Limited Time Perspective Research Articles

Структура временной перспективы участников боевых действий с ампутацией конечностей

The relevance of the reported study results from the need to clearly define the target of psychological impact in combatants with amputated limbs. The time perspective being an integral characteristic ensures the life experience integrity: all life events are intertwined within the boundaries of the past, present and future. The study was aimed to assess the time perspective structure in combatants with amputated limbs. The sample consisted of 78 males aged 20–53 years, who had combat experience and underwent treatment or rehabilitation after getting injured. The study involved the use of the Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related PostTraumatic Stress Disorder, Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, method for event-based reconstruction of a person’s time perspective by V.B. Nikishina and E.A. Petrash, SR-45 method by P.I. Yunatskevich, infantilism inventory by A.A. Seregin. The factor structure of time perspective in combatants with amputated upper limbs includes the factor of non-reflexive future, factor of limited time perspective, and the situational and behavioral risk factor. In cases of amputated lower limbs, the situational future factor, past orientation factor, and situational and behavioral risk factor are represented. In cases of no amputated limbs, the combatants’ time perspective structure includes the factor of reflexive future perspective, factor of limited present fatalistic, and past orientation factor.

Effect of Perceptions of Future Time on Implicit and Explicit Memory in Older Adults

ABSTRACT Objectives We examine age-related differences in implicit and explicit memory tasks, and test the impact of future time perspectives on priming and cued recall. Methods We induced time perspective in young (limited-time perspective) and older (extended-time perspective) adults. Implicit and explicit memory tasks were performed by younger and older adults. Results Results showed an age-related effect on priming and cued recall, confirming that implicit and explicit memory are impaired in aging. Nevertheless, manipulation of future time perspective eliminated age differences in priming and cued recall. Discussion These findings support the view that it is not age per se that determines memory performance but rather the perception of the time left to us. Socio-emotional selectivity theory thus seems to be a serious candidate to explain age-related differences in implicit and explicit memory.

Senior entrepreneurs: the impact of temporal perception on the entrepreneurial process

PurposeLonger life expectancy brings a new phenomenon: senior entrepreneurship. Whereas starting a business involves investing energy, time, money or other types of resources, ageing is somewhat incompatible with these terms. Research on the impact of time perception on the entrepreneurial process is rather scarce. Considering the lack of knowledge related to the impact of time perception on the entrepreneurship process, this study aims to answer the following research question: how does temporal perception influence the entrepreneurial process?Design/methodology/approachSenior entrepreneurs are the most relevant category of individuals from which the impact of time perception could be observed, as they are objectively closer to the end of their careers than younger entrepreneurs. Therefore, longitudinal research was conducted by interviewing five senior entrepreneurs at 4-year intervals.FindingsResults show that there are two types of temporal perception in entrepreneurship: temporal perception of the entrepreneur's career and temporal perception of the enterprise's development. When these two-time perspectives are not synchronized with the entrepreneur's vision, the entrepreneur develops strategies for seeking to re-establish synchronicity between the temporal perspective (TP) of their entrepreneurial career and that of the business development. The senior entrepreneur is distinguished from a traditional entrepreneur by a limited TP of their entrepreneurial career combined with the notions of bridge employment and generativity.Research limitations/implicationsThe number of cases under study did not allow us to examine every possible type of situation. The sampling of the cases under study did not offer great diversity in terms of gender, as the study had only men. However, the range of ages at startup, from 50 to 65 years, provides greater diversity, as does the range of business segments that included the service, manufacturing and retail food industries.Originality/valueEntrepreneurs with a limited career time perspective correspond to senior entrepreneurs, while others who have an open career prospect, regardless of their age, correspond to any other form of an entrepreneur. This study has also been able to identify that an entrepreneur who realizes their limited entrepreneurial career horizon and perceives a temporal purpose of their company in the service of the involved parties tends to plan the entrepreneurial exit phase.

Reduced Contextual Information During Future Thinking in Alzheimer's Disease.

This study assessed the ability of patients with Alzheimer's Disease (AD) to produce "when, where, and who" information during future thinking. AD patients and control participants were invited to imagine future scenarios. Future thinking was analyzed with respect to the number of "when, where, and who" details. Analysis showed fewer "when, where, and who" details in AD participants than in control participants. Fewer "when" than "where" details and fewer "where" than "who" details were observed in AD and control participants. Production of temporal information in participants with AD was found to be associated with general cognitive functioning, as assessed with the Mini Mental State Exam. Future thinking in AD is mainly associated with reduced contextual information. The diminished ability to construct time-related details during future thinking in AD can be mainly associated with the diminished general cognitive ability in AD, and probably with hippocampal compromise in the disease. We also propose a socio-emotional account according to which, confronted with a limited-time perspective during future thinking, AD patients may tend to maximize their emotional well-being by avoiding time-related information and thinking about friends, family and beloved ones.

Time capsule: Nostalgia shields psychological wellbeing from limited time horizons.

