American Limits Research Articles

Characterization of nano-oxide added water emulsified biodiesel blend prepared with optimal emulsifying parameters

A study was conducted for fuel characterization of a stable nano-oxide added water emulsified biodiesel blend (NWEB) prepared with optimal emulsifying parameters. NWEB prepared with Hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) value 5.0 indicated the least separation from emulsion layer as compared to other HLB values 4.3 and 6.0. Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy was conducted in Mid-IR range to ensure the quality of biodiesel and emulsified fuel. The stability data of NWEB prepared with varying the emulsifying parameters were used in radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) for simulation of actual and predicted separation from emulsion. The well trained RBFNN model was coupled with particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique to find the optimal emulsifying parameters to produce a stable NWEB. The predicted optimal emulsifying parameters were found as 69.7 ppm nano-oxide concentration, 10% water, 1% surfactant and 2500 rpm of stirrer for a predicted separation of 0.90% after 30 h of emulsification against actual separation of 0.84%. The fuel properties of NWEB and base fuels were determined following the standard procedures. These properties were found within the limits of American, European and Indian Standards for diesel, biodiesel and biodiesel blends and thus indicating the suitability of these fuels in diesel engine.

The Limits of Americanization: The Early Years of Leon Ma. Guerrero

The American Occupation, which coincided with the early years of Leon Ma. Guerrero, showed a generation slowly being snatched away from Hispanization by Americanizing forces. How did Ermita become the pivot in the Americanization of Manila? How did Ateneo de Manila contribute to the Americanization of Guerrero? This article will examine the child- hood and the Ateneo days of Guerrero. In this biographical narrative, I begin with his childhood years, recount his education at Ateneo with particular reference to his literary pursuits, and end at his graduation. The conclusion would point out the crucial factors in the evolution of Guerrero, Americanized yet also, because of exempting circumstances in his character and environment, resistant to complete Americanization.

The Limits of American Generalship: The JCS’s Strategic Advice in Early Cold War Crises

The Limits of American Generalship: The JCS’s Strategic Advice in Early Cold War Crises

American foreign policy and the utopian imagination

With the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War, American decision makers have been forced to confront anew questions about the role of the United States in world affairs. What are the responsibilities of the United States toward other countries? What are the appropriate uses and limitation of American power? And what, from an American point of view, would be the ideal shape of the imagined New World Order?However U.S. policymakers may resolve such issues, their thinking will be influenced by assumptions deeply embedded in American culture. Some of those beliefs derive from the nation's distinctive history, geography, and resources. But others are rooted in what Susan M. Matarese calls the image -- a set of emotionally charged, relatively coherent ideas about the special qualities of the United States and its place in the world.Building on a long tradition of scholarship that looks to works of literature for insights into national myths and symbols, Matarese examines a rich trove of utopian fiction written by Americans during the late nineteenth century. Such writings, she shows, provide a useful window into the popular imagination, revealing widely shared notions about the foreign policy of an idealized America -- notions that have proven remarkably resilient in the twentieth century as well. Indeed, even in the post-Cold War era, one can find striking similarities between the foreign policy goals of the Bush and Clinton administrations and the dreams of America's utopian architects a century earlier.The author concludes with an appeal for greater humility and realism in the formation of U.S. foreign policy, and a recognition of the limits ofAmerican power in what is likely to be an increasingly fluid, fragmented, and multipolar world.

New Campaign Communications

This article explores the ways in which British election campaigns and parties have changed as a result of new technology and party recruitment from advertising agencies, pollsters, and public relations advisers. The emerging model is sometimes termed an Americanization of British politics. This article draws on interviews to report on the relations and tensions between politicians and the outsider advisers, discusses the extent to which the parties have been changed as a result of these trends, and concludes by demonstrating the limits of Americanization in Britain.

The Great Powers and the Middle East

The June War of 1967 and its consequences have confirmed the United States and Russia as the chief external factors determining the future in the Middle East, as they still are in world politics as a whole. Although China and Europe may be seen as growing influences in the area, and both might become more important for different reasons during the coming decade, their effect has remained marginal, since neither are yet capable of living up to the hopes of diplomatic or military support pinned upon them by different Arab elements which regard them as potential avenues of escape from dependence upon the Soviet Union and America. For the Arabs, therefore, it has been vital to understand the nature and limits of American and Russian policy. In this they have not always been successful, even allowing for the degree to which the odds at the moment are against them and the difficulty sometimes of understanding rationally what Washington is up to.

Note on the Alleged Occurrence of Trochilus heloisa (Less. & De Latt.) within North American Limits

Note on the Alleged Occurrence of Trochilus heloisa (Less. & De Latt.) within North American Limits