Linalool-rich Essential Oil Research Articles

Differential responses of genotype × environment interaction on Agronomic interventions affect the yield and quality of essential oil of interspecific basil hybrid of Ocimum basilicum L. × Ocimum kilimandscharicum

The investigations on interspecific hybrid basil were carried out in two distinct agro-climatic regions of India: Lucknow (Uttar Pradesh) and Rangareddy (Telangana). The experiment used an RCBD replicated thrice in each trial in each of the three seasons/environments: Jaid, Karief, and Rabi. The morphological and chemical changes of an interspecific basil hybrid/variety were studied across environments/seasons, and locations. All morphological traits and essential oil production are affected by the environment/seasons and location. The essential oil production and linalool concentration were found to be consistent. A high-quality linalool essential oil was discovered throughout the environment and locales. The biplot contrasted the test seasons/environments, as well as the researched locations and their interactions, visually. The ‘r' correlation between measured (M) and predicted (P) values was 0.998, and the predicted (P), means, and instability values (I) were all calculated using ATC coordinates. The ‘r' between GGE distance (GD) and entry means was also −0.952. This means that a higher absolute number indicates less stability, whereas a lower absolute value indicates a high level of stability. In summary, significant amounts of linalool-rich essential oil were obtained in the Northern Region (Lucknow) during the Jaid season (69.76 %) and the Southern Region (Hyderabad) during the Rabi season (69.88 %). This hybrid/variety's linalool content and essential oil yield averaged 190.78 kg/ha across seasons/environments and locations, with a linalool content of 67.91 %. Due to its high yield of top-notch linalool essential oil, the basil hybrid/variety that is particularly stable in terms of essential oil yield with high linalool content across seasons and places should be suggested for large-scale cultivation.

Effect of Essential Oil of Zhumeria majdae on Morphine Tolerance and Dependence in Mice.

To evaluate the effects of Zhumeria majdae essential oil (ZMEO) on morphine dependence and tolerance in mice. ZMEO (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg) and clonidine (0.1 mg/kg) as the positive control were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.). The effect of ZMEO and clonidine on the dependence were evaluated by counting the number of jumps induced by naloxone (5 mg/kg) while the tolerance was evaluated by the tail-flick test. ZMEO at the dose of 10 mg/kg during the development period led to a significant inhibition of morphine tolerance (P<0.01), while it led to reduced morphine dependence with the doses of 20 and 40 mg/kg. ZMEO at two dose levels of 20 and 40 mg/kg indicated significant antinociceptive activity (P>0.01), and significantly reduced the withdrawal signs (number of jumps) of mice (P>0.01). ZMEO had significant effects on morphine tolerance and dependence. The linalool rich essential oil of Z. majdae plays a major role in the reduction of tolerance and dependence induced by morphine.

Linalool-rich essential oils from the Amazon display antidepressant-type effect in rodents

Ethnopharmacological relevanceThe essential oils of the leaves of Aniba rosaeodora (pau-rosa), Aniba parviflora (macacaporanga) and Aeollanthus suaveolens (catinga-de-mulata), rich in linalool, are used in the traditional medicine of the Brazilian Amazon for its effects on the central nervous system, such as sedative, anticonvulsant and antidepressant, among other therapeutic properties. Aim of the studyTo analyze the chemical composition of these oils and to evaluate their neurobehavioral effects in rodents, based on different and established behavioral tests. Material and methodsThe oils were distilled and analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Male Wistar rats received intraperitoneal doses of the oils of pau-rosa (3.5 and 35mg/kg), macacaporanga (8.5 and 85mg/kg) and catinga-de-mulata (7.5 and 75mg/kg), in addition to a linalool standard (30mg/kg). The neurobehavioral effects were evaluated using the tests: Open Field (spontaneous locomotion activity), Elevated Plus Maze (anxiolytic- type activity), Splash and Forced Swimming (antidepressive-type activity) and the Inhibitory Avoidance (memory retention). ResultsThe three oils (highest dose) and standard linalool presented significant antidepressant activity in rodents. Linalool was identified as the major constituent of the oils (pau-rosa, 88.6%, macacaporanga, 45%, catinga-de-mulata, 49.3%). The standard linalool used was 97.0%. ConclusionThe pau-rosa, macacaporanga, and catinga-de-mulata oils presented antidepressant activity due to the presence of linalool, which, by the final synergistic action of other constituents found in oils, may have contributed to the increase or reduction of this behavioral effect in the treated animals. A relevant fact is that there was no compromise of spontaneous locomotion and the memory retention in the rodents.

Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory and Anti-hyperglycaemic Activities of Essential Oils from Thymbra capitata, Thymus albicans, Thymus caespititius, Thymus carnosus, Thymus lotocephalus and Thymus mastichina from Portugal

The in viro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperglycaemic, and anti-acetylcholinesterase activities of the essential oils (EOs) isolated from six Lamiaceae species (Thymbra capitata,. Thymus albicans, Th. caespititius, Th. carnosus, Th. lotocephalus and Th. mastichina) grown in Portugal, were evaluated. Th. caespititius and T. capitata carvacrol/thymol-rich EOs showed the best capacity for preventing lipid peroxidation, and scavenging the 2,2'-azino- bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonid acid) (ABTS) and peroxyl free radicals, as well as for inhibiting lipoxygenase and a-amylase. However, Th. caespititius and Th. lotocephalus 1,8-cineole and linalool rich EOs were the best inhibitors of a-glucosidase. T capitata, Th. lotocephalus and Th. albicans EOs were the: most active for inhibiting acetyleholinesterase. Th. caespititius and Th. mastichina EOs were the main scavengers of nitric oxide (NO) radicals. The comparison between the present data with a survey of the existing literature on the in vitro biological activities of the essential oils isolated from the same species from Portuguese origin, using other.methodologies, showed some differences. For instance the use of two oxidizable substrates (egg yolk andlecithin liposomes) led to distinct results mainly for those samples with relatively low activity. In addition, the EOs capacity for scavenging peroxyl radicals-was also influenced by the presence of cyclodextrins, as a synergism seemed to occur between EOs and those carbohydrates.

In vitro cytocidal effects of the essential oil from Croton cajucara (red sacaca) and its major constituent 7- hydroxycalamenene against Leishmania chagasi

BackgroundVisceral leishmaniasis is the most serious form of leishmaniasis and can be lethal if left untreated. Currently available treatments for these parasitic diseases are frequently associated to severe side effects. The leaves of Croton cajucara are used as an infusion in popular medicine to combat several diseases. Previous studies have demonstrated that the linalool-rich essential oil from C. cajucara (white sacaca) is extremely efficient against the tegumentary specie Leishmania amazonensis. In this study, we investigated the effects of the 7-hydroxycalamenene-rich essential oil from the leaves of C. cajucara (red sacaca) against Leishmania chagasi, as well as on the interaction of these parasites with host cells.MethodsPromastigotes were treated with different concentrations of the essential oil for determination of its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). In addition, the effects of the essential oil on parasite ultrastructure were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. To evaluate its efficacy against infected cells, mouse peritoneal macrophages infected with L. chagasi promastigotes were treated with the inhibitory and sub-inhibitory concentrations of the essential oil.ResultsThe minimum inhibitory concentrations of the essential oil and its purified component 7-hydroxycalamenene against L. chagasi were 250 and 15.6 μg/mL, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed important nuclear and kinetoplastic alterations in L. chagasi promastigotes. Pre-treatment of macrophages and parasites with the essential oil reduced parasite/macrophage interaction by 52.8%, while it increased the production of nitric oxide by L. chagasi-infected macrophages by 80%.ConclusionThese results indicate that the 7-hydroxycalamenene-rich essential oil from C. cajucara is a promising source of leishmanicidal compounds.

Linalool‐rich Rosewood Oil Induces Vago‐vagal Bradycardic and Depressor Reflex in Rats

Cardiovascular effects of the linalool-rich essential oil of Aniba rosaeodora (here named as EOAR) in normotensive rats were investigated. In anesthetized rats, intravenous (i.v.) injection of EOAR induced dose-dependent biphasic hypotension and bradycardia. Emphasis was given to the first phase (phase 1) of the cardiovascular effects, which is rapid (onset time of 1-3 s) and not observed in animals submitted to bilateral vagotomy or selective blockade of neural conduction of vagal C-fibre afferents by perineural treatment with capsaicin. Phase 1 was also absent when EOAR was directly injected into the left ventricle injection, but it was unaltered by i.v. pretreatment with capsazepine, ondansetron or HC030031. In conscious rats, EOAR induced rapid and monophasic hypotensive and bradycardiac (phase 1) effects that were abolished by i.v. methylatropine. In endothelium-intact aortic rings, EOAR fully relaxed phenylephrine-induced contractions in a concentration-dependent manner. The present findings reveal that phase 1 of the bradycardiac and depressor responses induced by EOAR has a vago-vagal reflex origin resulting from the vagal pulmonary afferents stimulation. Such phenomenon appears not to involve the recruitment of C-fibre afferents expressing 5HT3 receptors or the two chemosensory ion channels TRPV1 and TRPA1 . Phase 2 hypotensive response appears resulting from a direct vasodilatory action.

