Line Rate Research Articles

Comparison of electronic and optoelectronic signal generation for (sub-)THz communications

Abstract In recent years, the significance of terahertz (THz) and (sub-)THz communications has grown substantially due to its promising trade-off between higher capacity compared to microwave-based communication and better resilience against weather dependent influences (e.g., fog and rain). While electronic and optoelectronic techniques have been extensively explored, each offering distinct advantages and limitations, they have predominantly been demonstrated and discussed as individual experiments, making performance comparison challenging. This paper addresses this gap by systematically benchmarking electronic and optoelectronic signal generation approaches under comparable conditions. Our experiments incorporate various receiver types, revealing that best performance is achieved by combining optoelectronic signal generation techniques at the transmitter in combination with an all-electric intradyne receiver. This results in a remarkable line rate of 200 Gbit/s over a distance of 52 m. To our knowledge, this represents the highest line rate achieved for technically relevant transmission distances for indoor access or outdoor small cell networks.

Histone demethylase JMJ713 interaction with JMJ708 modulating H3K36me2, enhances rice heat tolerance through promoting hydrogen peroxide scavenging

The Earth is currently undergoing rapid warming cause of the accumulation in greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere and the consequent rise in global temperatures. High temperatures can bring the effects on rice development and growth (Oryza sativa) and thereby decrease rice yield. In this study, we have identified that both JMJ713 and JMJ708 possess distinct histone demethylase activities. Specifically, JMJ713 modulates the levels of H3K36me2 while JMJ708 alters H3K9me3. Additionally, we have observed an interaction between JMJ713 and JMJ708, which collectively modify the level of H3K36me2. Furthermore, our findings demonstrate that JMJ713 plays an essential role to heat stress responses in rice. The overexpression of JMJ713 enhances heat tolerance in rice, whereas JMJ713 RNA interference rice lines exhibit increased sensitivity to heat. Further investigations revealed that overexpression of JMJ713 activated catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activities by mitigating excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) caused by heat stress. Interestingly, the setting rates of JMJ713 RNA interference lines decreased in comparing to wild-type, indicating that JMJ713 might play a crucial role in the rice seed development stage as well. Collectively, Overall, this study not only highlights JMJ713 is involved in heat stress responses but also provides insights into the conserved Fe(Ⅱ) and α-ketoglutarate (KG) binding residues are crucial for the demethylase activity of JMJ713, as well as JMJ713 interacts with JMJ708 to jointly regulate the levels of H3K36me2.

Effects of field line expansion on Alfvén waves and vortices

Context. Simulations and observations of the solar atmosphere often reveal the presence of torsional Alfvén waves and vortices with sufficient power to heat the solar corona and accelerate the solar wind. Aims. We challenge the long-held view that low-frequency Alfvén waves are suppressed due to inhomogeneities and steep spatial gradients in the atmosphere. Alfvén waves and vortices in a stratified solar atmosphere are modelled with the aim of calculating and comparing their energy flux for different field line geometries. Methods. We show that the general problem of linear Alfvén wave propagation along field lines of arbitrary geometry can be reduced to a set of Klein–Gordon equations for the perturbations of the magnetic field and velocity. Solutions and corresponding energy fluxes are constructed for three cases with different expansion rates of the field lines in the lower atmosphere. Results. Expansion rates that are associated with cut-off free propagation in the lower atmosphere suppress the perturbation amplitudes and the corresponding energy flux. These include the uniform field model and the thin flux tube model. A counterexample with an intermediate field line expansion rate and non-vanishing cut-offs exhibits consistently large perturbation amplitudes and unrestricted energy flux across the entire frequency spectrum. Conclusions. Field lines with different expansion rates and geometries in the lower atmosphere can significantly alter the amplitudes of the Alfvén waves and vortices and the extent of the energy flux entering the corona.

