Line Intercept Transect Method Research Articles

Biodiversity in Swamp Ecosystem in Sukamaju Village, Malind District, Merauke Regency, South Papua Province, Indonesia

Background: The level of diversity has a crucial role in the stability of the ecosystem. The higher the variety, the more stable an ecosystem, including agricultural land cultivated by farmers. Increasing of population affected the higher demanding of community towards their consumption activities. Especially, the natural resources that comes from local area such as Sukamaju District. Biodiversity of resources urgently needed to preserve the ecosystems meanwhile being the potential source to fulfilled nourishment of the people. This study aims to determine the diversity of peatland ecosystems by using a purposive sampling method in every selection of subject groups based on the characteristics or characteristics of a specific population. Methods: Field and Laboratory activities are needed in this research. Sample collection using several methods according to the targeted sample. Most of the sample using purposive sampling but also line intercept transect method. Fish sampling used a fishing gear called a gill net with a mesh size of 2-7 inches. The fish caught is placed in a labeled coolbox. Insect collection was running in the morning at 07.00-11.00 and in the afternoon at 3-5 pm (UTC+09:00). Sampling is held once a month for three months at predetermined coordinate points. Diversity was analyzed using Shannon-Wienner diversity, evenness index, dominance index and intensity on peatlands. Result: The results found seven orders and 30 families, with a total population of 1,231 individuals. The most dominant types of insects are the orders Coleoptera, Hemiptera and Lepidoptera. High diversity index (H'=3.021), high evenness index (E= 0.86243) and low dominance index (D=0.3101). Fish community structure obtained diversity index (H¢) included in the medium category, for uniformity values in the high class and dominance index values in the low sort. The dominant fish species found were Channa striata, Anabas testudineus, Lates calcalifer, Mugil cephalus, Plotosus papuensis and Toxotes chataerus, while Oreochromis niloticus, Oreochromis mossambicus, Hexanematichthys sagor and Megalops cyprinoides. While the types of molluscs found to have the highest abundance were Pila ampullacea, Pomacea canaliculata and Pilsbryoconcha exilis.

Assessing the consistency and reliability of the line intercept transect method in coral cover estimation using structure from motion photogrammetry techniques

Appropriate coral reef monitoring methods and descriptors determine the effectiveness of ecosystem status assessment. We combined line intercept transect (LIT) and SfM technologies for image acquisition, and the POS information of images is defined and assigned in the relative coordinate system we build. Then, constructed high-resolution orthomosaics of coral reefs along measuring tapes in Metashape. We compared the estimates of coral cover by three methodologies (LIT, LIT on orthomosaic (LITO), surface analyses on orthomosaic (SAO)) and used virtual transects on orthomosaics and their estimates of coral cover to assess the consistency and reliability of LIT. The results show that the estimation of coral cover by LITO or LIT is more consistent and reliable when coral cover is higher, and the probability of overestimation is lower. SfM technology is increasingly used in coral reef survey and assessment, and has the potential to become the new standard for coral reef survey.

Biodiversity and Distribution Patterns of Clams (Tridacninae) on Coral Reefs in Kayu Angin Bira Island, Indonesia

This research aims to find out the biodiversity and distribution patterns of clams and the relationship between clam abundance and coral reef conditions in the Waters of Kayu Angin Bira Island, Kepulauan Seribu. The research was conducted between April and July 2022, with field data collection taking place in September 2022 at four chosen stations. These stations were selected based on variations in water depth and were situated in the South, West, North, and East regions of the waters surrounding Kayu Angin Bira Island. The data collection was conducted using survey methods. Coral reef data collection using LIT (Line Intercept Transect) method and clam observation using belt transect. The results showed that in the waters of Bira Kayu Angin Island, 25 individuals of 2 species of bivalve class were found, namely Tridacna squamosa, Tridacna crocea. The highest relative abundance of clams is found at the eastern station which is 20% and the lowest relative abundance is found at the southern, western and northern stations which is only 8%. Low diversity index of Tridacninae Clams was discovered at the four stations, which ranged from 0.451 - 0.662 and the uniformity index at the four stations ranged from 0.650 - 0.954, indicates high population uniformity. Based on Morisita distribution index, which ranges from 0.4 - 0.74, the spatial distribution of Tridacninae clams could be assigned as uniform. The relationship between clams and coral reefs is 0.7284, shows that clams have a strong relationship with the condition of coral reefs.