Inhibitory effect of linalool-rich essential oil from Lippia alba on the peptidase and keratinase activities of dermatophytes

Lippia alba (Miller) N.E. Brown is an aromatic plant known locally as “Erva-cidreira-do-campo” that has great importance in Brazilian folk medicine. The aim of our study was to evaluate the antidermatophytic potential of linalool-rich essential oil (EO) from L. alba and analyze the ability of this EO to inhibit peptidase and keratinase activities, which are important virulence factors in dermatophytes. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of L. alba EO were 39, 156 and 312 µg/mL against Trichophyton rubrum, Epidermophyton floccosum and Microsporum gypseum, respectively. To evaluate the influence of L. alba EO on the proteolytic and keratinolytic activities of these dermatophytes, specific inhibitory assays were performed. The results indicated that linalool-rich EO from L. alba inhibited the activity of proteases and keratinases secreted from dermatophytes, and this inhibition could be a possible mechanism of action against dermatophytes. Due to the effective antidermatophytic activity of L. alba EO, further experiments should be performed to explore the potential of this linalool-rich EO as an alternative antifungal therapy.

Antimicrobial activity of the essential oils from the leaves of two morphotypes of Croton cajucara Benth

Croton cajucara Benth. (Euphorbiaceae) is a shrub native to Amazon region and locally known as sacaca. Two morphotypes are known, namely white ‘sacaca’ and red ‘sacaca’. The essential oils from the leaves of these morphotypes are rich in linalool and 7-hydroxycalamenene, respectively. The effectiveness of the oils from forty individuals from a germplasm bank regarding the antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans was investigated by drop diffusion (or agar diffusion) method. Expressive inhibition zones for both microorganisms tested were observed. Essential oils rich in 7-hydroxycalamenene were more effective against S. aureus while linalool-rich essential oils acted inhibiting C. albicans. The minimal inhibitory (MIC) and microbicidal concentrations of the main constituents of the oils were also determined, using broth dilution assay. It was observed that isolated 7-hydroxycalamenene presented high bactericidal activity, with a MIC of 0.3 μg/mL, while for fungicidal activity a MIC of 45 μg/mL was recorded. For S. aureus, the isolated 7-hydroxycalamenene was more active than the whole oil, whereas the linalool-rich essential oil presented higher bactericide activity than pure linalool. For C. albicans, however, pure linalool was more active than the whole essential oil.

Linalool-rich rosewood oil evoked a vago-vagal bradycardic and depressor effect in normotensive rats

Cardiovascular effects of the linalool-rich essential oil of Aniba rosaeodora (EOAR or rosewood) in normotensive rats were investigated. Male Wistar rats were anesthetized and two catheters were implanted for blood pressure recording and drug injection. In anesthetized rats, intravenous (i.v.) EOAR elicited dose-dependent hypotensive and bradycardiac effects which were characterized in two periods (phases 1 and 2). The first rapid component (phase 1) evoked by EOAR was abolished by bilateral vagotomy, perineural treatment of both cervical vagus nerves with capsaicin and was absent after left ventricle injection. However, i.v. pretreatment with capsazepine, ondansetron or HC030031 did not alter phase 1 of the cardiovascular responses to EOAR. In conscious rats, EOAR evoked rapid hypotensive and bradycardiac (phase 1) effects that were abolished by i.v. methylatropine. EOAR induces a vago-vagal bradycardiac and depressor reflex (phase 1) that apparently results from the stimulation of vagal pulmonary rather than cardiac C-fiber afferents and does appear to involve activation of neither the 5HT3 receptors nor the two chemosensory ion channels TRPV1 and TRPA1 receptors. The phase 2 hypotensive response to EOAR seems to result from a direct vasodilatory effect since EOAR relaxed phenylephrine-induced contractions in rat isolated aortic rings.

