Limnological Studies Research Articles

Limnological studies on some lakes in the Netherlands

SUMMARYMost Dutch lakes are small and shallow, resulting from peat dredging since the late 18th century. However, deep lakes have appeared recently owing to sand digging. Limnological features of one such lake, Wijde Biik (N. Holland), were studied during 1968–70. The lake with an average depth of 11 4 m (maximum depth 31 m) and area of 2·65 × 106m2 is one of the deepest and biggest in the Loosdrecht‐lakes area. The lake is 125 cm below sea level, and underground water‐movements play an important part in the lake's hydrology.The lake exhibits thermal stratification on warm and calm days; since the lake surroundings are open and flat, wind and nocturnal cooling destroy such a stratification. There is continuous circulation from autumn through spring. The O2 saturation (%) in the upper water varies from 70 to 120%. Bottom waters were never anaerobic (lowest values 10% O2 saturation).CI− (2·8m‐equiv.) and HCO−3 (1·9 m‐equiv.) were the dominant anions just as Ca++ (2·77 m‐equiv.) and Na+ (2·5 m‐equiv.) formed the main cations. Chlorides have increased 2·5‐fold in the 40 years as a geochemical consequence of deepening. The surface drainage has minor influence on lake's water chemistry. Part‐P (10–140 μg/I) and PO4‐P (2–40 μg/1) recorded maximum and minimum respectively, and NO3‐N (0·05–1·15 mg/1) its minimum, during Microcystis abundance in August 1968. The SiO2‐Si decreased from February 1969 (400 μg/l) to June 1969 as Diatotna elongatum increased. The Si‐decrease to <30% of the 1932 values is due to removal of Si‐rich clay and silt, due to sand digging.Chlorococcales were the important lake algae. Desmids were poor. Microcystis dominated as a rule from July‐September, achieving from 15 to 31 colonies/ml. Poor light transmission rather than nutrients limits plankton growth as also the primary production in the lake. Copepoda were the dominant zooplankton. Bosmina coregoni recorded between 2 and 44 individuaIs/1 in summer 1968 and was the main cladoceran. The average primary production during summers of 1969 and 1970 was 380 and 497 mg C m−2 day−1 respectively. Light limited production below 1 m—1 % light in 1969 and 10% in 1970 penetrated down to 4 m. About 70% of the production took place in the upper 2 m. Calculation of production according to theoretical models under‐estimated the observed values by 12% because Z0·5Ik lay much above (0·8–2·8 m) the expected value of 3·5 m. It is suggested that in turbid lakes like Wijde Blik in situ incubations should be done at 0·5 m intervals in the upper 2 or 3 m.

Algae from Alpine Areas in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado

A collection of algae from alpine lakes (above 3000 m), principally desmids and diatoms, indicates oligotrophic, somewhat acid conditions. There have been few investigations of the algae of the central Rocky Mountain area of the United States. Shantz (1907) reported a few genera of the Pike's Peak area and Robbins (1912) published a preliminary list of Colorado algae. Olive (1955) reported a number of genera and named 35 species. In an excellent limnological study, Pennak (1955) listed 42 genera of algae, including several genera we have not found, and gave notes on their abundance as well as physical data from Bear Lake which we studied. Jones (nee Hallberg) (1937, 1932) reported some blue-green species. The only papers listing a sizable number of species are those of Miller (1936), who reported 112 species of desmids from the Medicine Bow Mountains (Wyoming); Durrell and Norton (1960), who listed 81 genera and 152 species from Grand Mesa; and Thomasson's (1964) paper on some lakes northwest of Denver which lists about 100 taxa. These are regions north and southwest of Rocky Mountain National Park. Stein and Amundsen (1967) reported a few species of snow algae from the Front Range south of the Park. Apparently there are few if any species so far reported from the Park. In early September 1969, one of us (L.A.W.) had the opportunity to collect 16 samples in the Park above 9000 ft (3000 m). Plankton collections were made with a No. 25 silk plankton net in Bear, Sheep and Poudre lakes. Littoral collections were made from the three lakes and a beaver pond near Horseshoe Park, from tundra pools, Iceberg Lake and a snowbank. Collections were kept refrigerated 48 hr until they could be examined fresh in our laboratory. All were then preserved in Transeau's solution and studied in more detail later. Permanent diatom slides were made, and all samples were deposited in the University herbarium. A total of 193 taxa representing 84 genera have been identified. Bear Lake is a small natural lake at 3200 m elevation in the east central part of the Park. It is in the evergreen forest and is about 150 X 100 m in size. Water temperature was 15 C and the pH near 6.5 (Pennak reports pH 6.3-6.7). Dinobryon cylindricum was abundant in the net collection; Ceratium hirundinella was moderately abundant, and Volvox aureus common. Among the 15 genera present were species of Asterionella, Melosira, Tabellaria, Peridinium and four desmids. The littoral zone was dominated by filamentous green algae in the genera Zygnema, Spirogyra, Mougeotia, Sphaerozosma and Bulbochaete. More than 30 other species were seen, mostly Chlorococcales,

