Lineal Effect Research Articles

What, how and when? Exploring the influence of firm-generated content on popularity in a tourism destination context

This paper focuses on the factors that determine the popularity of the destination content posted on social media by the destination marketing organizations (DMOs). Specifically, it aims to study the extent to which the destination image attributes included in content posted by DMOs (i.e. firm generated content or FGC) increase popularity. Moreover, three contextual characteristics of content are examined: (1) how it is developed, i.e. the degree of elaborateness; (2) how it is transmitted, i.e. the degree of vividness; and (3) when it is communicated, i.e. the day of publication. Empirical evidence demonstrates that content projecting certain emotions evoked by the tourist destination (affective image attributes) positively influences content popularity. However, content projecting the physical resources of the tourist site (cognitive image attributes) does not significantly influence popularity. It also confirms the positive lineal effect of vividness on popularity and the inverted U-shaped relationship between elaborateness and popularity. Finally, elaborateness, vividness, and day of publication moderate the influence of affective image attributes on content popularity. • Projecting affective image attributes in FGC positively influences popularity. • The elaborateness of FGC has an inverted U-shaped influence on popularity. • Elaborateness negatively moderates the effect of affective image on popularity. • The vividness of FGC has a positive influence on content popularity. • Vividness negatively moderates the effect of affective image on popularity.

PSVII-6 Effects dietary herbal vitamin E on lamb performance, ruminal fermentation, blood biochemical profile, and meat oxidative stability

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to evaluate four levels of a natural vitamin E on lamb performance, blood metabolites, rumen metabolism and meat quality characteristics. Thirty-six male lambs (29.24 SD 2.54 kg Hampshire x Suffolk) were used in a completely randomized experimental design. Treatments consisted of dietary inclusion of Herbal E-50 (Nuproxa) at 0, 1, 2 and 3 g/kg dry matter (DM) for for 60 days in lambs that did not receive any additional source of vitamin E. A quadratic response was observed on daily gain, final body weight, feed conversion, intake blood cholesterol and glucose. The estimated optimal level of herbal E obtained of herbal E levels for average daily gain was 1.76 ± 0.10 g/kg and 1.84 ± 0.77 g/kg for feed conversion. Ruminal pH and the major volatile fatty acids were not affected by herbal E. A quadratic response was observed on blood cholesterol (P < 0.10) and glucose (P < 0.01). Dietary herbal E increased linearly counts of erythrocytes (P < 0.05), platelet (P < 0.10), proteins and globulins (P < 0.01) whereas the albumin/globulin ratio was linearly reduced (P < 0.01). Meat texture was improved (quadratic; P < 0.05) and the reducing/antioxidant capacity was improved linearly (P < 0.001) with herbal E. Redness measured at 7 d was also improved with herbal E (P < 0.05; lineal effect). The lamb performance can be improved with 1.8 g/kg Herbal E 50 in finishing lamb diets. The inclusion of herbal E feed plant additive improved the daily gain in finishing lambs, feed efficiency and improved meat oxidative stability.

Evaluación del efecto de un suplemento mineral sobre la calidad seminal de cerdos reproductores

Se evaluó el efecto de la adición de diferentes concentraciones de un suplemento mineral, sobre la calidad seminal en cerdos machos adultos usados para la reproducción. El ensayo se realizó en el municipio de Sincelejo. El experimento constó de tres ciclos de suplementación mineral, en donde se suministraron 10, 20 y 30 g/día en cada cerdo por ciclo. Cada ciclo duró 55 días, y se obtuvo 1 eyaculado/cerdo/semana (10 eyaculados/ciclo). Las colectas seminales fueron realizadas con el método de mano enguantada. Posterior a cada colecta, el semen fue transportado al laboratorio en donde se procesó y se realizó su respectiva evaluación de calidad espermática (variables macroscópicas y microscópicas). Los resultados evidenciaron que el volumen seminal, la motilidad espermática (individual, progresiva), la morfología espermática (colas) y la vitalidad espermática, mostraron valores de probabilidad asociados a un efecto lineal (P<0,05) relacionado a un incremento en el nivel de suplementación. La motilidad espermática (masal), la morfología espermática (normales) y la concentración espermática, presentaron valores de probabilidad asociados a un efecto cuadrático (P<0,05), del nivel de suplementación. Por otro lado, la morfología espermática (cabezas, colas citoplasmáticas) no fueron afectadas por los tratamientos evaluados (P>0,05). Finalmente, se evidenció un efecto de los niveles de suplementación sobre el aspecto seminal (P<0,05), pero no sobre el pH y color seminal (P>0,05). Se puede concluir que la suplementación dietaria micromineral favorece algunas variables seminales tales como el volumen y la concentración, manteniendo las demás características, dentro de los parámetros normales.