Effects of inhaled Linalool in anxiety, social interaction and aggressive behavior in mice

Aromatherapy uses essential oils (EOs) for several medical purposes, including relaxation. The association between the use of aromas and a decrease in anxiety could be a valuable instrument in managing anxiety in an ever increasing anxiogenic daily life style. Linalool is a monoterpene commonly found as the major volatile component of EOs in several aromatic plant species. Adding to previously reported sedative effects of inhaled linalool, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of inhaled linalool on anxiety, aggressiveness and social interaction in mice. Additionally, we investigated the effects of inhaled linalool on the acquisition phase of a step-down memory task in mice. Inhaled linalool showed anxiolytic properties in the light/dark test, increased social interaction and decreased aggressive behavior; impaired memory was only seen the higher dose of linalool. These results strengthen the suggestion that inhaling linalool rich essential oils can be useful as a mean to attain relaxation and counteract anxiety.

Linalool – a Review of a Biologically Active Compound of Commercial Importance

Since the earliest times fragrant materials have been used in rituals. Today, a lucrative industry has developed to produce and deliver fragrances and aromatic chemicals with various applications in modern society. Linalool, a much sought after compound in the flavor and fragrance industry is a monoterpene alcohol which occurs naturally in many aromatic plants. Linalool and linalool-rich essential oils are known to exhibit various biological activities such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-oxidant properties and several in vivo studies have confirmed various effects of linalool on the central nervous system. The applications of linalool are not confined to simply adding or enhancing a specific scent to domestic products such as soaps, detergents and shampoos. Linalool also plays an import role in nature as a key compound in the complex pollination biology of various plant species to ensure reproduction and survival. Linalool is also a key compound for the industrial production of a variety of fragrance chemicals such as geraniol, nerol, citral and its derivatives, as well as a lead compound in the synthesis of vitamins A and E. The repellent properties of linalool on various crop-destroying insects has been well documented accentuating the application of this molecule in eco-friendly pest management. This review aims to highlight the various biological properties of linalool and to emphasize the value of linalool and linalool-rich essential oils in phytotherapy.

Linalool-Rich Essential Oil from the Rhizomes of Zingiber roseum Rosc.

The combination of GC and GC/MS analysis of the essential oil obtained from the rhizome of Zingiber roseum Rosc. revealed the presence of over 44 compounds of which 36 compounds have been identifed comprising 94.9% of the oil. The oil was found to be rich in linalool (53.3%) with lesser amounts of limonene (14.0%), β-pinene (9.3%) and α-pinene (4.4%) being among the other constituents. The marker components of the family Zingiberaceae such as borneol (0.9%) and β-eudesmol (1.4%) were found to be present in relatively low concentrations in the oil. This is the frst report on composition of the oil from rhizome of Z. roseum.

Influence of the harvesting time, temperature and drying period on basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) essential oil

Ocimum basilicum L. essential oil with high concentration of linalool is valuable in international business. O. basilicum essential oil is widely used as seasoning and in cosmetic industry. To assure proper essential oil yield and quality, it is crucial to determine which environmental and processing factors are affecting its composition. The goal of our work is to evaluate the effects of harvesting time, temperature, and drying period on the yield and chemical composition of O. basilicum essential oil. Harvestings were performed 40 and 93 days after seedling transplantation. Harvesting performed at 8:00 h and 12:00 h provided higher essential oil yield. After five days drying, the concentration of linalool raised from 45.18% to 86.80%. O. basilicum should be harvested during morning and the biomass dried at 40ºC for five days to obtain linalool rich essential oil.

Antimicrobial activity of Croton cajucara Benth linalool‐rich essential oil on artificial biofilms and planktonic microorganisms

We have previously demonstrated that a linalool-rich essential oil from Croton cajucara Benth presents leishmanicidal activity. In the present study, we demonstrate that this essential oil inhibits the growth of reference samples of Candida albicans, Lactobacillus casei, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus sobrinus, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Streptococcus mutans cell suspensions, all of them associated with oral cavity disease. The purified linalool fraction was only inhibitory for C. albicans. Microbes of saliva specimens from human individuals with fixed orthodontic appliances, as well as the reference strains, were used to construct an artificial biofilm which was exposed to linalool or to the essential oil. As in microbial suspensions, the essential oil was toxic for all the microorganisms, while the purified linalool fraction mainly inhibited the growth of C. albicans. The compounds of the essential oil were separated by thin layer chromatography and exposed to the above-cited microorganisms. In this analysis, the proliferation of the bacterial cells was inhibited by still uncharacterized molecules, and linalool was confirmed as the antifungal component of the essential oil. The effects of linalool on the cell biology of C. albicans were evaluated by electron microscopy, which showed that linalool induced a reduction in cell size and abnormal germination. Neither the crude essential oil nor the purified linalool fraction is toxic to mammalian cells, which suggests that the essential oil or its purified components may be useful to control the microbial population in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances.

