Line Cards Research Articles

Physical layer encryption-based secure slicing in 5G RAN with hybrid-trusted links

In a 5G radio access network (RAN), network slicing enables dividing a single RAN infrastructure into multiple logical networks, efficiently accommodating services with diverse requirements. Although RAN slicing can help improve resource efficiency and reduce network costs, it is accompanied by various security risks. One of the security threats in RAN slicing is potential eavesdropping, resulting in the leakage of sensitive data within slices. Encryption technologies have been developed to address the eavesdropping problem at different layers in optical networks. We focus on physical layer encryption since it has been demonstrated beneficial in line-speed processing, low latency, and small encryption overhead. The problem of utilizing physical layer encryption technologies to achieve secure RAN slices remains unexplored since physical layer encryption introduces additional hardware costs. In this paper, we study how to realize secure RAN slicing based on physical layer encryption in a metro aggregation network that consists of hybrid-trusted links (i.e., links with different risks for eavesdropping). We propose an integer linear programming (ILP) model and an auxiliary graph-based heuristic for small-scale and large-scale networks, respectively. The objective is to maximize the number of deployed slices and minimize the total cost of secure slice deployment, which includes the costs of servers, line cards (LCs), encryption cards (ECs), and bandwidth resources. To evaluate the benefit of encryption, we compare it with a detour solution, which protects slices by routing through trusted links (i.e., where no additional hardware for encryption is deployed). Simulation results show that the encryption-based solution exhibits a lower cost than the benchmark when the same number of slices are deployed, and it can reduce the blocking ratio by up to 8.5% as slice requests increase. In addition, the average latency of slices is also reduced by up to 14.6%.

Does Rate Adaptation at Daily Timescales Make Sense?

Today, networking hardware is not fast enough to save energy with rate adaptation. Or is it? While we are not (yet) able to turn on and off line cards in milliseconds, we can do so a couple of times per day. The question is, does it make sense to save energy? It may: We estimate we could potentially save in the order of MWh per year with link sleeping and down-rating in a cloud provider network. Importantly, these are "easy" gains: They would come without modifying the routing state nor impacting the quality of service of the traffic; it only leverages the typically low utilization of the links. This study provides only a rough approximation of the potential savings of rate adaptation and leaves several practical questions open. More than anything else, it motivates further investigation of the approach.

Student Diversity and Fulfilling The Target of The Differentiation Learning Curriculum

It is very important for us as educators to know the diversity of students in the classroom to be able to determine differentiated learning models, approaches and strategies during learning. In this paper, we will discuss the diversity of students at SDN Lesanpuro 3 Malang with class IA research samples. From the physical diversity of students in class IA, there are 13 male students and 15 female students. In terms of sensory diversity, the majority have no obstacles. In terms of economic and demographic diversity, class IA students are very diverse, which is based on work factors. The majority of families and residences are in urban areas. Apart from that, judging from the learning outcomes of students in the fine arts learning content, line material also has quite satisfactory results. Based on the diversity of students in class IA, educators have implemented differentiated learning strategies in one aspect of the product in the fine arts learning content. The results of fulfilling the curriculum targets show that in fulfilling the curriculum targets at SDN Lesanpuro 3 class IA, the line material for fine arts learning content shows that students have been able to understand, identify, classify and create works regarding types of lines. And can also demonstrate concrete media TOURISM (Line Cards) individually.

Vaccination equity: Exploring immunization coverage for selected vaccines in urban Bengaluru’s elderly community

Abstract Introduction: Globally, the proportion of elderly individuals is steadily increasing, posing significant challenges for health-care systems. Vaccination plays a crucial role in preventing vaccine-preventable diseases and associated morbidity and mortality in the elderly. In India, there is no national immunization schedule dedicated to the elderly group. This study aimed to explore the vaccination coverage for selected vaccines, namely pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, Influenza, and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), among the elderly residing in urban Bengaluru. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between January and March 2023. Data were collected from 132 elderly participants living in three wards of Rajajinagar, Bengaluru. A structured questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic data, health conditions, and vaccination status. The data were analyzed using EPI data 3.1 Software, and the Chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test were used to assess the association of demographic variables with vaccine intake. Results: The results showed that vaccination uptake for influenza and pneumococcal vaccines was nil, while for COVID-19 vaccines, 4.5% of participants had not taken any dose, 6.8% had taken the first dose, 57.6% had taken the second dose, and 31.1% had taken the booster dose. Sociodemographic analysis revealed significant associations between vaccine uptake and variables such as age, socioeconomic status (below the poverty line card holder), and body mass index. Conclusion: The low uptake of vaccines in the elderly population highlights the need for specialized strategies and initiatives to increase vaccination coverage. The study recommends suitable measures to improve vaccination coverage among elderly, creating awareness among healthcare professionals and the general population, and enhancing vaccine accessibility and availability to promote healthy aging in India.

