Line Code Research Articles

NOMA Visible Light Communications with Distinct Optical Beam Configurations

Visible light communication (VLC) has been viewed as one promising candidate to mitigate the challenging spectrum crisis and radio frequency interference in future 6G mobile communications and networking. Due to the relatively limited baseband modulation bandwidth of VLC light sources—typically, light-emitting diodes—non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) techniques have been proposed and explored to enhance the spectral efficiency (SE) of VLC systems. However, almost all reported NOMA VLC schemes focus on well-discussed applications employing a Lambertian light beam configuration and ignore the potential applications with distinct non-Lambertian optical beam configurations. To address this issue, in this work, the performance of non-Lambertian optical beam configuration-based NOMA VLC is comparatively investigated for future 6G mobile networks. The numerical results demonstrate that, for a fundamental two-user application scenario with the far user located at the corner position, a maximum sum rate gain of about 15.6 Mbps could be provided by the investigated distinct non-Lambertian beam-based NOMA VLC, compared with the maximum sum rate of about 93.3 Mbps for the conventional Lambertian configuration with the same power splitting factor.

BCS-Based Encoding Schemes for Monoview and Multiview Visual Configurations in WVSN Data Gathering: A Survey

Wireless Visual Sensor Network (WVSN) has become a valuable tool in addressing the evolving needs of modern monitoring systems. Encoding in WVSNs is a multifaceted process that involves compressing visual data, optimizing energy consumption, ensuring error resilience, and adapting to various network and application requirements. The associated lightweight encoders and the demand for less storage space make block compressive sensing (BCS) techniques suitable for WVSN applications where energy, bandwidth, and storage resources are limited. Based on the number of visual perspectives or camera angles available within a network for data capture, there are two primary congurations: monoview and multiview. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of dierent BCS-based encoding schemes used for data-gathering in both monoview and multiview scenarios within WVSNs. A comparative study of these algorithms based on compression level, computational complexity, relative gain in encoder energy, and reconstruction quality is performed. A BCS-based joint encoding scheme for multiview conguration that ensures a relatively high compression level is also proposed in this paper.

Effects of Number of Filters and Frequency Cutoff in Continuous Interleaved Sampling and Frequency Amplitude Modulation Encoding Schemes in Cochlear Implant

Cochlear implants are devices designed to transform sound into electrical signals perceived by the brain, making them vital prostheses for deaf individuals. This study examines two schemes used in cochlear implants, namely Continuous Interleaved Sampling (CIS) and Frequency Amplitude Modulation Encoding (FAME), to compare their performance while varying the number of bandpass filters and cutoff frequencies used. Both schemes were simulated using 8 and 5 bandpass filters, and cutoff frequencies of 2000 Hz and 200 Hz. Results show that the CIS scheme can maintain signal intelligibility despite the loss of some frequency components when the number of bandpass filters is lowered. Conversely, FAME retains more frequency details but presents perceptible delays. With a cut off frequency of 200 Hz, signals processed with CIS loses intelligibility significantly, whereas FAME-processed signals remain intelligible both at 200 Hz and 2000 Hz cut off frequencies. It is therefore concluded that FAME can provide better cochlear implant performance despite the lower number of bandpass filters and lower frequency cutoff.

COST ANALYSIS WITH CRASH PROGRAM OF KEROBOKAN PARKING LOT BUILDING BALI

Kerobokan Bali Parking Building is one of the buildings that uses steel material as the main structure. The building which has a height of 13.97 meters, a width of 32.8 meters, and a length of 16.18 meters has a construction plan duration of 248 calendar days starting from July 2023. Known critical trajectory activities will be carried out a crashing program analysis with the aim of accelerating time by using one method, namely overtime work with a duration of 4 hours. Based on the analysis that has been carried out with the help of the Microsoft Project 2019 application, there are 16 lists of activities included in the critical trajectory. In writing this thesis, it will be mentioned in the form of a line code in Microsoft Project 2019, namely 569-573-579-580-581-606-585-586-590-591-595-596-600-601-602-612. In addition to knowing the list of critical path activities, this thesis also accelerates the duration with an additional 4 hours of overtime and calculates the total cost of the acceleration. After acceleration, it is known that the duration decrease is 61 days with a normal duration of 248 days to 187 days and shows a time efficiency of 0.245%. The total initial cost with normal duration is Rp 8,822,280,000.00 while if the project is accelerated, the project cost becomes Rp 8,901,216,104.5 by showing an additional cost of Rp 78,936,104.47.

