Lindane In Water Research Articles

Determination of lindane in surface water samples and its degradation by hydrogen peroxide and persulfate assisted TiO2-based photocatalysis.

Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have been used extensively as insecticides and herbicides. This study investigates the occurrence of lindane in surface water from the Peshawar valley (i.e., Peshawar, Charsadda, Nowshera, Mardan and Swabi districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan). Out of 75 samples tested (i.e., 15 samples from each district), 13 samples (including 2 from Peshawar, 3 from Charsadda, 4 from Nowshera, 1 from Mardan, and 3 from Swabi) are found to be contaminated with lindane. Overall, the detection frequency is 17.3%. The maximum concentration of lindane is detected in a water sample from Nowshera and found to be 2.60 μg L-1. Furthermore, the degradation of lindane in the water sample from Nowshera, containing the maximum concentration, is investigated by simulated solar-light/TiO2 (solar/TiO2), solar/H2O2/TiO2 and solar/persulfate/TiO2 photocatalysis. The degradation of lindane by solar/TiO2 photocatalysis is 25.77% after 10 h of irradiation. The efficiency of the solar/TiO2 process is significantly increased in the presence of 500 μM H2O2 and 500 μM persulfate (PS) (separately), represented by 93.85 and 100.00% lindane removal, respectively. The degradation efficiency of lindane is lower in natural water samples as compared to Milli-Q water, attributed to water matrix effect. Moreover, the identification of degradation products (DPs) shows that lindane follows similar degradation pathways in natural water samples as the one in Milli-Q water. The results show that the occurrence of lindane in surface waters of Peshawar valley is a matter of great concern for human beings and the environment. Interestingly, H2O2 and PS assisted solar/TiO2 photocatalysis is an effective method for the removal of lindane from natural water.

Removal of lindane in water by non-thermal plasma: Parametric optimization, kinetic study, energy yield evaluation, and toxicity assessment

As a broadly used organochlorine pesticide in the last decades, lindane is frequently detected in waters, causing negative impacts on human health and the environment. Non-thermal plasma appears as an effective option for removing lindane in water. The contribution of this study lies in the comprehensive analysis of the plasma oxidation of lindane using dialectic barriers discharge (DBD). The effect of initial lindane concentration, plasma time, plasma zone, and pH was assessed using DBD. The process optimization was performed by response surface methodology, and kinetic energy yield and acute toxicity were also evaluated. The obtained results indicated that the interaction of plasma zone and initial lindane concentration has a remarkable impact on lindane removal. The lindane removal decreased with the initial lindane concentration and plasma zone decrease. The maximum value of lindane removal (92.12%) was obtained under optimum conditions: pH value of 9.46, plasma time 14.8 min, plasma zone 2 mm, and initial lindane concentration of 1 mg L−1. Also, the energy yield was obtained 2.242 g kW−1 h−1 in the optimum condition. The removal rates were best fitted with a first-order kinetic removal model. The acute toxicity analysis revealed that the DBD plasma effluent did not induce any significant toxic effect on Daphnia Magna.

Removal of Lindane in Water by Non-Thermal Plasma:Parametric Optimization, Kinetic Study, Energy Yield Evaluation, and Toxicity Assessment

Removal of Lindane in Water by Non-Thermal Plasma:Parametric Optimization, Kinetic Study, Energy Yield Evaluation, and Toxicity Assessment

Degradation of highly chlorinated pesticide, lindane, in water using UV/persulfate: kinetics and mechanism, toxicity evaluation, and synergism by H2O2

Sulfate radical-advanced oxidation processes (SR-AOPs) are emerging technologies for decomposing organic pollutants in water. This study investigated the efficiency of UV/persulfate (UV/S2O82−) process to degrade lindane in water, showing 93.2% lindane removal ([lindane]0 = 3.43 μM, [S2O82−]0 = 100 μM) at a UV fluence of 720 mJ/cm2. The lindane degradation followed first order kinetics and mechanistic studies suggested H-abstraction by SO4•− and Cl removal via C-Cl bond cleavage by UV-C light. Toxicity assessment using ECOSAR program showed toxicity gradually decreased and eventually no significant toxicity remained when all by-products vanished at high UV dose. Removal efficiency of lindane decreased from 93.2% to 38.4, 45.5, 56.0, 84.3 and 88.6%, by adding 1.0 mg/L humic acid or 1.0 mM CO32−, HCO3−, Cl− or SO42−, respectively. Coupling of H2O2 with UV/S2O82− showed a significant synergistic effect with 99.0% lindane removal at a UV fluence of 600 mJ/cm2, using [S2O82−]0 = [H2O2]0 = 50 μM while UV/H2O2 resulted in only 36.6% lindane removal ([lindane]0 = 3.43 μM, [H2O2]0 = 100 μM) at a UV fluence of 720 mJ/cm2. The results indicate that SR-AOP has potential for consideration as a remedial technology to treat persistent chlorinated pesticides such as lindane in contaminated water.