Design of CapEx and OpEx aware IP-over-WDM network using different types of traffic bypass and grooming techniques

To improve efficiency in setting up and operation of IP-over-WDM (IPoWDM) network, the network can be designed by minimizing either the capital expenditure (CapEx) or the operational expenditure (OpEx) in the planning phase. However, the CapEx-aware designed network may differ from the OpEx-aware designed network. Thus, Capex and OpEx need to be considered together to develop an expenditure-efficient network for a given planning period. Lightpath bypass and traffic grooming techniques help to minimize the required line card number in the core IP router. We design an expenditure (i.e., CapEx and OpEx put together for a given planning period) efficient IPoWDM network. We also review the effect of lightpath bypass and traffic grooming in the design. To design IPoWDM networks, we develop an optimization model and auxiliary-matrix-based heuristics to reduce the network’s total expenditure. The proposed methods judiciously deploy the network equipment at different places to reduce the total expenses and provide solutions for traffic grooming and placement of regenerators. We assume a realistic network framework where the bidirectional WDM equipment has finite transparent reach limit. The performance analysis shows that the multi-hop bypass approach provides more expenditure-efficient networks compared with the direct bypass and the non-bypass methods.

Universal and Accurate Sketch for Estimating Heavy Hitters and Moments in Data Streams

In computer networks, traffic measurement is a module in a network probe to measure flow-level statistics from an IP packet stream, which are the basis for network performance monitoring and malicious activity detection. This module extracts the flow IDs from incoming IP packets, classifies packets into flows, and counts the number of packets (or bytes) for each flow. It is a great challenge to measure the per-flow statistics for a high-speed network device, using only the size-limited SRAM on its line cards. Therefore, many algorithms using sublinear memory have been proposed, such as CountMin and CountSketch. However, most of previous algorithms are designed for specific measurement tasks. To obtain multiple types of statistics, people have to deploy multiple sketches, which demands more resources of a network device. It is useful to design a universal sketch that can track not only the top- <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$k$</tex-math> </inline-formula> largest individual flows (called heavy hitters) but also the overall traffic distribution statistics (called moments). Prior work named UnivMon successfully tackled this ambitious quest. However, it incurs large and variable per-packet processing overhead, which may result in a significant throughput bottleneck in high-rate packet stream, given that each packet requires 33 hashes and 32 memory accesses on average and many times of that in the worst case. To address this performance issue, we fundamentally redesign the solution architecture from hierarchical sampling to new progressive sampling and from CountSketch to new GenericCM, which ensure that per-packet overhead is a small constant (5 hashes and 8 memory accesses in the worst case), making it more suitable for online operations, especially for hardware pipeline implementation. This new design also makes effort to reduce memory footprint or equivalently improve measurement accuracy under the same memory. Our experiments show that our solution reduces measurement error by roughly 98.1% for second-order moment and by 91.5% for entropy, when given the same 0.2MB memory as UnivMon.

Selective wakeup for parallel forward engines under variable load towards energy conservation in IP routers

SummaryRecent studies have shown that a large amount of energy consumption in the communication medium occurs at the data processing plane. The data plane executes the forwarding decisions in the routers and switches. Through initial studies, the line card was identified as the most granular component of the router and later forward engine, a sub component of line card has been recognized as the most power intensive component of routers. Fundamental techniques like link rate adaption, sleep and wake‐up have been imposed to reduce the energy at line cards and forward engines. On the other hand, router's architectures undergo drastic changes like empowering data plane with parallel processing due to the rise of gigabit routers. In this paper, to increase the degree of local autonomy and better energy savings, we have adopted the parallel processing design and imposed a variable amount of traffic on different line cards. The existing parallel forward engines perform load balancing in synchronous manner. In our design, asynchronous behavior is imposed such that every line card could independently decide to wake up or turn off their forward engine based on the traffic parameters. We have done simulations and witnessed increased energy savings (average sleeping time) without compromising the completion of lookup process.