An ADMM approach for unit commitment with considering dynamic line rating

To enhance the transmission capabilities in power system scheduling, this paper develops a unit commitment model that incorporates dynamic transmission line capacities and proposes an efficient solving algorithm. A multi-scenario unit commitment model that integrates dynamic transmission line capacities is introduced, using quantile regression to construct a data-driven capacity increase model based on historical environmental data. The model is solved using Lagrangian relaxation and the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM) to decouple dynamic constraints, allowing the dual problem to be decomposed into sub-problems and solved iteratively. The proposed model and algorithm are validated using the IEEE-118 and IEEE-300 test cases, demonstrating their effectiveness in handling dynamic transmission line capacities and improving scheduling performance.The approach provides a robust and flexible solution for power system scheduling, enhancing reliability and economic efficiency.

Pupillary Peaking & Presence of Dysphotopsias Following Glaucoma Tube Shunt Surgery

ABSTRACT Purpose To describe the presence of pupillary peaking and dysphotopsias in a sample of eyes following glaucoma drainage device (GDD) surgery. Methods Cross-sectional analysis of 68 glaucoma patients with GDD, 45 patients with glaucoma and no GDD, and 50 control patients was conducted in a single academic center. Patients with an appropriate diagnosis that met the inclusion criteria were asked to enroll in the study. All patients received an 8-item dysphotopsia questionnaire and were age-matched. Photographs of pupils were taken to assess pupillary peaking. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) testing was performed for statistical analysis. Results Of the 68 patients with GDD, 25 (36.76%) had pupillary abnormalities with peaking most commonly occurring in the direction of the tube entry superotemporally, and 50 (73.53%) had reported one or more dysphotopsias. In patients reporting one or more dysphotopsias, the rate of lines, crescents, ghost images, and shadows was significantly higher when compared to glaucoma patients without GDD and control patients (p < .01). This corresponded to a lower best-corrected visual acuity in the GDD group compared to the glaucoma and control groups (p < .001). Conclusions Over a third of glaucoma patients receiving GDD had pupillary abnormalities, and nearly 3 out of 4 patients with GDD reported one or more dysphotopsias when compared to glaucoma patients without GDD and an age-matched control group. Glaucoma specialists and patients should be aware of these complications when proceeding with GDD surgery.

Improving the scan throughput of polygon scanners

Polygon scanners allow for some of the fastest available line rates for raster scanning imaging. Due to the optical invariant, however, there is a trade-off between the line rate and the number of resolvable points per line. Here, we describe a device that can increase the number of resolvable points per line of mirror-based scanners without sacrificing speed. We first theoretically model the effect of the device on the number of resolvable points per line of a polygon scanner, and then experimentally test this device with both a simplified facet system and a transmission microscope using a polygon scanner. We demonstrate an improvement in the field of view by 1.7 times without a reduction in spatial resolution.

Synthesis and Characterization of TiO2 -CQDs Nanocomposites and Testing of Their Anticancer Potential

This work used a green approach to produce carbon quantum dots (CQDs). TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) and TiO2–CQDs nanocomposites with different weight ratios of CQDs were organized through a facile sol-gel method. XRD showed that the anatase and rutile phases of TiO2 were polycrystalline with a tetragonal structure and that the CQDs exhibited a broad peak at (002) and a hexagonal structure. High resolution-transmission-electron microscopy revealed that the TiO2 NPs agglomerated in mostly spherical shapes and that the anatase and rutile phases of TiO2 had sizes of less than 15 and 25 nm, respectively. The CQDs had a relatively uniform diameter, a spherical shape with a highly crystalline structure, and a size below 2 nm. UV–visible spectroscopy revealed that the absorbance of the TiO2- CQDs nanocomposites increased with the increase in CQD ratio. The energy band gaps of the anatase and rutile phases were 3.07 and 2.7 eV, respectively, whereas that of CQDs was 3.14 eV. Meanwhile, the energy band gaps of the TiO2–CQDs nanocomposites decreased with the increase in CQDs ratio. The growth inhibition rates of the liver cancer HepG2 cell line and the normal cell line RD were measured after 24 hours of experience to the two TiO2 phases and TiO2–CQDs nanocomposites. The cytotoxicity test presented that the tested substances were extremely harmful to cells in cancer. Inhibition rates increased with the increase in CQDs ratio. The inhibition rate of growth in cancer cells, including the liver cancer HepG2 cell line and the normal cell line (RD), was measured for 24 hours after they were exposed to TiO2 (two phases) and TiO2-CQDs nanocomposites. The samples showed a slight effect on the normal line (RD) compared to HepG2 cancer. The highest inhibition rate was 12.11% for the CQD 0.7 sample.