Assessment of Life Form and Adaptive Capacity of Coral Reef Ecosystem in Tanjung Tiram Waters, Southeast Sulawesi.

<b>Background and Objective:</b> The coastal areas of Southeast Sulawesi are households of rich coastal ecosystems, which provide precious ecosystem services for society, but recent conditions might be suffered by various natural and anthropogenic pressures. This study aimed to elucidate the life forms and adaptive capacity of the coral reefs ecosystem in the Tanjung Tiram waters, as one of the potential tourist places in Southeast Sulawesi. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> Observation of the life form and adaptive capacity of coral reefs was carried out using the LIT (line intercept transect) method. The adaptive capacity components of the coral reef ecosystem were assessed including: (1) Coral reef dimensional index (IDCR), (2) Coral cover (%), (3) Dominance of life forms, (4) Number of life form species, (5) Number of reef fish species, (6) Depth of coral reefs and (7) Distance of coral reef ecosystems from residential areas. <b>Results:</b> The life forms of coral reefs consist of <i>Acropora</i> and non-<i>Acropora</i> corals. Adaptive capacity components of coral reefs showed different categories, such as the coral reef dimensional index belonging to the "Low" category, while mostly other adaptive capacity parameters including coral cover, the coral life forms and the number of coral fish belong to the "Moderate" category except for the number of life-form species of coral reefs is in the high category. The distance of the coral reef ecosystem is very near to human settlements of Tanjung Tiram Village and thus coral reef ecosystems are affected by human activities. <b>Conclusion:</b> Overall, the adaptive capacity of the coral reef ecosystem in Tanjung Tiram waters was a moderate category, thus, efforts must be made such as by coral transplantation, conservation, etc., to increase the coral reefs' adaptive capacity in the coastal regions of Southeast Sulawesi.

Coral density level in the context of ecological resilience and its effect on sustainable tourism in Pari Island, DKI Jakarta

Social changes in the context of climate change include the character of capitalism and the relationship between nature and culture that encourages people to respond to climate change and adapt their livelihoods. The purpose of this study is to calculate coral density in the context of ecological resilience and its effect on sustainable tourism in Pari Island, DKI Jakarta. The research method uses a survey with the Line Intercept Transect method. Sampling was carried out at a depth of 5 and 7 meters, depending on the presence of coral. The length of transect used is 50 meters and is placed parallel to the shoreline of the island. The results showed: First, most of the coral reefs in Pari Island are still in good and healthy condition. Of the 15 sample points observed, only 2 showed coral mortality due to internal and external factors in the sea. From the results of the analysis it was concluded that the condition of healthy coral reefs in the waters of Pari Island had a high density. Meanwhile, stressed or dead coral reefs have a low density. This condition indicates that coral reefs are still effective in supporting tourism activities.

STRUKTUR KOMUNITAS IKAN DAN TERUMBU KARANG PULAU TUNDA, KABUPATEN SERANG, BANTEN

Tunda Island is one of the leading marine destinations in Banten Province which has high potential biodiversity. This study aimed to determine the health condition of the Tunda Island coral reef ecosystem. The method used in this study was Line Intercept Transect (LIT) method for coral reef and Belt Transect method for reef fish. Based on coral reef survey, the percentage of coral coverage on Tunda Island was 34.7%. From this value the coral reefs of Tunda Island were included in the sufficient category. The results of a survey of fish showed that there were 57 species from 17 families, which is dominated from Pomacentridae. The diversity index value (H ') of reef fish was 3.143, which showed that the diversity of reef fish around Tunda Island was high, and the uniformity index value (e) was 0.777, which showed that in Tunda Island waters the spread of fish species was stable.