Can training over phone calls help improve outcomes for COVID-19 positive patients under home isolation? An analysis of the COVID-19 Care Companion Program in Punjab, India

BackgroundPhone-supported recovery of COVID-19 patients in home isolation could be an effective way of addressing COVID-19 in contexts with limited resources. The COVID-19 Care Companion Program (CCP) is one such intervention, designed to support patients and their caregivers in remote, evidence-based management of COVID-19 symptoms. ObjectiveTo estimate the effect of providing phone-based training to COVID-19 patients and their caregivers on the likelihood of hospitalizations and mortality. MethodsA pragmatic randomized trial was conducted to assess the effect of a novel phone-based training program on COVID-19 home-isolated patient outcomes. The analysis compared the outcomes of death and hospitalizations in the teletraining intervention group (CCP) to those receiving standard of care (SoC). ResultsLogistic regression models adjusted for age, gender, education, occupation, and poverty, as measured by family possession of Below Poverty Line (BPL) card, were used to look at the effect of intervention on hospitalization and mortality. While the CCP intervention had no effect on 21-day mortality (OR 0.64; 95% CI, 0.19 to 2.12), it was associated with a 48% reduction in 21-day hospitalization (OR 0.52; 95% CI, 0.31 to 0.90). ConclusionCOVID-19 CCP teletraining intervention reduced the rate of hospitalization, potentially reducing the burden on hospitals.

The gray clouds within: Depression and loneliness among the elderly population in urban Bengaluru – A cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT Background: Aging is a global phenomenon. Depression and loneliness among the elderly are significant mental health concerns, often overlooked and underestimated in society. Globally, depression amounts to a loss of 2% disability-adjusted life years. India is 2nd most populous in the world by elderly population, depression and loneliness are often overlooked due to various reasons. Therefore, this study aims to explore the proportion of depression and loneliness and to determine their association with loneliness and other sociodemographic factors. Methodology: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 132 elders (age ≥60 years) in three wards of the urban area of Bengaluru. Geriatric Depression Scale 15 and Three-Item Loneliness Scale were used to assess depression and loneliness, respectively. The association between depression and loneliness was analyzed with other demographic variables using Chi-square and Bivariate logistic regression. Results: The magnitude of depression and loneliness among the elderly population was found to be 75.7% and 91%, respectively. Depression was significantly associated with elderly 60–69 years, females, with minimal education (illiterate), homemakers, number of family members &gt;4, with no income, and dependent on others. Loneliness is significantly associated with the female gender, with illiterates, those who are not working and homemakers, below poverty line card holders, those with chronic diseases, and those dependent on others compared to their counterparts. There is a significant positive correlation between depression and loneliness scores among the elderly. Conclusion: The higher proportion of depression and loneliness among the elderly in our study emphasizes the necessary supportive measures. It needs to be addressed adequately through a coordinated primary care approach with community and social support.

Study on utilization of healthcare and social security schemes among street vendors in an urban area of Bengaluru