Antileishmanial activity of a linalool-rich essential oil from Croton cajucara.

The in vitro leishmanicidal effects of a linalool-rich essential oil from the leaves of Croton cajucara against Leishmania amazonensis were investigated. Morphological changes in L. amazonensis promastigotes treated with 15 ng of essential oil per ml were observed by transmission electron microscopy; leishmanial nuclear and kinetoplast chromatin destruction, followed by cell lysis, was observed within 1 h. Pretreatment of mouse peritoneal macrophages with 15 ng of essential oil per ml reduced by 50% the interaction between these macrophages and L. amazonensis, with a concomitant increase by 220% in the level of nitric oxide production by the infected macrophages. Treatment of preinfected macrophages with 15 ng of essential oil per ml reduced by 50% the interaction between these cells and the parasites, which led to a 60% increase in the amount of nitric oxide produced by the preinfected macrophages. These results provide new perspectives on the development of drugs with activities against Leishmania, as linalool-rich essential oil is a strikingly potent leishmanicidal plant extract (50% lethal doses, 8.3 ng/ml for promastigotes and 8.7 ng/ml for amastigotes) which inhibited the growth of L. amazonensis promastigotes at very low concentrations (MIC, 85.0 pg/ml) and which presented no cytotoxic effects against mammalian cells.

Linalool‐rich essential oil quality variants obtained from irradiated stem nodes in Lippia alba

AbstractLippia alba cv. Kavach is a cultivar that grows perennially as a shrub for use on slopes to control soil erosion. Plants of this genotype yield several crops of leaves annually in the sub‐tropical environment, containing essential oil in about 0.2% yield. The oil contains linalool, citral and 1,8‐cineole, 64.9%, 4.8%, 1.9%, respectively. A 40 Gy and 50 Gy dose of γ‐rays caused 80% and 90% killing of single node cuttings of L. alba cv. Kavach. The 1027 regenerants obtained from 1695 irradiated cuttings demonstrated enormous variability in terpenoid profiles. They fell into 50 of 64 classes formed on the basis of concentrations of 1,8‐cineole, neral, geranial and linalool. Testing of the clone L‐601 over four cycles of vegetative multiplication showed stability of the mutated highly linalool‐rich (&gt;80%) essential oil profile. γ‐Rays somatic mutagenesis has been found to be an effective tool for generating new essential oil profiles in L. alba cv. Kavach. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Linalool-Rich Essential Oil from Leaves of Croton cajucara Benth.

The essential oil from the leaves of Croton cajucara Benth., locally known as sacaca, was analyzed by GC/MS. The major constituents were linalool (41.2%), (E)-nerolidol (12.6%) and β-caryophyllene (6.9%). A total of 49 compounds were identified, representing 89.6% of the oil. This oil may become a sustainable alternative to Rosewood oil.

Composition of linalool rich essential oil from Lippia alba grown in Indian plains

A field crop of Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Br. LAC-2 genotype was raised through stem cuttings at Lucknow. The essential oil yields obtained upon hydrodistillation of leaves harvested between May 1998 and May 1999 varied from 0.6% to 0.8% on fresh weight basis. The GC and GC/MS analyses of the essential oils led to the identification of 15 compounds totalling 85% of the oil: the identified compounds included 4 monoterpene hydrocarbons (2%), 8 oxygenated monoterpenes (82%) and 3 sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (1%). The major constituent of the oil was linalool (65%). Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Composition of linalool rich essential oil fromLippia alba grown in Indian plains

A field crop of Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Br. LAC-2 genotype was raised through stem cuttings at Lucknow. The essential oil yields obtained upon hydrodistillation of leaves harvested between May 1998 and May 1999 varied from 0.6% to 0.8% on fresh weight basis. The GC and GC/MS analyses of the essential oils led to the identification of 15 compounds totalling 85% of the oil: the identified compounds included 4 monoterpene hydrocarbons (2%), 8 oxygenated monoterpenes (82%) and 3 sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (1%). The major constituent of the oil was linalool (65%). Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.