Causes, consequences, and kin bias of human group fissions.

Fissions of human communities are monumental occasions with consequences for cultural and genetic variation and divergence through time by means of serial founder effects. An ethnographic review shows that most human group fissions are fueled primarily by internal political conflict and secondarily by resource scarcity. As found for other social animals, human fissions lead to subgroups that have higher levels of relatedness as compared with the original community because of kin-biased assortment known as the lineal effect. Fission processes that increase the average relatedness of subgroups are important because relatedness governs how strongly kin/group selection favors social behaviors such as warfare, peacekeeping, and other forms of collection action. However, random individual assortment is not an appropriate null model for evaluating lineage assortment because nuclear families and extended households are expected to remain together, which in and of itself forces higher relatedness in smaller subgroups. We develop a lineage assortment index where low values represent subgroups with coefficients of relatedness near those expected if nuclear and extended households had chosen to associate into random groupings. Two fissions of Ache villages (Paraguay) are examples of this type of fission with a low lineage assortment index not significantly different from zero as evaluated with controlled simulations. On the other extreme, a lineage assortment index near unity represents a lineal fission that maximizes the relatedness of subgroups such as the perfect split of a lineage into sublineages. A fission of Piaroa (Venezuela) fits this scenario. While previous discussions of fission have emphasized similarities among human studies and even other social mammals, we highlight the full range of potential kin bias in the formation of new communities.

Development of a correlation to estimate the fatigue strength for steels based on low-cost tests

Fatigue cracking in metallic materials occurs mainly due to the effect of cyclic stresses and their variation of magnitude over time. To evaluate the fatigue strength based on S-N curves, many tests are needed, which require a lot of time and incur high costs. For this research, several tests were conducted on examples of high-strength steel to determine their mechanical properties, chemical composition and fatigue. It was found that (Charpy V Notch) CVN impact toughness, the percentage of alloying elements and the mechanical properties of the tension test show a positive lineal effect in relation to the fatigue strength of the materials evaluated. Finally, a correlation was found that showed a very good fit between the experimental fatigue data and the predicted values. The correlation, based on Charpy impact energy tests, the relation to the yield stress, the ultimate stress, and the hardness of the material, allows one to predict resistance to fatigue at a low cost.

Digestibilidade de dietas a base de grão úmido de milho ou de sorgo ensilados

In vivo digestibility of diets with high moisture sorghum substituting corn was studied in 12 female bovines. Experimental design was completely randomized with three treatments, substituting high moisture corn by sorghum at 0, 50 and 100% levels. Diets contained high moisture corn or sorghum, soybean, urea, oat hay ( Avena sativa sp.), minerals and monensin. In situ degradability of corn and sorghum in cracking, grinding and silage processes was evaluated. There was no difference in apparent digestibility of crude protein, crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber and ethereal extract. Negative lineal effect was observed (P < 0,05) for apparent digestibility of starch with sorghum inclusion. Processing interacted with grain when effective degradation of dry matter was concerned (P < 0,01). Corn had the highest degradation in high moisture silage; the worst degradation occurred with cracked; an intermediate degradation occurred in grinding (P < 0,01). Degradation in silage was similar as that of cracked degradation in sorghum; it was worst in grinding (P < 0,01).

Carboplatin (Cb) clearance (Cl) in elderly and young patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (ANSCLC): An exploratory analysis of the Calvert’s formula

18047 Background: It seems that elderly lung cancer patients (p) respond better to combination chemotherapy than to single-agent therapy. Application of pharmacokinetic (pk) modelling to the routine therapeutic drug monitoring in elderly p help to individualize the dosage of anticancer drugs. The aim of this study was to explore the Calvert′s formula usefulness for calculating the Cb dose in elderly p by means of the predicted AUC/actual AUC ratio. Creatinine (Cr) Cl was calculated by Cockdroft-Gault equation. Methods: Between December 2005 and September 2006, 20 chemonaive ANSCLC p were included in two groups: 10 adults p ≤ 65 years and 10 aged p ≥ 75 years. Treatment consisted in Cb day 1 and gemcitabine 1250 mg/m2 days 1 and 8 every 21 days. Cb dose was calculated for a foreseen AUC = 5 in young adults and AUC = 4 in aged p. Three blood samples were collected at 1–2 hours(h), 3–5 h, 12–24 h postinfusion. Total and ultrafiltrated Cb was determined using a flameless atomic absortion spectrometer. For pk analysis non lineal effects models implemented in NONMEM program were used. Individual pk parameters were calculated and predictors in the structural model were analized. Results: Table 1 shows mean and variation coefficient of some biometric characteristics. Pk parameters analysis: ClAUC5 p = 137 mL/min; Clfactor (parameter for measuring Cl changes according to age) = 0.44; Cl AUC4 p = 59.7 mL/min. Cb Cl in elderly p was 43.55% with respect to younger p. In younger p estimated Cb Cl was 5.69% higher than Cb Cl calculated using the Calvert equation. In elderly p, the opposite effect was achieved, estimated Cb Cl was 26.85% lower than Cb Cl calculated Conclusions: The Cb Cl calculation by means of Calvert formula showed underestimation of the dose in younger p and upperestimation of the dose in elderly p. It is necessary to investigate the covariates which contribute to take away the strength of the Calvert equation, which could to affect the efficacy and toxicity of Cb. [Table: see text] No significant financial relationships to disclose.