Exploratory limnological studies of lake Manapouri, South Island, New Zealand

Abstract Bathymetric and thermometric surveys of Lake Manapouri show that the greatest depth is 444 m and that the major portion of the lake occupies depths greater than 150 m. Stratification has developed by January, remains until June, and is followed by near isothermal conditions in late winter. The water temperature below 200 m is between 7.77° and 8.0°c throughout the year. The surface water temperature varies between 16.25°c in January‐March, and 8.0°c in August‐September. Tritium values suggest mixing has taken place to at least 400 m. Coarse sediments taken in 431 m indicate that the deep floor of the lake is not completely dominated by muddy sediments.

Limnology of tropical impoundments: a comparative study of the major reservoirs in Madras State (India)

A limnological study of seventeen man-made lakes has been made. Thermal features showed absence of stable thermal stratification. Cognisable thermocline did not exist. The South-Western reservoirs with low nutrient and salt content were very poor in productivity, but the high alkaline reservoirs were also not very productive. Some reservoirs with lower alkalinity, hardness and total solids developed algal blooms and were highly productive. Bhavanisagar and Stanley reservoirs with optimal levels of dissolved salts and alkalinity-hardness were fairly productive. Reservoirs with organic soils were better in productivity than those with higher silica content (Hope Lake, Poondi Reservoir, Vaigai etc.) Dissolved oxygen depletion in the bottom was characteristic of productive waters. Total oxygen depletion occurred in some of them but in a few depletion was rare and not of great severity. Klinograde curves were characteristic of productive reservoirs. Even when the bottom waters were low in or were devoid of dissolved oxygen the outflow from this level picked up oxygen within a short distance of 100 m. Effect of water replacement on plankton production is discussed. Primary production in the reservoirs has been compared and discussed. It is the silt-laden turbid waters that are poor in production. Water releases could be manipulated to assist spawning of fishes and for amelioration of pollution downstream.

Limnological studies on parambikulam Aliyar-project-I Aliyar Reservoir (Madras State), India

The limnology of a softwater impoundment has been studied. The deep reservoir did not exhibit stable thermal stratification though biochemical stratification was quite usual. Oxygen supersaturations were rare but mostly the surface water was over 50% saturated. Oxygen deficits were noticed but they were not severe. Anoxic bottom condition was noted only once. Low alkalinity, low hardness, low chloride, calcium, silicate were characteristic of this water. nitrate was not detected, but on some days phosphates were recorded. Oxygen absorbed from permanganate was fairly high. Though chemical parameters indicate its oligotrophic nature, plankton composition gives the contrary impression. Blue-greens especiallyMicrocystis aeruginosa occurred almost round the year. Diatoms also occurred throughout the year with two exceptions. Primary production values varied but were high during diatom abundance and restricted by low nutrient levels, low carbondioxide and lower plankton numbers. Vertical and diurnal changes in alkalinity, dissolved oxygen and pH values point to a moderately eutrophic tendency.

Limnological studies of Lake Norrviken, a eutrophicated Swedish Lake

Limnological studies of Lake Norrviken, a eutrophicated Swedish Lake

Some Physico-Chemical Investigations of Stratification in Abbot's Pool, Somerset: The Temperature Cycle

In the study of any biological system, the effect of changing temperature is of paramount importance. It has an obvious effect on the physiology and growth of organisms, and also affects the environment, of particular importance in limnological studies. This is not simply a question of warming and cooling of the water mass but in addition the rate of heat transfer, and the subsequent stratification of temperature, are affected. The first records of changes in temperature with depth were made by de Saussure (1779, 1796) in a Swiss lake. Since then knowledge of thermal characteristics of lakes has been confined mostly to larger bodies of water. Intensive algal and limnological work has been carried out on Abbot's Pool, Somerset, since 1962, and depth temperature studies were instituted in spring 1966 (Moss 1967, 1969). Although the pool is shallow, it stratified thermally during the summer and, to some extent, during the winter. Temperature investigations have been continued for a further 18 months in an attempt to analyse the purely physical conditions in the pool during the year, and to determine the extent to which such a small body of water, some 100 x 40 m and 3 5-4 m deep, could behave as a 'model lake'. Details of Abbot's Pool are given by Eaton (1967), and Moss (1967, 1969).

