvent mixture included mono-, di- and triisopropylbiphenyls. Also identified were two dye solvent mixtures marketed under the trade name Santosol. Santosol 100 comprised ethyl-diphenylmethanes (DPMs), benzyl-ethyl-DPMs, and dibenzyl-ethyl-DPMs. Similarly, Santosol 150 comprised dimethyl-DPMs, benzyl-dimethyl-DPMs, and dibenzyl-dimethyl-DPMs. Diisopropylnaphthalenes, widely used as a dye solvent in Japan, were identified for the first time in the US environment. sec-Butylbiphenyls and di-sec-butylbiphenyls, likely constituents of a sec-butylbiphenyl dye solvent mixture, were tentatively identified. Linear alkyl benzenes (C10 to C13-LABs) constituted the Alkylate 215 diluent mixture. Although known to occur as minor constituents in linear alkyl sulfonate detergents, LAB residues have not been previously attributed to commercial use of LABs.

Movement and fate of detergents in groundwater: a field study

The major cations, anions, and detergents in a plume of contaminated groundwater at Otis Air Base on Cape Cod (Mass., U.S.A.) have moved approximately 3.5 km down gradient from the disposal beds. We hypothesize that the detergents form two distinct plumes, which consist of alkyl benzene sulfonates (ABS) detergents and linear alkyl sulfonates (LAS) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (NaLS) detergents. The ABS detergents were deposited from approximately 1940 through 1965, when ABS detergents were banned. From 1965 to the present, LAS and NaLS detergents were in the sewage. The ABS detergents appear to be transported in the aquifer at the same rate as the specific conductance (major cations and anions) and boron, which are currently used as conservative tracers of the plume of contaminated groundwater. There appears to be little or no biological degradation of the ABS detergents in the aquifer, based on their concentration in the plume. On the other hand, the LAS and NaLS detergents have degraded rapidly and have been detected only 0.6 km down gradient. The roleof the detergents in the transport of other organic compounds in the plume is nuclear. There is a separation of the ABS detergent plume and the volatile organic compound plume; however, the time of entry of the detergents and the volatile organic compounds is unknown. Therefore, it is not possible to conclude on the interaction of these two classes of compounds.

Evaluation of reference carbon and inocula sources used in biodegradation test systems that measure oxygen consumption

Numerous procedures are used to evaluate the biodegradation potential of organic chemicals. Optimal conditions for tests, efficiency of tests, effects of microbe sources and appropriate reference media often are not defined. This study determined the effect of three inocula [resh activated sludge, yeast (Saccharomyces sp.) and laboratory-maintained sludge culture] and four reference compounds (glucose, sodium acetate, linear alkylate sulfonate and diethylene glycol) in BOD5, BOD20 (biological oxygen demand) and manometric experiments. The effects of variable nitrogen sources [NH4Cl or (NH2)SO4] in the buffer were examined, and optimal inocula, reference compounds and buffer compositions were determined in each test system. In the BOD5 test using NH4Cl, yeast had the greatest activity, and glucose was the preferred carbon source of all three inocula. When (NH4)2SO4 replaced NH4Cl, fresh sludge had the greatest activity and lowest variability, with sodium acetate being the preferred carbon source. BOD20 tests indicated that fresh sludge and glucose were the optimal combination in buffer with NH4Cl. Manometric results indicated that fresh sludge, sodium acetate and buffer with NH4Cl were the optimal combination.