The rate of extreme coronal line emitting galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and their relation to tidal disruption events

ABSTRACT High-ionization iron coronal lines (CLs) are a rare phenomenon observed in galaxy and quasi-stellar object spectra that are thought to be created by high-energy emission from active galactic nuclei and certain types of transients. In cases known as extreme coronal line emitting galaxies (ECLEs), these CLs are strong and fade away on a time-scale of years. The most likely progenitors of these variable CLs are tidal disruption events (TDEs), which produce sufficient high-energy emission to create and sustain the CLs over these time-scales. To test the possible connection between ECLEs and TDEs, we present the most complete variable ECLE rate calculation to date and compare the results to TDE rates from the literature. To achieve this, we search for ECLEs in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). We detect sufficiently strong CLs in 16 galaxies, more than doubling the number previously found in SDSS. Using follow-up spectra from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument and Gemini Multi-Object Spectrograph, Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer mid-infrared observations, and Liverpool Telescope optical photometry, we find that none of the nine new ECLEs evolve in a manner consistent with that of the five previously discovered variable ECLEs. Using this sample of five variable ECLEs, we calculate the galaxy-normalized rate of variable ECLEs in SDSS to be $R_\mathrm{G}=3.6~^{+2.6}_{-1.8}~(\mathrm{statistical})~^{+5.1}_{-0.0}~(\mathrm{systematic})\times 10^{-6}~\mathrm{galaxy}^{-1}~\mathrm{yr}^{-1}$. The mass-normalized rate is $R_\mathrm{M}=3.1~^{+2.3}_{-1.5}~(\mathrm{statistical})~^{+4.4}_{-0.0}~(\mathrm{systematic})\times 10^{-17}~\mathrm{M_\odot ^{-1}}~\mathrm{yr}^{-1}$ and the volumetric rate is $R_\mathrm{V}=7~^{+20}_{-5}~(\mathrm{statistical})~^{+10}_{-0.0}~(\mathrm{systematic})\times 10^{-9}~\mathrm{Mpc}^{-3}~\mathrm{yr}^{-1}$. Our rates are one to two orders of magnitude lower than TDE rates from the literature, which suggests that only 10–40 per cent of all TDEs produce variable ECLEs. Additional uncertainties in the rates arising from the structure of the interstellar medium have yet to be included.

Role and mechanism of KIAA1429 in regulating cellular ferroptosis and radioresistance in colorectal cancer.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common non-cutaneous malignancies, causing significant mortality and a substantial burden. This study aims to explore the role of KIAA1429 (also known as vir-like m6A methyltransferase associated [VIRMA]) protein in the radioresistance of CRC. CRC cells and a radioresistant cell line were cultured, and KIAA1429 expression was detected. After the down-regulation of KIAA1429, its effect on the radioresistance and ferroptosis of cancer cells was analyzed. The role of ferroptosis in radioresistance was verified. The binding relationship among long non-coding RNA endogenous Bornavirus-like nucleoprotein 3, pseudogene (lncRNA EBLN3P), microRNA (miR)-153-3p, and KIAA1429 was analyzed. KIAA1429 and lncRNA EBLN3P were highly expressed in CRC, while miR-153-3p was poorly expressed. KIAA1429 and lncRNA EBLN3P were further increased/decreased in the radioresistant cells. KIAA1429 knockdown decreased the survival rate of the radioresistant cell line after X-ray irradiation and increased gamma H2A histone family member X (γ-H2AX), ferroptosis, and oxidative stress. A ferroptosis inhibitor alleviated the inhibitory effect of KIAA1429 knockdown on radioresistance. KIAA1429-mediated m6A modification up-regulated lncRNA EBLN3P, and lncRNA EBLN3P increased KIAA1429 by competitively binding to miR-153-3p. miR-153-3p silencing or lncRNA EBLN3P overexpression attenuated the promotion of ferroptosis and the inhibition of radioresistance induced by KIAA1429 knockdown. Overall, KIAA1429-mediated m6A modification up-regulated lncRNA EBLN3P expression, and lncRNA EBLN3P increased KIAA1429 expression by competitively binding to miR-153-3p, thus reducing ferroptosis and increasing the radioresistance of CRC.