Removal of lindane as a health-toxic pesticide in drinking water by slow sand filtration

Lindane is applied in agriculture as insecticide and in veterinary medicine to control the insect-borne diseases. Contact to this synthetic chemical has various adverse effects on human health. This study was conducted to remove lindane in water by slow sand filtration (SSF). The effects of different parameters including lindane concentration, turbidity, filter bed depth and Schmutzdecke type were assessed on the removal of lindane by SSF. The results indicated that the filter media caused the removal of 85.4, 95.4 and 100 inlet lindane concentration of 200, 100 and 20 mu g/L, respectively, over 1 d after operation. These removal efficiencies were approximately constant by increasing operation period up to 5 d. Water turbidity up to 5 NTU had an insignificant effect on the removal of lindane. The filter depth more than 20 cm had negligible effect on the removal of lindane. The findings also showed that the filter media decreased 98.0 and 98.3 of water turbidity and heterotrophic plate count, respectively. The removal efficiency of lindane by the SSF-modified Schmutzdecke layer was nearly 15 higher than that of SSF with the natural Schmutzdecke layer. On the basis of the results, SSF can meet the WHO guideline for lindane in drinking water only in low concentration (up to 20 mu g/L).

Monitoring and remediation technologies of organochlorine pesticides in drainage water

Abstract This study was carried out to monitor the presence of organochlorine in drainage water in Kafr-El-Sheikh Governorate, Egypt. Furthermore, to evaluate the efficiencies of different remediation techniques (advanced oxidation processes [AOPs] and bioremediation) for removing the most frequently detected compound (lindane) in drainage water. The results showed the presence of several organochlorine pesticides in all sampling sites. Lindane was detected with high frequency relative to other detected organochlorine in drainage water. Nano photo-Fenton like reagent was the most effective treatment for lindane removal in drainage water. Bioremediation of lindane by effective microorganisms (EMs) removed 100% of the lindane initial concentration. There is no remaining toxicity in lindane contaminated-water after remediation on treated rats relative to control with respect to histopathological changes in liver and kidney. Advanced oxidation processes especially with nanomaterials and bioremediation using effective microorganisms can be regarded as safe and effective remediation technologies of lindane in water.

Monitoring and remediation of organochlorine residues in water.

This study monitored the presence of organochlorines in drinking water in Kafr-El-Sheikh, Ebshan, Elhamoul, Mehalt Aboali, Fowa, Balteem, and Metobess in the Kafr-El-Sheikh Governorate, Egypt, to evaluate the efficiencies of different remediation techniques (advanced oxidation processes [AOPs] and bioremediation) for removing the most frequently detected compound (i.e., lindane) in drinking water. The results showed the presence of several organochlorine residues at all water sampling sites. Lindane was detected with high frequency relative to other detected organochlorines in water. Nano photo-Fenton-like reagent was the most effective treatment for lindane removal in drinking water. Bioremediation of lindane by effective microorganisms removed 100% of the initial concentration of lindane after 23 days of treatment. The study found that there is no remaining toxicity of lindane-contaminated water after remediation on treated rats relative to the control with respect to histopathological changes in the liver and kidneys. Therefore, AOPs, particularly those with nanomaterials and bioremediation, can be regarded as safe and effective remediation technologies for lindane in water.

Distribution of Lindane in Water, Sediment, and Fish from the Warri River of the Niger Delta, Nigeria

This paper is the first attempt to quantify the levels and the distribution pattern of lindane in the surface water, sediment and fish (Chrysichthys furcatus and Tilapia zilli). The samples were collected from three stations (Ovwian, Ekakpamre, and Ovu) of the Warri River in the western Niger Delta of Nigeria in 2006: during the dry (January-April) and wet seasons (May-August). The analysis included a total of 96 samples made up of 24 samples each for water, sediment, and fish. The pesticide levels were analysed using high performance liquid chromatography to elucidate its distribution in various environmental compartments. Residue levels in the matrices ranged from below the detection limit (BDL) to 1.37microg L(-1) in water, BDL to 12.66 microg g(-1) dry weight (dw) in sediment, BDL to 16.67 microg g(-1)dw in Chrysichthys furcatus, and BDL to 0.15 microg g(-1)dw in Tilapia zilli. The observed values were above the ecological benchmarks (0.01 microg L(-1)) recommended by the Nigerian Environmental Protection Agency and European Union. They were also relatively higher than in previous studies on the Nigerian environment, which calls for regular monitoring of the Niger Delta water bodies.

Histopathological changes induced by lindane (?-HCH) in various organs of fishes

This paper reports the histological analysis of various organs of Mugil sp., Cyprinus carpio and Barbus sp. after an accidental discharge of lindane (?-Hexachloro-cyclohexane - ?-HCH-) into the Barbate River (Cadiz, SW Spain). Histopathological alterations of gills, liver and kidney were detected. Fusion of the secondary lamella, increased raising of the branchial epithelium and intraepithelial edema in gills, reduction of the diameter of the hepatocytes and, in advanced cases, cellular vacuolisation with hypertrophy of the hepatocytes in liver, as well as tubular necrosis, desquamation and vacuolisation of tubular epithelial cells in kidney, were observed. Quantification of lindane in water and whole fish samples was performed using a gas chromatograph equipped with an electron capture detector. The results of this histological analysis of various fish tissues indicate a direct correlation between pesticide exposure and the histopathological disorders observed. Chemical analysis of the lindane in the water and fish tissues confirmed a causal relationship between exposure to this pesticide and the fish damage found.

Separation of Lindane from Its Aqueous Solutions by Reverse Osmosis System

Abstract The separation characteristics of cellulose acetate/reverse osmosis (RO) membranes toward trace levels of lindane in water were investigated. A large fraction of this pesticide readily traversed the membrane; another portion, although tenaciously sorbed in or on the membrane, was slowly released into the product water. The implications of these observations on RO systems for municipal, domestic, and hospital use are discussed.