A limnological study of four lakes near Rotorua

Summary Four lakes (Okataina, Rotoehu, Ngapouri and Okaro), near Rotorua, New Zealand, were studied in 1960–66 and their physical features noted. The seasonal changes in water temperature and heat budgets throughout the depth of the lakes were followed through several cycles, and differences between lakes correlated with the altitude and size. The status of the lakes ranged from oligotrophic to eutrophic; changes in values for dissolved oxygen, both diurnal and seasonal, are interpreted in terms of their primary production. The partition of some dissolved substances during thermal stratification and immediately after overturn is described and the biological consquences are noted. The hypolimnetic oxygen deficit, however, was found to be correlated with primary production only when a depth factor was incorporated in the expression. The data were compared with those from lakes in other parts of the world. The value of various published correlations with biological production is discussed; a possible explana...

Limnological Studies of Temporary Ponds in Southeastern Louisiana

Limnological Studies of Temporary Ponds in Southeastern Louisiana

A Brief Review on Limnological Status of High Altitude Lakes in Nepal

The Hindu Kush - Himalaya (HKH), extending about 3,500 km from east to west in Asia from Myanmar in the east to Afghanistan in the west, form the water sources for many rivers that have spiritual, cultural and economic values. The biodiversity is unique and rich yet not adequately explored and studied. Some studies have been carried out in the Kashmir Himalaya in India followed by Everest Region in Nepal. Most of the studies have dealt with physico-chemical analysis of the water samples; however complete bathymetric and limnological studies have not been performed. The high altitude Himalayan lakes are remote and difficult to access. They are characterized by the presence of glacial silt, low Sechhi values, low conductivity and neutral pH. The most dominant cation and anion in high altitude lakes are Calcium (Ca) and Bicarbonate (HCO3) respectively with few exceptions. Water chemistry of the lakes is dependent on the geolithology of the catchment area. Most of these lakes are categorized as oligotrophic or ultraoligotrophic. Biological communities are represented only by stenothermal species typical of high altitude lakes. Palaeolimnological studies could provide an insight into the environmental reconstruction which in turn may help to develop monitoring tools for these unique habitats. Key words: Himalaya; high altitude lakes; physico-chemical parameters; biological community; Palaeolimnology DOI: 10.3126/jowe.v3i0.2387 Journal of Wetlands Ecology, (2009) Vol. 3, pp 12-22

A Limnological Study of Three Farm Ponds in Douglas County, Kansas

Reid 1961) states that a pond denotes a small body of standing water with rooted plants growing across it, or capable of supporting such plants all across its bottom. This definition delimits the characteristics of the three artifical ponds studied from October, 1968, through May, 1969. In comparison with lake studies, relatively few general limnological studies of ponds have been completed in the continental United States. Several pond studies have described fauna (Bamforth, 1958; Eddy, 1931; Kenk, 1949; Krecker, 1919; Peterson, 1926; Scott, 1910; Ward, 1940), surveyed physico-chemical characteristics (Forney, 1957), or recorded ecological and limnological features (Dineen, 1953; Schultz, 1952). In the plains area general limnological studies are fewer (Ratzlaff, 1952; Scott, 1951, Tiemeier and Elder, 1957; Tiemier and Moorman, 1957; Wallen, 1949, 1951, 1955). In Douglas County, Kansas, most studies have concerned crustaceans (Leonard and Ponder, 1949; Fleming, 1956; Armitage, 1961; Armitage and Smith, 1969), rotifers (Velez, 1951), or limited benthic samples (Hastings, 1962). The present study was completed on three permanent farm ponds of varying size and nature, located within the Yankee Tank drainage basin. The four square mile basin is located approximately two miles west of Lawrence, and is currently receiving attention from several university, state, and federal agencies under the guidance of the Environmental Geology Section, The University of Kansas, investigating the effects of urbanization on the physical and biological environment. Selected physico-chemical parameters, zooplankton, benthos and other general limnological features of the three ponds were studied, and were chosen on the basis of general limnological differences among 9 ponds sampled by the State Biological Survey from June through August, 1968. Data gathered during that time are compared with data collected in the present study. Pond 2, with no trees in close proximity, and constructed in 1958, is the most exposed of the three ponds to winds. Waters from rocky,