Macroalgae Abundance And Cover As Ecological Indicators Of Coral Reef Management In The Waters Of Katapang Village, West Seram Regency, Maluku Province

Macroalgae are the main competitors for coral reefs in fighting for aquatic ecological space in coral reef ecosystems. The purpose of this research; Knowing the condition of the aquatic environment, the abundance and cover of macroalgae, and the potential of macroalgae for indicators of coral reef management in the coastal waters of Katapang Village. Data on the physical condition of the waters were measured in situ while macroalgae data for each research station were obtained using the LIT (Line Intercept Transect Method). Macroalgae taxa were identified using an identification guide book from FAO (1998). The distribution of each type of macroalgae was mapped spatially based on the distribution conditions of the macroalgae at each study station. The results showed that the condition of the waters of the coral reef ecosystem in Katapang Village was supportive for the growth of macroalgae. The macroalgae found came from 3 orders, 4 families, 5 genera and 8 species. The results also indicate that the abundance and cover of macroalgae determines the shift in dominance in reef ecosystems so that these two factors can be used as indicators of coral reef management.

Kelimpahan Ikan Karang Famili Chaetodontidae dan Kondisi Terumbu Karang di Perairan Pulau Talam, Tapanuli Tengah

The Chaetodontidae family fish is an indicator species because it has a close relationship with coral reefs based on a strong preference for coral stone as the main component of coral reefs. The existence of these fish can be used as a guide to assess and monitor the condition of coral reefs. This study was conducted in March 2022. The purpose of this study was to determine the abundance of reef fish of the Chaetodontidae family in the waters of Talam Island, to determine the condition of life coral cover and the relationship between the abundance of the Chaetodontidae family and coral cover. The method used in this study is a survey method. Data collection on reef fish of chaetodontidae family was carried out using the Underwater Visual Census (UVC) method and coral reefs condition data collection was done using the Line Intercept Transect (LIT) method. The results showed that the abundance of Chaetodontidae ranged from 710 to 1,430 individuals/ha with an average of 1,110 individuals/ha. The highest abundance of 1,430 individuals/ha at station III with a depth of 6 meters, while the lowest abundance was station II with a depth of 8 meters which was 710 individuals/ha. The percentage of life coral cover at each station ranged from 47.70% - 56.98%, 42.60% - 54.40% and 56.68% - 69.08%. Based on these percentages, the average percentage of life coral cover is 54.74% (good category), and there is a very strong relationship between life coral cover and the abundance of the Chaetodontidae family.

Kondisi tutupan terumbu karang dan kelimpahan ikan karang famili Pomacentridae di perairan Pulau Talam Kabupaten Tapanuli Tengah Provinsi Sumatera Utara

This research was conducted in March 2022 in the waters of Talam Island, Central Tapanuli Regency, North Sumatera Province. This study aims to determine the condition of coral reef cover, abundance of reef fish family pomacentridae and the relationship between live coral cover and abundance of coral fish family pomacentridae in the waters of Talam Island. Coral reef cover data collection was carried out using the LIT (Line Intercept Transect) method, with a transect length of 50 meters and data collection for coral fish family pomacentridae using the UVC (Underwater Visual Cencus) method, with a transect length of 50 meters and a visibility limit of 2.5 meters to right and 2.5 meters to the left. Observations were made at three station points, each station at a depth of 4 m, 6 m and 8 m. Data depth of 4 m is considered to represent shallow waters, 6 m depth represents medium waters and 8 m depth represents deep waters. The results of this study indicate that the average percentage of live coral reef cover in the waters of Talam Island is 54.74% in the good category and the average abundance of coral fish family Pomacentridae is 4760 ind/ha with a total of 1071 individuals and is included in the abundant category. The results of simple linear regression analysis showed a correlation coefficient of 0.937 and a coefficient of determination of 0.8787.