Anti-Proliferative and Anti-Migratory Activity of Licorice Extract and Glycyrrhetinic Acid on Papillary Thyroid Cancer Cell Cultures

Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is the 8th most common cancer among women overall. Licorice contains over 300 active compounds, many of them with anti-cancer properties. Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) is a major component of licorice. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential anti-proliferative effects of licorice and GA on PTC cell cultures. Licorice extract (LE) was produced from the root and tested on BCPAP and K1 cell lines, as well as GA and aldosterone. We used the MTT test to investigate the anti-proliferative activity, the wound healing test for the migratory activity, and finally, we analyzed cell cycle distribution, apoptosis, and oxidative stress after LE, GA, or aldosterone incubation. Both LE and GA reduced cell viability at 48 h and cell migration at 24 h in both PTC cultures. Aldosterone reduced cell migration only in K1 cells. LE and GA induced cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase in the BCPAP cell line, while LE and aldosterone induced it in the K1 culture. GA but not LE increased the apoptosis rate in both cell lines, whereas LE but not GA increased oxidative stress in both cultures. This study presents the first evidence of the in vitro anti-proliferative and anti-migratory activity of LE and GA on PTC.

The Role of AC Resistance of Bare Stranded Conductors for Developing Dynamic Line Rating Approaches

Overhead transmission line conductors are usually helically stranded. The current-carrying section is made of aluminum and/or aluminum alloys. Several factors affect their electrical resistance, such as the conductivity of the conductor material, the cross-sectional area, the lay length of the different layers of aluminum, and the presence of a steel core used to increase the mechanical strength of the conductor. The direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) resistances per unit length of stranded conductors are different due to the effect of the eddy currents. In steel-reinforced conductors, there are other effects, such as the transformer effect due to the magnetization of the steel core, which make the AC resistance dependent on the current. Operating temperature also has an important effect on electrical resistance. Resistive losses are the main source of heating in transmission line conductors, so their temperature rise is highly dominated by such power losses, making it critical to know the value of the AC resistance per unit length when applying dynamic line rating (DLR) methods. They are of great interest especially in congested lines, as by applying DLR approaches it is possible to utilize the full line capacity of the line. This paper highlights the difficulty of accurately calculating the electrical resistance of helically stranded conductors, especially those with a magnetic core, and the importance of accurate measurements for the development of conductor models and DLR approaches.

Establishment of BCL-2 Inhibitors-Resistant B-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Cell Lines and Study on Their Resistance Mechanisms