Disturbed Sediments in a Small Alpine Lake in Colorado

Palynologists, students of paleolimnology and others interested in former ecological conditions may study cores of sediments deposited in present or now-dry lake basins. Undisturbed sequences are crucial to drawing correct inferences from sedimentary records. Recently Nichols called attention to the disruption of tundra pond sediments by blocks of ice floating from the basin bottom to the water surface. This note records the derangement of sediments in a small alpine lake; while the actual disturbance was not witnessed, this type of event may be of frequent occurrence in remote mountainous areas and go unnoticed. Among the lakes receiving limnological study in Rocky Mountain National Park is a small unnamed tarn at the head of Fern Creek, a tributary of the Big Thompson River ....

Limnological Studies Related to Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Water of Santragachi and Joypur Jheel, W.B., India

The present study deals with the seasonal limnological investigation related to physico-chemical characteristics of water of the Santragachi and Joypur Jheel, West Bengal, India. Besides temperature and meteorological data, 17 limnological parameters were tested following standard methods at 3 sampling sites/stations of each Jheel. The physico-chemical parameters (transparency, pH, DO, BOD, COD, free CO2, total alkalinity, conductivity, CaCO3, TSS, TDS, Chloride, Ammonia, Nitrite, Nitrate, Phosphate, etc.) showed distinct temporal or seasonal variation in both the Jheels. Higher nutrient contents (nitrate, phosphate) are present in Santragachi Jheel. This finding also signifies eutrophication/higher trophic level. Water transparency, dissolved oxygen, BOD, total alkalinity, conductivity, CaCO3 hardness, TSS, nitrate and phosphate was correlated with various physico-chemical parameters in both the Jheels. The physico-chemical characteristics of water of the two Jheels revealed the poor water quality in Santragachi Jheel than the Joypur Jheel. These characteristics showed maximum contamination of water due to sewage effluents in Santragachi Jheel. The two years (February, 2000 - January, 2002) survey reflects higher degree of pollution in Santragachi Jheel.DOI: 10.3126/on.v8i1.4328

The Use of Oxygen 18 and Deuterium Concentrations in the Water Balance of Lakes

Natural concentrations of stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen are used to determine the water balance of lakes situated in a subhumid climate in southwestern Turkey. A salt lake in that region is used as an index to the molecular exchange process between the lake and the atmospheric moisture. Such use of stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen in water balance studies appears to yield promising results and indicates that environmental isotopic studies might be a useful tool in limnological studies. (Key words: Environmental isotopes; molecular exchange; lake water balance)

Nitrogen Fixation and the Utilization of Other Inorganic Nitrogen Sources in a Subarctic Lake

A year-round limnological study of the biological utilization of molecular nitrogen, ammonia, and nitrate in Smith Lake, a small subarctic lake in interior Alaska, showed that ammonia was consistently the most important nitrogen source. Of the two main algal production periods, the first took place under the ice in May, and depended on ammonia accumulated during the winter for a nitrogen source. The population at this time consisted largely of microflagellates. Chlamydomonas, Euglena, Chlorella, and Mellamonas were among the identified algae present. Immediately after the ice melted from the lake surface, a second population developed. These algae, consisting almost exclusively of Anabaena flos-aquae, used ammonia, nitrate, and molecular nitrogen simultaneously. During the remainder of the summer, uptake rates remained relatively low, with ammonia the most important nitrogen source; during the fall, nitrate uptake briefly approached the magnitude of ammonia uptake. 15N tracer methods were used to measure the uptake rates in this work.