Hubungan kepadatan megabentos dan padatan tersuspensi terhadap tutupan terumbu karang pada Kawasan Konservasi Pesisir dan Pulau-Pulau Kecil (KKP3K) Tapanuli Tengah, Sumatera Utara

This research was conducted in March 2022 in the Marine Conservation Area, Tapanuli Tengah Sumatera Utara. This study aims to determine the relationship between coral cover, total suspended solid and the density of megabenthos found in the Marine Conservation Area, Tapanuli Tengah Sumatera Utara. The method used in this study is a survey method and spatial analysis tools method. Coral cover data was collected using the LIT (Line Intercept Transect) method and megabenthos data was collected using the BBT (Benthos Belt Transect) method. The results showed that Marine Conservation Area, Tapanuli Tengah, Sumatera Utara had a good percentage of coral cover. Not all types of megabenthos are present at every station, the highest density of megabenthos is Tridacninae, while the lowest density is Acanthaster planci. Then it was also found that there was an effect of the percentage of coral cover on economic and non-economic megabenthos. Total suspended solid consentration in this area was found with an average of 8.27 mg/l. Based on the regression analysis in this study, showed that there was an effec of total suspended solid on percentage of coral cover.

Hubungan kondisi tutupan terumbu karang dengan kepadatan megabentos di perairan Pulau Talam Kabupaten Tapanuli Tengah Provinsi Sumatera Utara

This research was conducted in March 2022 in the waters of Talam Island, Central Tapanuli Regency, North Sumatra Province. This study aims to determine the relationship between coral cover and the density of megabenthos in the Talam Island area. The method used in this research is a survey method. Coral cover data were collected using the LIT (Line Intercept Transect) method and megabenthos data were collected using the BBT (Benthos Belt Transect) method. Observations were made at three station points with each station with a depth of 4 meters, 6 meters and 8 meters. The results showed that Talam Island had a good percentage of coral cover with an average of 54.74%. The highest density of megabenthos was Tridacninae found at each station, while the lowest density was Acanthaster planci. The overall megabenthos density has an average of 10.033 ind/ha. Coral reef cover relationship has an influence on the density of megabenthos, there is a strong positive effect on economic megabenthos and a strong negative on non-economic megabenthos.

Identification of coral reef cover and invertebrate diversity in Pahawang Island Lampung Indonesia

Pahawang Island is one of Lampung's tourist attractions known for its high organism biodiversity. The diversity of coral reefs contained in it causes Pahawang to have economic value for the audience. This study aims to determine the coverage and condition of coral reefs in the Pahawang area as a tourist attraction and identify the diversity of organisms within. This study used the Line Intercept Transect (LIT) method by dividing the plot of the observation area by six (6) identification points for data collection. Measurement data on each line transect, furthermore the closing value is calculated. The number of species was calculated by determining the value of the invertebrate diversity index. The results showed that the length of coral cover on Pahawang Island was 80.3% which lies in the “very good” category. Most of the corals have experienced bleaching which suggests that the corals are not in healthy condition. Species diversity shows that eleven (11) species reside in the Pahawang Island coral reef. The Shanon-Wiener diversity index value (H') 1.87 is categorized at the medium level. Therefore, the condition of coral cover on Pahawang Besar Island is still in the very good category.

Vertical distribution and effect of the depth on growth form and genus of hard coral on coral reef in Bunaken Island, North Sulawesi, Indonesia

Bunaken Island generally has a 90° slope and it forms like an underwater wall. However, there are several locations in Bunaken Island that have a more gradually inclined slope. This study was aimed to identify the effect of depth and slope gradient toward vertical distribution on growth forms and genera of hard coral at three stations in Bunaken Island. The data was collected using Line Intercept Transect (LIT) method which was dragged vertically at 3-15 meters depth. The results of study showed two different types of slopes, steep and gentle slopes. Stations 1 and 2 were categorized as steep slope (90° and 55°, respectively) and station 3 was gentle slope (43°). Encrusting growth forms dominated at 90° slope, while at 55° and 43° slope was dominated by massive growth forms. Vertical distribution of the corals shows change in size and numbers of colonies along with increasing depth.