PELMI: Realize robust DNA image storage under general errors via parity encoding and local mean iteration.

DNA molecules as storage media are characterized by high encoding density and low energy consumption, making DNA storage a highly promising storage method. However, DNA storage has shortcomings, especially when storing multimedia data, wherein image reconstruction fails when address errors occur, resulting in complete data loss. Therefore, we propose a parity encoding and local mean iteration (PELMI) scheme to achieve robust DNA storage of images. The proposed parity encoding scheme satisfies the common biochemical constraints of DNA sequences and the undesired motif content. It addresses varying pixel weights at different positions for binary data, thus optimizing the utilization of Reed-Solomon error correction. Then, through lost and erroneous sequences, data supplementation and local mean iteration are employed to enhance the robustness. The encoding results show that the undesired motif content is reduced by 23%-50% compared with the representative schemes, which improves the sequence stability. PELMI achieves image reconstruction under general errors (insertion, deletion, substitution) and enhances the DNA sequences quality. Especially under 1% error, compared with other advanced encoding schemes, the peak signal-to-noise ratio and the multiscale structure similarity address metric were increased by 10%-13% and 46.8%-122%, respectively, and the mean squared error decreased by 113%-127%. This demonstrates that the reconstructed images had better clarity, fidelity, and similarity in structure, texture, and detail. In summary, PELMI ensures robustness and stability of image storage in DNA and achieves relatively high-quality image reconstruction under general errors.

DWT-OFDM forCompressed Image Transmission

All existing communications systems require high-speed data transmission rates, as all services today demand high transmission speeds and data transmission dependability, and communications are an essential aspect of daily life. One of the most important modulation techniques used in both wired and wireless communication networks is Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). It is a cutting-edge technology for achieving high-speed digital communication. In this work, compression Images by Discrete Wavelet Transform and transmission over DWT-OFDM, and used different baseband modulation schemes such as Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK), Quadrature Phase Shift Key (QPSK), Quadrature amplitude modulation (16QAM), and (64QAM) has been considered.From numerical simulation results, it is observed that produced better quality images at the receiver when the Quarter Amplitude Modulation is 16QAM and 64QAM with high SNR

DNA encoding schemes herald a new age in cybersecurity for safeguarding digital assets

With the urge to secure and protect digital assets, there is a need to emphasize the immediacy of taking measures to ensure robust security due to the enhancement of cyber security. Different advanced methods, like encryption schemes, are vulnerable to putting constraints on attacks. To encode the digital data and utilize the unique properties of DNA, like stability and durability, synthetic DNA sequences are offered as a promising alternative by DNA encoding schemes. This study enlightens the exploration of DNA’s potential for encoding in evolving cyber security. Based on the systematic literature review, this paper provides a discussion on the challenges, pros, and directions for future work. We analyzed the current trends and new innovations in methodology, security attacks, the implementation of tools, and different metrics to measure. Various tools, such as Mathematica, MATLAB, NIST test suite, and Coludsim, were employed to evaluate the performance of the proposed method and obtain results. By identifying the strengths and limitations of proposed methods, the study highlights research challenges and offers future scope for investigation.

Plenty of novel soliton molecules and modulation instability in the coherently coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equation

We investigate the coherently coupled nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation, which can describe the propagation of two orthogonally polarized electromagnetic waves in a nonlinear fiber. The multi-soliton solutions are derived by using the Hirota bilinear method. Multi-breather solutions are presented by assuming the relationship between the parameters of the multi-solitons. Based on multi-soliton solutions and multi-breather solutions, some new interaction structures consisting of soliton molecules, breather molecules and soliton-breather molecules are found by applying the velocity resonance condition. The interactions among different types of soliton molecules, which can be observed in marine and oceanic waters, are investigated through numerical simulation. Ultimately, baseband modulation instability of the coherently coupled NLS equation is analyzed. It is of great significance for the study of soliton formation and rogue waves in the coherently coupled NLS equation.