EFEITO DA ÉPOCA DO PARTO, IDADE MATERNA E SEXO SOBRE O DESEMPENHO PRÉ-DESMAMA DE BEZERROS NELORE (Bos taurus indicus), CRIADOS EXTENSIVAMENTE NO CENTRO-OESTE DO BRASIL

Foram utilizados registros de peso ao nascimento (PN), peso à desmama (PD) e ganho médio diário (GMD) de 2.973 bezerros Nelore nascidos de 1992 a 2003, em um sistema de produção extensivo, no Sudoeste de Goiás, de clima tropical e estações seca e chuvosa bem definidas, com o objetivo de determinara influência ambiental, representada pela época do parto, idade materna e sexo sobre o desempenho prédesmama em sistemas de produção comerciais sem estação de monta definida. Realizou-se a análise de variância por meio do procedimento GLM (SAS, 2000), usando-se a opção Random, que trata o efeito materno como aleatório. O modelo matemático continha osefeitos fixos de ano do parto, estação do parto, sexo do bezerro, idade do bezerro aninhado em sexo, idade da matriz (em classes), além do efeito linear e quadrático da idade da vaca ao parto como co-variável. As médias de PN, PD e GMD encontradas foram, respectivamente, 29,49 ± 3,45; 183,62 ± 21,62 e 0,568 ± 0,088 kg. Conclui-se que, para a região estudada, os efeitosambientais, representados pela estação do nascimento, idade da mãe e sexo influenciaram diretamente o desempenho dos bezerros na fase pré-desmama.

Evaluación cognoscitiva en analfabetos

Approximately a third of the world population is illiterate. The analysis of illiterate patients' performance in cognitive tasks is an important part of neuropsychology. To show that cognitive evaluation tests, both psychological and neuropsychological, are extremely sensitive to the educational level of the subject. It has been suggested that schooling may in some way modify the cerebral organization of cognitive activity. Although education does not alter the hemisphere dominance of language and other cognitive functions, there does seem to be increased lateralization of these functions in literate people. In neuropsychological testing, schooling is an even more significant variable than age. However, education does have a lineal effect on the scores obtained in neuropsychological tests. More precisely, the relationship between schooling and performance of neuropsychological tests shows an negatively accelerated curve.

Efecto de la gallinaza en las propiedades químicas de un Mollisol y en la producción de tomates.

Se estableció un experimento en un suelo San Antón (Cumulic Haplusfolls) del sur de Puerto Rico para evaluar el efecto de aplicaciones de gallinaza (0, 5, 10 y 15 t/ha) y nitrógeno inorgánico (O, 56, 112 y 168 kg/ha) en algunas propiedades químicas del suelo San Antón y en la producción de tomate. La gallinaza se aplicó a voleo y se incorporó al suelo; la urea, la fuente de nitrógeno inorgánico, se aplicó por fertigación. Se observó un efecto lineal significativo en el contenido de Mg2+ and K+ intercambiable, conductividad eléctrica y fósforo disponible. En el tratamiento testigo (sin gallinaza) el Mg2+ intercambiable era de 2.54 cmolc/kg, el K+ intercambiable de 0.99 cmolc/kg, la conductividad eléctrica de 0.79 mmhos/cm y el fósforo disponible de 52.58 mg/kg. La aplicación de 15 t/ha de gallinaza aumentó el magnesio intercambiable a 2.70 cmolc/kg, el potasio intercambiable a 1,29 cmolc/kg, la conductividad eléctrica a 2.22 mmhos/cm y el fósforo disponible a 83.98 mg/kg. El mismo tratamiento logró disminuir significativamente el pH del suelo. El pH disminuyó de 7.50 en el tratamiento control a 6.98 en el tratamiento de 15 t/ha de gallinaza. Las aplicaciones de gallinaza aumentaron el NO3- intercambiable en los primeros 20 cm de suelo, sin embargo, no se afectó el NH4+ intercambiable. No se observó efecto significativo de la gallinaza en la producción de tomate, pero si en el número de frutas grandes y medianas. Se sugiere que una concentración de NO3-intercambiable de 15 a 20 mg/kg sea adecuada para una producción óptima de tomate.