RS4;11 cell line was used to establish BCL-2 inhibitor-resistant cell lines of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) and explore the possible mechanisms of drug resistance. RS4;11 cell line was continuously induced and cultured by low and ascending concentrations of BCL-2 inhibitors navitoclax and venetoclax to construct navitoclax-resistant cell line RS4;11/Nav and venetoclax-resistant cell line RS4;11/Ven. The cell viability was detected by MTT assay, and the cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between RS4;11 drug-resistant cell lines and parental cell line were detected by transcriptome sequencing technology (RNA-seq), and mRNA expression levels of DEGs between drug-resistant cell lines and parental cell line were detected by real-time PCR (RT-PCR). Western blot was used to detect the expression levels of BCL-2 family anti-apoptotic proteins in drug-resistant cell lines and parental cell line. The drug-resistant cell lines RS4;11/Nav and RS4;11/Ven were successfully established. The resistance index (RI) of RS4;11/Nav to navitoclax and RS4;11/Ven to venetoclax was 328.655±47.377 and 2 894.027±300.311, respectively. The results of cell apoptosis detection showed that compared with the drug-resistant cell lines, RS4;11 parental cell line were significantly inhibited by BCL-2 inhibitors, while the apoptosis rate of drug-resistant cell lines was not affected by the drugs. Western blot assay showed that the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins of BCL-2 family did not increase significantly in drug-resistant cell lines. RNA-seq, RT-PCR and Western blot assays showed that the expression of EP300 in drug-resistant cell lines was significantly higher than that in parental cell line (P <0.05). Drug-resistant B-ALL cell lines could be successfully established by exposing RS4;11 cell line to the ascending concentration of BCL-2 inhibitors, and the drug resistance mechanism may be related to the overexpression of EP300.

43 The High Success Rate of Distal Femur Intraosseous Lines in Pediatric Patients in the Prehospital Setting

43 The High Success Rate of Distal Femur Intraosseous Lines in Pediatric Patients in the Prehospital Setting

SlCHP16 promotes root growth and enhances saline-alkali tolerance of tomato

With the increasing salinization in the world, crop growth and yield had a serious threat. Roots as the organ of the plant direct contact the saline-alkali environment has received more and more attention. The Divergent C1 (DC1) domain protein plays an important role in plant growth, development, and stress response. In this study, overexpression of SlCHP16 promoted tomato root growth, while knocking out SlCHP16 inhibited tomato root growth. In the roots of SlCHP16 overexpressing plants, the auxin synthesis key gene SlTAA2 was significantly up-regulated, which increased auxin synthesis and accumulation and promoted root cell elongation. Meanwhile, the expression levels of cell expanding-related genes SlLRP, SlXTH9 and SlEXPB1 were up-regulated. The opposite was observed in SlCHP16 knockout plants. Under saline-alkali stress, the root growth rate of SlCHP16 overexpressed lines was significantly higher than that of AC, and SlCHP16 knockout lines had poor root development during seed germination and seedling growth. At the same time, after saline-alkali stress treatment, SlCHP16-overexpressing lines showed higher tolerance, while SlCHP16 knockout plants were more sensitive to saline-alkali stress. In conclusion, SlCHP16 promoted root growth and enhanced saline-alkali tolerance in tomato. This work provides new insights into the mechanism of tomato root development and provides resources for developing new salt-alkali tolerant tomato varieties.

Identification of the BZR Family in Garlic (Allium sativum L.) and Verification of the AsBZR11 under Salt Stress

Brassinazole-Resistant (BZR) is an important transcription factor (TF) in the brassinosteroid (BR) signaling pathway, which plays a crucial role in plant growth, development and stress resistance. In this study, we performed a genome-wide analysis of BZRs in garlic (Allium sativum L.) and identified a total of 11 members of the AsBZR gene family. By comparing the expression patterns of AsBZR genes under salt stress, the candidate gene AsBZR11 with salt tolerance function was identified. Subcellular localization results showed that AsBZR11 was localized in the nucleus. The salt tolerance of overexpression lines improved, and the germination rate and root length of overexpression lines increased as compared with wild type. The content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) decreased, and the activity of antioxidant enzymes increased in AsBZR11-OE, suggesting that AsBZR11 has the function of improving plant salt tolerance. Our results enriched the knowledge of plant BZR family and laid a foundation for the molecular mechanism of salt tolerance of garlic, which will provide a theoretical basis for the subsequent creation of salt-tolerant germplasm resources.