Background: Access to healthcare may vary across countries, groups, and individuals, largely influenced by social and economic conditions as well as the health policies in place. In the Indian scenario, most health-care expenses are paid out-of-pocket by patients and their families, rather than through insurance or social security schemes. Health-seeking behavior denotes visiting the health-care facility for need of care during diseases, injury and health related events which includes public hospitals, clinics or privately owned hospitals. There is a lack of inadequate information on health-care utilization and social security benefits availed by street vendors in India. Hence, the study was planned to look into issues of health-care utilization and related issues. Aims and Objectives: To assess the utilization of health care and social security schemes among the street vendors of urban area of Bengaluru and to find the determinants of health-care utilization among them. Materials and Methods: A community-based, cross-sectional, descriptive, and explorative study was undertaken for 2 months from May to June 2021 among 160 street vendors in urban area of Bengaluru. Data on socio-demographic factors, vending type and nature, social security benefits, health insurance, and health-care utilization were collected from each vendor. The prevalence of utilization of healthcare and social security schemes among street vendors were estimated. Results: Majority of the vendors (77% males and 82.4% females) visit health-care center only when the illness was severe and only 18.8% of the vendors seek healthcare for all types of illnesses. Over-the-counter medicines were preferred than visiting a health-care facilities by 71.3% of the street vendors and majority of them were males (76.3%). The part time vendors (38.5%) used more than one health facility, i.e., government, polyclinic, and medical college facilities, whereas (27.2%) of full time vendors were dependent on government health-care facilities. The fixed place vendors (23.8%) and mobile cart vendors (32.7%) used government health-care facilities. Majority of the fruit vendors used government facilities. There were 20% of the street vendors who were aware of only Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme (IGNOAPS), 18.8% aware of only Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) Scheme, 28% aware of Ayushman Bharat-Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY), 8% were aware of Pradhan Mantra Shram Yogi Maandhan Yojana (PM-SYM), and 9.4% aware of all the above schemes as applicable. Almost two third of the study population (69% of males and 61.8% of females) were not availing any of the social security schemes. 71.4% of males above 60 years of age were availing IGNOAPS, 31% of females in the reproductive age group availed JSY as applicable, 12% availed AB-PMJAY, 67.6% of the fixed place vendors, and 67.3% of the mobile cart vendors did not avail any social security scheme. None of the vendors had any type of medical health insurance and only 59.4% of the vendors were below poverty line card holders. Conclusion: Most of the vendors and their family members used government facilities (26.9%) and only 44.4% were availing the social security schemes. Timing of vending (part/full time), time of visit of different health-care facilities, and financial status were the important determinants of utilizing healthcare. Therefore, government run health-care centers should be made more accessible and available to the unorganized working class.

SOFI dataset: Symptom-fault relationship for IP-network

This article describes a dataset of network performance and well-known faults. It is a dataset of symptom-fault causal relationships for an IP-based network. This information is periodically gathered from edge nodes of an emulated enterprise network. The dataset contains about 649 h of network monitoring data, 10 of which refer to artificially induced faults. Those faults are impact failures as faulty cables, fiber cuts, high link utilization, line card failure, link down, misconfigurations, protocol issues, and distribution layer going down. Data were methodically structured by an authoring tool. It is an original dataset created on purpose because of no availability of this dataset type. It is of interest to researchers in data mining, fault diagnosis, and overall network management.

Do the Poor Benefit from the Right to Information Act?

I investigate to what extent India’s Right to Information Act is useful for poor households. Drawing on empirical data from central Uttar Pradesh, I study two categories of poor households—urban and rural—possessing Below Poverty Line cards. These cards entitle their holders to several subsidies, but they are poorly targeted: certain communities receive more cards, while most of the deserving poor do not receive them. The Act is meant to create space for democratization, enabling the poor to challenge local power holders; but there are obstacles to their taking advantage of it. They are scarcely educated, and unaware of the Act, and they get no support from government agencies responsible for implementing it. This has encouraged the use of manipulative tactics by local representatives and government bureaucrats seeking power, control, and domination. But the poor do find ways to receive their entitlements.

Social Protection Network Across Indian States

This contribution of the Social Change Indicators forms the eleventh part of the series. Over the last three segments, we have been focussing on the social and economic challenges arising out of the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdowns. The topics previously covered were on the themes of vulnerable households across social classes, poverty and migration and living conditions for social distancing. In this part, we highlight the spread of the social protection network in various states of India. Aspects such as the percentage of households having a below poverty line (BPL) card, percentage of households having a health scheme or health insurance, percentage of households having a bank or post office account, Aadhaar card saturation, percentage of families/persons covered under the targetted Public Distribution System, percentage of Aadhaar-seeded ration cards, allocation of work under MGNREGA (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act) and the number of fair price shops per thousand population in 2021 have been examined. The required data has been collected from the Aadhaar Saturation Report provided by the Unique Identification Authority of India, the Food Grain Bulletin of the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution, Ration Card Dashboard of the National Food Security Act, the public data portal of MGNREGA and the Fourth Round of the National Family Health Survey’s state volumes.