Hubungan kondisi tutupan karang dengan kepadatan megabentos di Pulau Pandan Provinsi Sumatera Barat

This research was conducted in February 2021 in the waters of Pandan Island, West Sumatra Province. This study aims to determine the relationship between coral cover and the density of megabenthos found in the Pandan Island area. The method used in this study is a survey method. Coral cover data was collected using the LIT (Line Intercept Transect) method and megabenthos data was collected using the Benthos Belt Transect method. The results showed that Pandan Island had a good percentage of coral cover. The highest density of megabenthos was trokha snails found at each station, while the lowest density was Acanthaster planci which was only found at three stations and had a percentage of coral cover that had an influence on megabenthos density. Then it was also found that there was a strong negative relationship between coral cover and non-economic megabenthos, which indicated that there was an effect of the percentage of coral cover on both economic and non-economical megabenthos.

Acanthaster coral predator density in the Pulau Dua area, Aceh Selatan

The crown of thorns starfish is one of the main threats to damage to coral reefs worldwide. Research on Acanthaster coral predator density in the Pulau Dua area, South Aceh district, has been carried out in March 2021, using the Line Intercept Transect (LIT) method. The results showed that the density Acanthaster planci obtained 42 individuals/12.000m2 with natural criteria. Corals fractures can support the life of Acanthaster planci substrate conditions dominated by coral fractures. It can also grow thread algae (Coraline) and encrusting algae, which will then be eaten by Acanthaster planci which are still in the larval stage. This research concludes that the density of Acanthaster planci obtained is still in the natural category with coral reef conditions including good criteria.

Kondisi Terkini Presentase Tutupan Terumbu Pada Masa Pandemi Covid-19 di Gili Air, Taman Wisata Perairan Gili Matra, Nusa Tenggara Barat

Gili Matra Aquatic Tourism Park has two conservation targets, namely biological targets and social, cultural and economic targets. Coral reef ecosystems, apart from being a conservation target, are also an attraction for tourists to visit. This research was conducted to determine the condition of the coral reef ecosystem to be used as the basis for the management of conservation areas. The research was conducted by collecting coral reef data either through surveys or secondary data from the results of previous studies. Coral reef survey using the standard Line Intercept Transect method. The survey results show that the condition of coral reefs in the utilization zone is better than the core zone. Live coral cover in the utilization zone reached 71% so it was categorized as good, while in the core zone it only reached 8% so it was categorized as bad. Coral reefs in the core zone are unable to recover even though the number of tourists has decreased during the Covid-19 pandemic. Therefore, the location of the core zone on Gili Air needs to be evaluated further so that the effectiveness of Gili Matra TWP management can be improved. Key words: coral reefs; Gili Matra; Conservation

Biodiversity of megabenthos and coral reef condition in Tuan Island, Aceh Besar

The existence of megabenthos has an important role in maintaining sustainability of coral reef ecosystems and in the food web process. Megabenthos is also often used as an indicator of the health condition of coral reefs. The purpose of study was to analyze the biodiversity of megabenthos associated with coral reef in Tuan Island. This research was conducted in July -September, 2020. There were four research stations determined by purposes method based on four wind directions. Megabenthos data collection carried out by benthos belt transect method and coral reef data collected by using the Line Intercept Transect (LIT) method. The results were found 8 species of megabenthos target, namely spiny starfish (Acanthaster planci), blue starfish (Linckia laevigata), sea urchins (Diadema setosum), sea cucumbers (Holothuria atra), clams (Tridacna squamosa), Drupella snails (Drupella sp.), lola clams (Tronchus niloticus) and lobster (Panulirus versicolor). Totally, there were 190 individuals of megabenthos with the abundance ranged from 0.18 to 0.52 individuals/m2. Diadema setosum had the highest abundance with the value 0.9 individuals/m2 followed by Drupulella sp. (0.3 individuals/m2). The highest diversity index was station 4 followed by station 3, 2, and 1 with the value of 2.21, 0.85, 0.64, and 0.41, respectively. The diversity index was categorized as low and medium. The average of evenness and dominance indices were 0.04 and 0.62, both was medium category. The highest percentage of coral cover was at station 1 followed by station 3, 4, and 2, the coral cover value were 50.44%, 29.20%, 18.14%, and 9.29%, respectively. The correlation (r) between the percentage of coral reef cover and megabenthos abundance has a positive correlation, but the level of correlation was low (0.215 %). The density of megabenthos on Tuan Island did not have a major influence on coral reef cover where the determination value (R2) was 0.0462 which indicated that the megabenthos abundance was influenced by the percentage of coral reef cover only 4.62%.