Differential Space-Time Line Codes and Its Performance Comparison According to Constellations

Differential Space-Time Line Codes and Its Performance Comparison According to Constellations

Soliton molecules, breather molecules and stability analysis of the three-coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equation

We investigate the three-coupled nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation, which holds a significant physical implications in optical communications and biophysics. The multi-soliton solutions are derived utilizing the Hirota bilinear method. Multi-breather solutions are presented by assuming certain relationship for the parameters of the multi-solitons. By introducing the velocity resonance mechanism to multiple soliton/breather solutions, it is found that the three-coupled NLS model possesses abundant soliton molecule, breather molecule and breather-soliton molecule structures. The interactions among different types of soliton molecules which can be observed in marine and oceanic waters are investigated through numerical simulation. Ultimately, baseband modulation instability of the three-coupled NLS equation is analyzed. It is highly significance for the study of soliton formation and rogue waves in the three-coupled NLS equation.

Hybrid Encoding Schemes in Image Steganography Combined with Scrambling for Safeguarding Legal Asset Documents

Objective: The main objective of the study is to provide security to legal asset documents by including the details of ownership of the asset. Methods: This paper aims to improve security of legal asset documents using hybrid encoding schemes in Image Steganography combined with Image Scrambling. The proposed work uses images were gathered from various online sources grouped into a dataset of 40 images along with their 40 text files respectively. The techniques that were applied in the research are pre-processing for the noise removal, Steganography to embed data into image and Scrambling to introduce blur to the image. Finally, the objective metrics like Mean-Square Error (MSE), Peak Signal - Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) values were calculated from them and compared with the acceptable values of the respective metrics. Findings: In the existing study, Steganography and Scrambling has been used separately for data and image security but in the proposed technique, Steganography has been applied with the land ownership data being hidden in the document image and the image being scrambled using different masks. The objective metrics gave the results such as the MSE value ranged between 0.0 and 10.0; the SNR value ranged between 14 dB to 80 dB; the PSNR value lies between 27 dB to 100 dB. The outcome of these values was mostly within the acceptable value range for all the measures here. Novelty: The proposed output dataset contains land asset documents that have details of ownership embedded in itself. Also, the hybrid encoding schemes of both the steganography and scrambling used here gives us data and image security together as proved in the outcome. Keywords: Image Steganography, Scrambling, Text Hiding, Legal Documents, Data Security

Pixel-wise crack defect segmentation with dual-encoder fusion network

Automatic crack defect detection plays an important role in early road maintenance. However, the crack defect detection accuracy is seriously affected by some challenging factors, such as complex background, class imbalance issue, poor texture, etc. In this paper, a deep crack defect segmentation network with dual-path encoding and hierarchical fusion schemes, named DEHF-Net, is presented to accurately and effectively segment the crack defects generated in crack images. In order to capture rich feature information of crack defects, a dual-path encoder unit is built to extract the spatial information and context information from crack images simultaneously. On the basis, to strengthen the features extracted from two encoding paths, an attention fusion (AF) block and feature enhancement (FE) block are proposed for effective feature learning to achieve information complementarity of dual-branch encoding paths. Meanwhile, to alleviate the problem of semantic gaps arising from large information differences between the encoding path and decoding path, a residual refinement unit (RRU) is also introduced to enable effective refinement of edges and details. Finally, to make the segmentation results more significant on multi-scale cracks, a weighted hierarchical fusion (WHF) block is introduced in the decoding stage to fuse the shallow texture information with the deep semantic information more effectively. Experimental results show the proposed model has obtained an excellent performance comparison with advanced methods.