Application of remote sensing navigation system in total knee arthroplasty

To explore clinical accuracy of remote sensing navigation alignment (RSNA) system in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and its influence on postoperative clinical efficacy. From May 2021 to May 2022, 60 knee osteoarthritis (KOA) patients with Kellgren-Lawrence (K-L) grade Ⅲ to Ⅳ treated by unilateral primary TKA were selected and divided into RSNA group and traditional operation group according to treatment methods, and 30 patients in each group. There were 6 males and 24 females in RSNA group, aged from 55 to 86 years old with an average of (68.06±8.23) years old;body mass index (BMI) ranged from 22.15 to 34.58 kg·m-2 with an average of (28.20±3.01) kg·m-2;the courses of disease ranged from 2 to 60 months with an average of (18.80±14.80) months;13 patients with grade Ⅲ and 17 patients with grade Ⅳ according to K-L grading. In traditional operation group, there were 8 males and 22 females, aged from 57 to 85 years old with an average of (67.26±6.32) years old;BMI ranged from 23.94 to 34.55 kg·m-2 with an average of (27.49±2.32) kg·m-2;the courses of disease ranged from 3 to 60 months with an average of (21.30±16.44) months;14 patients with grade Ⅲ and 16 patients with grade Ⅳ according to K-L grading. Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC) osteoarthritis index and Knee Society score(KSS) were used to evaluate functional recovery of patients. Hip-knee-ankle angle (HKAA), distal femoral valgus angle (FVA) and distal fermoral flexion angle (DFFA) were measured before operation. HKAA and HKAA deviation angle were measured at 1 week after operation, and defective rate of lower limb force line, femur prosthesis valgus angle (FPVA) and femoral prosthesis flexion angle (FPFA), respectively, were calculated. There were no serious complications such as vascular and nerve injury during operation, and wound healed at stage Ⅰ. Both groups were followed up for 6 months. There were no significant difference in WOMAC index, KSS, HKAA, FVA and DFFA between two groups before operation (P>0.05). The force line defect rate, HKAA, HKAA deviation angle, FPVA deviation angle and FPFA of RSNA group were 6.7%, (178.74±1.56) °, (1.25±1.56) °, (1.84±0.16) ° and (4.85±2.46) °, respectively;while in traditional operation group were 20%, (176.73±3.46) °, (3.27±3.46) °, (2.44±0.26) °, (6.60±1.86) °;the difference between two groups were statistically significant (P<0.05). There were no significant difference in WOMAC index and KSS between two groups at 3 and 6 months after operation (P>0.05). RSNA system could reduce defective rate of lower limb force line, FPVA deviation angle and FPFA after TKA, which is more accurate and easy to operate than traditional intramedullary localization surgery while ensuring postoperative efficacy.

Line rate botnet detection with SmartNIC-embedded feature extraction

Botnets pose a significant threat in network security, exacerbated by the massive adoption of vulnerable Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices. In response to that, great research effort has taken place to propose intrusion detection solutions to the botnet menace. As most techniques focus on either packet or flow granularity, port-based analysis can help detecting newly developed botnets, especially during their early propagation phase. In this paper, we introduce a line rate distributed anomaly detection system that employs NetFPGA Smart-Network Interface Cards (SmartNIC) as programmable switches. Per-port feature extraction modules are deployed directly on the data plane, enabling a centralized controller to periodically retrieve collected metrics, and feed them to a botnet detection algorithm we refine from the state of the art. We evaluate our system using real world traces spanning several months from 2016 and 2023. We show how our solutions allow keeping low the number of anomalies detected, retaining only the most relevant ones, thanks to the distributed monitoring approach that helps discriminating systemic changes from local phenomena. Furthermore, we provide an analysis of the most significant alerts, accounting for the limited ground-truth on the dataset.

CRAFITY score as a predictive marker for refractoriness to atezolizumab plus bevacizumab therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma: a multicenter retrospective study