Coral reef condition at the Putri Island, Bangka Regency

Putri Island is one of the unique islands which is located in the Bangka Regency. Putri Island has biodiversity ecosystem except for mangrove ecosytems. This study aims to analyze the extent of coral reefs in the shallow waters of Putri Island, and analyze the condition of coral reefs (percentage of cover, life form and coral mortality index). The research was conducted in April – September 2021 at Putri Island with using Line Intercept Transect (LIT) method. The research station divided in to 4 stations where was determined by purposive sampling The results show a map of the distribution of coral reefs in the Putri Island, Bangka Regency. Result show that condition of coral reefs at the research location is a good condition.

Status Terkini Tutupan Terumbu Karang di Perairan Dangkal Pulau Bedil, Desa Labuan Bajo, Kabupaten Sumbawa, NTB

Bedil Island is included in the Keramat, Bedil, and Temudong Small Island Park (TPK), which was approved by the Regent of Sumbawa. Administratively, this island is included in the Labuan Bajo Village area, Sumbawa, NTB. There is the existence of coral reef ecosystems in these waters that form a reef flat and reef slope profile, that stretches to the southwest and northeast. By its designation as a small island park, the coral reefs in Bedil Island are used as an underwater tourism object. This study aims to determine the current condition of coral reef cover in the waters around Bedil Island, especially in the eastern and southern parts of the island. Coral reefs in the north and west area are limited and there is the existence of seagrass beds. The line intercept transect method is carried out by spreading the roll meter as far as 50 meters on the east and south sides of the island with a depth of 2-3 meters. The coral lifeform that is tangent with the roll meter is then recorded and then analyzed for the average percent cover, clustering status, and coral mortality index. Coral reefs in the eastern and southern parts of Bedil Island are classified as very good/excellent because they have a percent cover value above 75%. In addition, the coral mortality index value is also relatively small which indicates that the corals are living well. Clearwater conditions and locations far from human settlements are thought to be factors that support coral survival. However, the presence of dead coral algae and rubble still indicates a threat of damage even though the value is small. Algae life on the surface of dead coral also indicates that the coral has been dead for a long time.

Anatomical characteristics of macroalgal species from Bombuyanoi Island, East Bolaang Mongondow Regency, North Sulawesi

This research aims to study the anatomical structure of macroalgae. Sample of macroalga was collected by using Line Intercept Transect (LIT) method with sampling quadrat. Macroalgae samples were dried and separated from the roots, stems, leaves and receptacles (if present). Samples were cut transversely and longitudinally at each section and observed under binoculared microscope of Olympus CX with monitor. Based on the histology, anatomical structure of macroalgae species can be divided into two tissues from outside to inside, namely cortex and medullary cells. The cortex is composed of one layer or more. The cortex is the area between the epidermis and the central column. The medulla cells only have one layer which is the largest layer. Based on the observation result of cells type from observed spesies Eucheuma denticilatum, Gracilaria arcuata, Hydropuntia edulis, G. salicornia, Hypnea valentiae, Turbinaria deccurens, and T. ornata, it shows that cells of medulla become small toward cortex.Indonesian title: Karakteristik anatomi jenis makroalga dari Pulau Bombuyanoi, Kabupaten Bolaang Mongondow Timur, Sulawesi Utara