To what extent are guidelines used in spasticity clinics? A qualitative study of facilitators and barriers to spasticity guideline implementation

Objective To determine the common understanding of focal muscle spasticity guidelines amongst clinicians working in spasticity clinics. To examine the facilitators and barriers to their implementation as well as their influence on clinic processes. Design A qualitative study based on a phenomenological approach. Setting Online videoconferencing platform. Participants Sixteen experienced multi-disciplinary clinicians providing specialised care across 12 spasticity clinics in Victoria, Australia. Intervention Observational. Main measures Two independent reviewers performed line by line coding of transcripts. Reflexive thematic analysis was undertaken with themes/subthemes inductively derived. Results Seven key themes emerged. First, knowledge of specific guideline recommendations was low amongst some clinicians. Second, there is a lack of health service resources to support guideline implementation. Third, a limited evidence base for guidelines affected clinicians’ willingness to implement the recommendations. Fourth, peer support was highly valued but opportunities to collaborate were limited. Fifth, a large amount of intrinsic motivation and personal time was required from clinicians to successfully implement guideline recommendations. Sixth, the standardisation of clinic processes was one way in which clinicians felt they could better align their clinical practice to guidelines. Lastly, guidelines overall had a moderate influence on spasticity clinic processes. Conclusions Knowledge of recommendations varied but, overall, guidelines had an influence on clinic processes and staff perceptions across the state-wide services. Health service resources, limited evidence for guideline recommendations and time constraints were considered barriers to spasticity guideline implementation. Multi-disciplinary expertise and teamwork, the individual's motivation to change and inter-clinic collaboration were considered to be the facilitators.

An efficient high performance reconfigurable canonical sign digit architecture for software defined radio

Software defined radios (SDRs) are highly motivated for wireless device modelling due to their flexibility and scalability over alternative wireless design options. The evolutionary structure of finite impulse response (FIR) filters was designed for a proposed reconfigurable canonical sign digit (CSD) approach. Considering the complex trade-off, this is accomplished with many FIR taps, which is a challenging assignment. On the baseband processing side, design is given with parameterization-controlled FIR filter tap selection. Optimal processing models to overcome the reconfigurable design issues associated with the SDR system for a multi-standard wireless communication system root cosine filter standard are often used to implement multiple FIR channelization topologies, each of which is tied to a particular in-phase and quadrature (IQ) symbol. Additionally, it demonstrates the viability of using a multi-modulation baseband modulator in the SDR system for next-generation wireless communication systems to maximise adaptability with the least amount of computational complexity overhead. The proposed multiplier-less FIR filter-based reconfigurable baseband modulator, according to the experimental results, offers a 6% complexity reduction and a 47% improvement in performance efficiency over the current SDR system.

Relativistically invariant encoding of quantum information revisited

In this work, we provide a detailed analysis of the issue of encoding of quantum information which is invariant with respect to arbitrary Lorentz transformations. We significantly extend already known results and provide compliments where necessary. In particular, we introduce novel schemes for invariant encoding which utilize so-called pair-wise helicity—a physical parameter characterizing pairs of electric-magnetic charges. We also introduce new schemes for ordinary massive and massless particles based on states with fixed total momentum, in contrast to all protocols already proposed, which assumed equal momenta of all the particles involved in the encoding scheme. Moreover, we provide a systematic discussion of already existing protocols and show directly that they are invariant with respect to Lorentz transformations drawn according to any distribution, a fact which was not manifestly shown in previous works.

Encoding and operation scheme for the rhombic triacontahedron aperture 4 hexagonal discrete global grid system

ABSTRACT Discrete Global Grid System (DGGS) is a hierarchical structure with seamless global coverage, supporting processing and analysis of heterogeneous geospatial data. Compared with the most commonly used icosahedron, the rhombic triacontahedron (RT) approximates Earth better and can improve the accuracy of data modeling and expression. However, current RT DGGS studies have adopted a single-resolution integer coordinate scheme within a single surface that cannot achieve multilevel grid analysis. To this end, three adjacent surfaces are combined and a three-axis integer coordinate system is established to reduce the number of times crossing the surface. Then, the principle for partitioning aperture 4 hexagonal grids and a quadtree hierarchical encoding scheme are proposed. Further, this study establishes a fast transformation between the code and three-axis coordinates, implements hierarchical and neighbor code operations, and designs a transformation between the code and geographic coordinates. Experimental results indicate that, compared with the icosahedral hexagonal DGGS, the proposed scheme has a significant efficiency advantage in the transformation between the code and geographic coordinates, while the neighbor code operation efficiency can reach 40.97 times that of HLQT and 4.35 times that of HHUT. The proposed scheme provides a more suitable framework for organizing and analyzing global geospatial data.