湯原湖の陸水学的研究 (第2報)

湯原湖の陸水学的研究 (第2報)

Limnological studies of lake Norrviken, a eutrophicated Swedish lake

The water chemistry, the nutrient budget and the phytoplankton and its production in Lake Norrviken, Central Sweden, was studied for one year in 1961–62. In this paper the chemical factors and the nutrient budget are presented. The phytoplankton and its production will be treated in a second paper. Lake Norrviken receives waste water from a yeast factory and sewage from communities involving about 1300 people. Heavy blooms of blue-green algae occur. The oxygen conditions in the lake are extremely unsatisfactory. Almost the entire water mass becomes oxygen-free during the winter under the ice-cover. The concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds in the lake water are high. The dominating form of nitrogen is ammonia and of phosphorus inorganic phosphate, except in surface water during the summer when the major part of nitrogen and phosphorus is bound in the plankton. The main source of the nutrient income to the lake is the waste water from the yeast factory, which is responsible for more than 80% of the nitrogen and 70% of the phosphorus. Only about 40% of the nitrogen and 50% of the phosphorus income to the lake leaves the lake through its outflow. The rest of the phosphorus is accumulated in the sediments but a large fraction of the nitrogen is presumed to undergo denitrification to free nitrogen. On the basis of the ratio of the content of nitrogen to phosphorus in surface sediment this fraction has been calculated to be about 37% of the total nitrogen income to the lake or 60% of the amount which does not leave the lake through the outflow.

Limnological study of the artificially constructed reservoirs in Tottori and Shimane Prefecture, San-in district.

Limnological study of the artificially constructed reservoirs in Tottori and Shimane Prefecture, San-in district.

大野ダム湖の陸水生物学的研究(第2報)

1)1962年にひき続き1963年にも大野ダム湖において,年間8回にわたり表層のプランクトンを採集し,水温・pH・溶存酸素量の垂直分布をも観測した.2)1963年の観測の結果,次のようなことが明らかとなつた.a)春季から夏季之かけて表水層が認められず,変水層がただちに水表面に接している.b)冬季から春季にかけて溶存酸素量の垂直分布は不規則であるが,夏季から秋季にかけては,表層には酸素が多く含まれ,深層ではいちじるしく減少する.,c)夏季以外にはpH値は全層あまり変化はないが,夏季から秋季にかけてその垂直傾度が大になる.1962年にもほぼ同じ傾向が見られている.3)2月3日には水温の逆列成層がみられたが,このような現象は1962年には認められなかつた.4)動物プランクトンの年間の遷移のうち,Synchaeta pectinata Eaxso.,Asplanchna priadonta GOSSEの両者が冬季におびただしく増加すること,輸虫類の種・個体数とも7月にもっとも多く3月にもつとも少ない.このことは,1962年の状況と一致している.枝角類は種個体数とも減じているが,Bossnina longirostris(O.F.MÜLLER),Bosminopsis deitersi RICHARDの出現状況は1962年と似ている.橈脚類も6月を除いて個体数は減少した.また出現の時期が1962年とくらべてずれているものに,Asplanchna priodonta GOSSE,Keratella cochlearis GOSSE,Ploesoma truncatum LEVANDERがある.5)植物プランクトンでは,珪藻類が3月から6月までの間と11月とに種および個体数炉多いこと.Eudorina elegans EHRENBERGが6月に多いこと,の2点は1962年の状況之一致している.Ulothrix,DinobryonおよびOedagoniumに属する種とOscillatoria tenuis C.A・AGARDHの現存量は,1962年にくらべて減少している。また1963年には1962年に見られなかつた.Aphanothece sp.とAsterococcus limneticus G.M:SMITHが現われているが,前者は6月にかぎつて多く現われ,後者は6,9,11月に現われている.なお,Oscillatoria tenuis C.A.AGARDH,Synedra ulna(NITZSCH)EHR.,Eudorina elegans EHRENBERGが見られることから,本ダム湖には依然として栄養塩類が多いことが考えられる.

Morphometrical and Hydrochemical Investigations of the Lakes in the Vicinity of Zao Spa

In the surrounding area of Rya-zan Volcano (a member of the Zao volcanic group), there are several lakes and swamps, large or small. General survey of these lakes was carried out by KATO, one of the authors. and the results were published in 1961. The present authors carried on limnological study of the lakes in the vicinity of Zao spa with following results. The morphometrical data calculated from the bathymetric maps (Figs. 2-5) are summarized in the next table.From the hydrochemical point of view, the authors classifies these lakes into the following two groups.{Group A: Laks Sakazuki-ko, Lake Shiginoyachi-numaGroup B: Lake Dokko-numa, Lake Katakai-numaThe lakes of the former group are distributed at the bottom of Takayu explosion crater, Ryu-zan Volcano. Subjected to the sulfataric action of the volcano, the water is characterized by the high content of sulfate ion. The water of the lakes of the Group B, located between Ryu-zan Volcano and the Zao Proper, is not directly influenced by the activity of the Zao volcanic group.