Security-Aware Planning of Packet-Over-Optical Networks in Consideration of OTN Encryption

The fast development of cloud computing and Big Data applications has promoted virtualization technologies such as network function virtualization (NFV), which in turn dramatically increased the amount of sensitive data being transmitted over the optical networks for datacenter interconnections (DCIs). To ensure the physical-layer security in DCIs, people have developed optical transport network (OTN) encryption technologies, i.e., leveraging high-speed encryption cards (ECs) to encrypt OTN payload frames. Although experimental studies have confirmed the benefits of ECs in terms of line-speed processing, low latency, and small encryption overhead, the problem of how to utilize them to build a secure packet-over-optical network with high cost-effectiveness has not been explored yet. In this paper, we study how to realize cost-effective and security-aware multilayer planning in a packet-over-optical network that covers both trusted and untrusted zones, in consideration of OTN encryption. We first formulate an integer linear programming (ILP) model to minimize the total capital expenditure (CAPEX) of the multilayer planning, which includes the costs of OTN linecards (LCs), ECs, and bandwidth resources, and solve the optimization exactly. Then, we prove the <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">NP</i> -hardness of the multilayer planning, and to reduce the time complexity, we propose a column generation (CG) model and design a more time-efficient approximation algorithm based on it. Our simulation results confirm the performance and advantages of our CG-based proposal, i.e., it is much more time-efficient than solving the ILP directly, and outperform the existing heuristic in terms of total CAPEX and costs of used LCs and ECs.

Early detection of link failures through the modeling of the hardware deterioration process

Network failures can significantly degrade the network performance in several ways, ranging from experiencing unacceptable delays (e.g., in video conference applications) to leading to significant drops in sales for companies (e.g., airlines tickets purchases). In this paper, we focus on network failures caused by links that are prone to fail due to their advanced stage of lifetime. In particular, the formalization of the Hardware Deterioration Failure Mode (HDFM) for network line cards is provided to evaluate the penalty for network operators of handling HDFM failing links using classical methods based on Bidirectional Forwarding Detection and Fast Re-Route mechanisms. An algorithm, named Hardware Deterioration Detection (HDD), is proposed to detect if links are experiencing failures as well as to provide an estimation of their remaining lifetime. The performance evaluation over data generated by our provided network failure simulator shows that HDD is able to correctly classify links as failing or not failing, regardless of the type of failure considered. Moreover, overall descriptions for failure models in which HDD is able to produce high quality estimations of the remaining lifetime have been identified, with a trade-off between the hardware deterioration time dependence and the relationship between lifetime and packet loss probability.

A Cost Effective Architecture and Throughput Efficient Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation Protocol for Fog Computing Over EPON

Edge and fog networks call for high speed and energy-efficient networking platforms. Passive Optical Networks (PON) have been identified as a promising candidate for such platforms. In conventional dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) schemes for PON, the transmitter of an optical network unit (ONU) remains idle until the completion of upstream transmission of all other ONUs which indicates poor utilization of the transmitter. Scheduling fog services during these free intervals of time would lead to improved transmitter utilization. In this work, we exploit this opportunity and present a DBA protocol and its architecture, for enabling fog services. Our architecture employs a single line card at the ONUs providing considerable savings in terms of cost and energy. The results show that the cost per ONU could be reduced by 87$ and power savings of 5W per ONU could be achieved compared to proposals using separate transceivers at the ONU. The proposed DBA improves the load tolerance by ~300% towards maintaining delay bound of 10 ms and an improvement in throughput by ~20% at high loads when compared to existing philosophies, which is highly desirable for a delay-sensitive fog network. Placing fog node at remote node allows the fog node to operate at higher loads while maintaining delay bound when compared to its placement at OLT.