Encoding scheme design for gradient-free, nonlinear projection imaging using Bloch-Siegert RF spatial encoding in a low-field, open MRI system

Eliminating conventional pulsed B0-gradient coils for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can significantly reduce the cost of and increase access to these devices. Phase shifts induced by the Bloch-Siegert shift effect have been proposed as a means for gradient-free, RF spatial encoding for low-field MR imaging. However, nonlinear phasor patterns like those generated from loop coils have not been systematically studied in the context of 2D spatial encoding. This work presents an optimization algorithm to select an efficient encoding trajectory among the nonlinear patterns achievable with a given hardware setup. Performance of encoding trajectories or projections was evaluated through simulated and experimental image reconstructions. Results show that the encodings schemes designed by this algorithm provide more efficient spatial encoding than comparison encoding sets, and the method produces images with the predicted spatial resolution and minimal artifacts. Overall, the work demonstrates the feasibility of performing 2D gradient-free, low-field imaging using the Bloch-Siegert shift which is an important step towards creating low-cost, point-of-care MR systems.

JND-Aware Two-Pass Per-Title Encoding Scheme for Adaptive Live Streaming

JND-Aware Two-Pass Per-Title Encoding Scheme for Adaptive Live Streaming

Numerical investigation on nonautonomous optical rogue waves and Modulation Instability analysis for a nonautonomous system

In this paper, we report existence of optical rogue waves in the focussing non—autonomous nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) through numerical studies of modulation instability (MI). The dynamics of non-autonomous rogue waves discussed and its associated modulation instability through linear stability analysis taken place followed by pulse splitting behaviour due to non—autonomous coefficient. We prove that the excitation of rogue waves with certain conditions in the base band modulation instability regime. The above analysis of complex dynamics in terms of MI processes has allowed to experiments to excite the nonlinear superposition of rogue wave solutions using a modulated plane wave optical field injected into optical fiber which offer the evidence for excitation of nonautonomous rogue waves in an inhomogeneous nonlinear medium. It is identified from the results frequency modulation on a wavefield induces modulation instability as a result of rogue waves. We analyze the dependence of parameters coefficient of group velocity dispersion(GVD) and nonlinearity (α(z)) and non—autonomous coefficient (β(z)) and the instability of rogue waves. Our work suggests that the presence of non-autonomous coefficients can have a significant impact on the emergence of extreme events, particularly in relation to their self—steepening nature.

A low power circuit design of BLE baseband transmission data processing module

With the quickly development of the Internet of Things technology, Bluetooth (BLE) protocol has been increasingly adopted in consumer communication applications, industry communication utilization, and even positioning requirement, due to its advantages such as low power consumption, low cost, and low complexity. Especially the outstanding low power capability compared with other short-range communication protocol, many power limited AIoT (Artificial Intelligence IoT) devices select BLE as basic component. So, the low power, high performance, and small area BLE module become the key point of successful of whole AIoT system. In BLE system, the baseband data processing is the foundation. A good hardware circuit design of BLE baseband can improve BLE module performance and decrease power simultaneously. This paper analyzes the baseband data processing function of BLE in detail, and designs the baseband transmission data processing RTL circuit IP using Verilog HDL Hardware description language based on BLE protocol. The IP includes CRC verification module, whitening module and coding mapping function module. The RTL design is simulated and evaluated in workstation server with Synopsys VCS tool. The simulation results show that this design can achieve the Low-power BLE Bluetooth baseband function.