BackgroundAlthough atezolizumab plus bevacizumab (Atezo/Bev) therapy has been used as the preferred first-line treatment for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), up to 26% of patients do not achieve disease control, suggesting alternative treatments might be more beneficial for such patients. We investigated key predictors for refractoriness to Atezo/Bev therapy, particularly in the first-line setting.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed 302 patients with HCC who received Atezo/Bev therapy between October 2020 and September 2022 across nine hospitals in Japan. Refractoriness was defined as best overall response (BOR) of progressive disease or stable disease and a progression-free survival (PFS) of < 180 days (RECIST v1.1). Clinical benefit was defined as BOR of partial/complete response or stable disease with PFS of ≥ 180 days. Baseline characteristics and potential predictors, identified through literature review, were compared between these groups. Stratifications of overall survival (OS), and PFS were also assessed.ResultsRefractoriness was observed in 126 (41.7%) patients, while 154 (51.0%) achieved clinical benefit. Due to a significant association between the treatment line and refractory rate, the subsequent analysis focused on the first-line cohort (n = 214; 72 [33.6%] patients showed refractoriness). Among 13 potential predictors, the CRP and AFP in immunotherapy (CRAFITY) score had the best predictive performance, with refractory rates of 24.6%, 44.6%, and 57.9% in CRAFITY-0, 1, and 2 patients, respectively (p < 0.001). OS and PFS were also well-stratified by this scoring system.ConclusionsApproximately one-third of patients were refractory to first-line Atezo/Bev therapy. The CRAFITY score demonstrated superior performance in predicting refractoriness.

Combination of JAKi and HDACi Exerts Antiangiogenic Potential in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma.

Angiogenesis plays a pivotal role in the growth and metastasis of tumors, including the development and progression of cutaneous lymphomas. The chick embryo CAM model has been utilized in various studies to assess the growth rate, angiogenic potential, and metastatic capability of different tumor types and malignant cell lines. However, the precise mechanisms of angiogenesis in CTCL and the influence of Ruxolitinib or Resminostat on angiogenesis in hematological malignancies and solid tumors are not well understood. Recent in vitro and in vivo data have demonstrated the synergistic inhibition of tumorigenesis and metastasis in experimental models of CTCL when using the combination of Resminostat (HDACi) with Ruxolitinib (JAKi). The present work aims to elucidate the effects of this combination on the tumor microenvironment's vascular components. We investigated the effects of Ruxolitinib (JAKi) in combination with Resminostat (HDACi) treatment in transendothelial migration of CTCL cells (106 MyLa and SeAx) by using a transwell-based transendothelial migration assay and tumor angiogenesis in vivo. We used the CTCL chick embryo CAM model with xenografted tumors derived from implanted MyLa and SeAx cells and administered topically 15 μM ruxolitinib and 5 μM Resminostat every two days during a 5-day period. JAKi and HDACi inhibited CTCL cell transendothelial migration by 75% and 82% (p < 0.05) in both CTCL engrafted cells (MyLa and SeAx, respectively) compared to the untreated group. Moreover, the combination of ruxolitinib with resminostat blocked angiogenesis by significantly reducing the number of blood vessel formation by 49% and 34% in both MyLa and SeAx, respectively (p < 0.05), indicating that the proposed combination exerted significant anti-angiogenic effects in the CAM CTCL model. Overall, these data provide valuable insights into potential therapeutic strategies targeting angiogenesis in CTCL, paving the way for more effective treatment approaches in the future.

Pre-Germinative Treatments and In Vitro Germination of Dianthus caryophyllus and Alstroemeria spp. Seeds

Alstroemeria spp. and carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) have considerable and increasing economic importance in the floriculture market, therefore breeders carry out intense breeding programs to select new superior varieties. However, poor germination of hybrid seeds remains a bottleneck. Based on this assumption, seed pre-treatments and in vitro germination protocols, using different germination substrates, were applied in Alstroemeria spp. and carnation to improve germinability. Seed viability was tested using the 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) test, and resulted in 91.10% ± 2.33 and 86.66% ± 3.85 in Alstroemeria and carnation, respectively. In Alstroemeria, pre-treatment with potassium nitrate (KNO3) in combination with modified ½ Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium ensured high germination uniformity combined with high germination percentage, showing significantly higher values than the control. In carnation, a suitable seed sterilization procedure was set up (up to 95.8% sterility); treatments with gibberellic acid (GA3) and KNO3 did not influence germination percentage compared to the control. A high multiplication rate of seedling lines was obtained on hormone-free MS medium.