An autocorrelation analysis of genetic variation due to lineal fission in social groups of rhesus macaques

AbstractEmpirical analyses and models of the lineal effects of fission indicate that considerable genetic differentiation may occur at the time of group formation, thus confusing the usual positive relationship between historical affiliation and genetic differentiation. We analyze the effects of fission pattern on variation in highly heritable morphological traits among eight social groups on Cayo Santiago. The analysis is performed using general network autocorrelation methods that quantitatively and directly measure the amount of variation in social group mean morphology that can be explained by fission. All of the fission autocorrelation coefficients are strongly negative, indicating that groups most recently formed by fission are most dissimilar. Also, most of the variation between groups can be explained by the fission pattern, indicating that lineal fission is the most important process generating between‐group variation on Cayo Santiago.

Models for lineal effects in rhesus group fissions.

Gene distributions in daughter groups produced by three rhesus monkey group fissions are analyzed. Data employed are for the Tf, 6PGD, and CA II electrophoretic marker systems in the fissions producing new daughter groups F and M, F and O, and J and N in the Cayo Santiago rhesus colony. Wide variations in FST values were observed among the different markers in the various fissions. Overall, the observed FST values exceeded predictions of simple random fissioning models. However, on average, observations on electrophoretic markers fitted well with predicted values from lineal fissioning models. One of these lineal fissioning models, a simulation, incorporated the propagation of alleles in the matrilines of the fissioning groups. The second, an algebraic expression, utilized group sizes and average kinship values as parameters.

An unusualy distribution for height among males in a Warao Indian village: a possible case of lineal effect.

The Warao Indian village of Jobure has two modes for height within its adult male population. One mode is at 158 cm and the second occurs at 169 cm. Mean height for adult males and females for this village is significantly higher (alpha less than or equal to 0.05) than for the other Warao villages studied. Examination of the males involved shows that all unusually tall males, except two, are siblings or first cousins and are related to a taller than average village patriarch who is married to the tallest woman in the village. The Warao possess a social system that encourages the formation of small enclaves that are biased samples of the general population and consist of closely related individuals. The physical environment is such that villages only short distances apart may be socially isolated, thus inhibiting gene flow from adjacent settlements. The height distribution observed in the village of Jobure is considered to be the result of repetitive sampling along kinship lines and has been preserved by the physical and social environment.

Patterns of group splitting within matrilineal kinship groups

1. When social groups of free-ranging rhesus monkeys on Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico, undergo fission, they usually divide between genealogies. 2. If a genealogy divides, it is usually between an eldest daughter with her family and the rest of the genealogy. 3. The separation of the eldest daughter from her genealogy is the extreme case of peripheralization of low-ranking females among rhesus monkeys. 4. The founders of new groups that disperse from the former home range are likely to be subordinate individuals in the parent group, as predicted by Christian (1970). 5. The dispersal of families as units is likely to lead to ‘lineal effects’ (Neel and Salzano, 1967) in the genetical substructure of the population.

Social group fission and the origin of intergroup genetic differentiation among the rhesus monkeys of Cayo Santiago.

The serum transferrin locus is used to investigate the roles of the lineal effect of fission, male migration effect of fission, and genetic drift in causing intergroup genetic differentiation among the rhesus macaques of Cayo Santiago. These three mechanisms prove sufficient to explain the degrees of differentiation between the newly formed social groups A, K, and L as of July 1, 1971. The lineal effect of fission provides a baseline of intergroup differentiation which is altered by forces leading to intragroup genetic change, the male migration effect and genetic drift. The importance of population dynamics for the distribution of alleles among subgroups of a population is recognized.

Fission-fusion and lineal effect: aspects of the population structure of the Semai Senoi of Malaysia.

Analysis of histories and genealogies from seven relatively unacculturated, swidden-farming Semai settlements shows that the composition of local groups fluctuates through time. This instability is similar to a pattern which Neel and his colleagues have suggested is typical of primitive society, the fission-fusion model. In addition, the individuals comprising Semai fission groups are kinsmen which implies that the number of independent genomes represented is markedly less than the number of individual migrants (the lineal effect). Fission groups may form new villages or fuse with an established settlement. In either case, the genetic effects of such migration are more pronounced than would be expected on the basis of founder effect or random migration. Despite several conspicuous differences in social organization between the Semai and the South American Indians (e.g., bilateral vs. unilineal descent) whose population structure provided the empirical basis for the fission-fusion, lineal effect model, the basic similarities are striking. The Semai case thus lends support to the proposition that this pattern may be of some generality in technologically primitive populations.