Technical evaluation and principle analysis of simulative habitat cultivation of Dendrobium nobile

The technique of &quot;simulative habitat cultivation&quot; is to preserve the quality of traditional Chinese medicine by simulating the original habitat and site environment of wild Chinese medicine resources. Dendrobium nobile is the most representative variety of traditional Chinese medicine which reflects the coordinated development of medicinal material production and ecological environment. In this paper, the main technical points of the simulated cultivation model of D. nobile were summarized as follows: rapid propagation of seedling tissue technology to ensure the genetic stability of provenance; line card+fermented cow manure+live moss method to improve the survival rate; epiphytic stone cultivation to improve the quality of medicinal materials; and the integration of mycorrhizal fungi to improve the quality stability of medicinal materials. On the basis of summarizing the ecological benefits, economical and social benefits generated by the application of the technology, the paper systematically analyzes the principle of the technology for the cultivation of D. nobile to promote the excellent quality, the light, gas, heat and fertilizer resources of the undergrowth niche are in line with the wild site environment of D. nobile. The rich and complex soil microbial community in the forest laid the foundation for the species diversity needed for the growth of D. nobile.The stress effect on the growth of D. nobile resulted in the accumulation of secondary metabolites. The symbiotic relationship between the symbiotic fungi such as bryophytes and D. nobile promotes the synthesis of plant secondary metabolites. The high quality D. nobile was produced efficiently by improving and optimizing the cultivation techniques.

Experimental Analysis of the Condenser Design in a Thermosiphon System for Cooling of Telecommunication Electronics

Passive two-phase cooling systems are an efficient and viable alternative to conventional air-cooling schemes for thermal management of electronics due to their capability of dissipating higher power densities with lower power consumption and noise levels. This article aims to assess the performance of a novel two-phase air-cooled thermosyphon for cooling shelf-level telecommunications equipment that is designed with 18 line cards. In particular, the main objective is to investigate the effect of the condenser technology on the thermal-hydraulic performance of the cooling system. The thermosyphon consists of a multimicrochannel evaporator with 18 individual microchannel zones (one per card) connected to an air-cooled condenser via riser and downcomer tubes. The total height of the loop, from midevaporator to midcondenser, is approximately 50 cm. Two different condenser designs have been tested: a single-pass louvered-fin flat-tube condenser, and a multipass wavy-fin, circular-tube condenser. An extensive experimental campaign is performed to evaluate the performance of these two air-cooled condensers in a front-to-back airflow configuration. The experiments are carried out with R134a as the working fluid, varying filling ratios from 45% to 60%, and heat loads from 102 to 1023 W under uniform and nonuniform conditions. The influence of the air-side fan configuration is also investigated by varying the fans speed from 10 548 to 15 480 min−1 and by increasing the fan-tray height from 65 to 103 mm. The results demonstrate that the single-pass louvered-fin flat-tube condenser provides lower liquid-side frictional pressure drops and consequently higher refrigerant mass flow rate in the loop. This leads to a higher critical heat flux value, which is ideal for increasing power densities and limiting dry-out occurrence. On the other hand, the multiple-pass wavy-fin, condenser offers lower thermal resistances over a larger range of dissipated heat loads. This is mainly attributed to its lower air-side pressure drop.

EMI Prediction of Multiple Radiators

A new method is developed to predict the scaling of the electromagnetic interference from a large system if similar subsystems are added. The method gives the predicted emission from multiple radiators as well as the level of certainty of the estimation. The proposed statistical approach is based on the phased array antenna theory and Monte Carlo simulation for a router with several line cards (N) and optical modules inserted. To validate the method, a large router with 498 optical modules with an unwanted radiation at 10.31 GHz was investigated in two different cases: the same frequency and different frequency per radiating subsystem. Several statistical experiments were performed for the proposed problem. The effect of phase and amplitude variations over the radiators is reported in this paper. The method is useful when it is not practical to assemble extraordinary amounts of identical hardware in a product installation. The results indicate the existence of a 10 log N (dB) tendency for the maximum electric field emission in a system radiating at the same frequency with random phase distribution over the radiators. For different frequency subsystems, the slope of the maximum electric field emission is lower than the 10 log N (dB) formula.

Growth of Radiated Emission in Multi-Modular Systems

Typical networking equipment contains tens of nearly identical line cards and hundreds of the optical modules. The more modules and line cards are added, the larger the radiation will be. This paper presents an idea and approach to estimate the emission of a fully populated system based on data that are obtained using an only partially populated system.