Nostalgia is a bittersweet-albeit predominantly positive-self-relevant and social emotion that arises from reflecting on fond and meaningful autobiographical memories. Nostalgia might facilitate successful aging by serving as a socioemotional selectivity strategy in the face of limited time horizons. Four studies tested the role of nostalgia in maintaining psychological wellbeing across the adult life span and across differing time perspectives. In Study 1, community adults (N = 443, age 18-91) completed measures of nostalgia proneness and 6 psychological wellbeing dimensions. Age was more positively related to wellbeing for those high than low on nostalgia proneness: High-nostalgic individuals showed a maintenance or increase in psychological wellbeing with age, whereas low-nostalgic individuals did not. In Study 2 (N = 35, age 18-25), experimentally inducing a limited time perspective-a core trigger of socioemotional selectivity-in young adults prompted greater nostalgia. In Study 3 (N = 93, age 18-33) and Study 4 (N = 376, age 18-55), experimentally inducing a limited time perspective reduced some aspects of wellbeing among those who recalled an ordinary (Study 3) or lucky (Study 4) autobiographical memory, but this effect was eliminated among those who recalled a nostalgic memory. Nostalgia buffers perceptions of limited time and facilitates the maintenance of psychological wellbeing across the adult life span. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Impacts of sport consumers’ time perspectives and negative moral emotions on moral reasoning strategies toward sport organization’s misconduct

Purpose Drawing on Socioemotional Selectivity Theory, the present research aims to investigate how sport consumers’ moral reasoning strategies and forgiveness intent toward a sport organization’s misconduct depending on the consumers’ different time perspectives(expansive vs. limited). Methods An experimental study (total n = 129; Baby Boomer generation = 62, generation MZ = 67) was conducted by utilizing a fictitious scenario depicting a sport organization’s misconduct. The proposed hypotheses were tested by conducting T-test, correction analysis, and multiple regression analysis using SPSS 21.0. Results There were significant differences in moral reasoning and forgiveness based on different time perspective. Baby Boomer(MZ) group showed higher(lower) levels of moral rationalization, moral decoupling, and intent of forgiveness compared to MZ(Baby Bommer) group, while showing lower(higher) level of moral coupling. A result also revealed that negative moral emotions had moderating effect between a limited time perspective and moral coupling among MZ participants. Conclusion The results of this study indicated that sport consumers’ time perspective has a predictive function on moral reasoning strategies. Thus, it is necessary for sport organizations to establish strategies focusing on the consumers’ time perspective to effectively respond to an unexpected crisis.

When the end feels near: sense of purpose predicts well-being as a function of future time perspective

Objectives While sense of purpose is a robust predictor of well-being, little work has considered whether the associations vary based on future time perspective. Exploring this possibility is important given that the extent to which one may pursue their life aims could be dependent upon how much time they feel that they have remaining. Methods Using three samples (total n = 2333), the current study considered the association between sense of purpose and future time perspective. Moderation tests also examined whether the associations between sense of purpose and three well-being components (positive affect, negative affect, life satisfaction) differed as a function of future time perspective. Results Across all three studies, people with a broader time perspective reported a higher sense of purpose. Both constructs predicted greater well-being, even after accounting for chronological age. Future time perspective moderated the associations between sense of purpose and well-being, such that the negative association between sense of purpose and negative affect was stronger for those with a broader time perspective and the positive association between sense of purpose and life satisfaction was stronger for those with a limited time perspective. Conclusion The well-being benefits associated with sense of purpose in adulthood may depend on future time perspective. Findings are discussed in the context of how purpose can be harnessed to enhance well-being even when older adults feel that their time left is limited.

Process or Outcome Focus? Understanding the Impact of Future Time Perspective on Advertising Effectiveness

Process- and outcome-focused mental simulation has been widely adopted in creating advertising messages. Via two experiments, we investigated how chronological (Study 1) and incidental (Study 2) future time perspectives influence consumer responses to process- and outcome-focused advertisements. Study 1 discovered that older participants expressed more favorable ad attitudes and product attitudes when exposed to a process-focused advertisement compared to when exposed to an outcome-focused advertisement, while younger participants responded similarly to both advertisements. Study 2 revealed that participants primed with extensive time perspective expressed more favorable ad attitudes, service attitudes, and greater purchase intention when exposed to an outcome-focused advertisement than a process-focused advertisement. Participants primed with limited time perspective evaluated a process-focused advertisement more positively than an outcome-focused advertisement. Both theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.

The impact of a limited time perspective on information distortion

The present research examines how a limited time perspective influences the processing of new information during choice making. Specifically, we examine how perceptions of a limited future promote the distortion of new information in favor of one’s prior beliefs. Across five studies, we provide evidence of a link between more-limited time perspectives and higher information distortion, and we illuminate the proposed process: the adoption of a cognitive consistency goal when the time perspective is limited. Overall, the current work identifies a new driver of distortion—the amount of time individuals believe remains in the future. Furthermore, it contributes a novel source of biased information processing that is motivational in nature rather than the result of a lack of cognitive resources: the mere belief regarding how much time remains in the future influences information processing goals and, subsequently, how decision-makers process new information.

It’s a matter of time (perspectives): shifting valence responses to emotional ambiguity

Our stage in life has profound influences on our emotions. A well-established age-related positivity effect is putatively related to time perspectives—older adults have a limited time perspective and a greater motivation to experience positivity than young adults. Ambiguous emotions (e.g., surprised expressions) have both a positive and negative meaning, offering a highly relevant model for examining this developmental trend. Indeed, there are stable, trait-like individual differences in valence bias, or the tendency to interpret surprise as positive or negative, with a developmental trend toward positivity (older adults are more positive than young adults, who are more positive than children). However, little research has determined the extent to which the bias can be shifted. In three experiments, we found that ambiguity ratings were sensitive to time perspectives, even within a population of college students, and that this effect is relatively long-lasting. Results extend socioemotional selectivity theory and demonstrate that our life stage may have profound effects on otherwise stable emotional responses.

Experimental Evidence for the Influence of Occupational Future Time Perspective on Social Preferences During Lunch Breaks

Socioemotional selectivity theory predicts shifts in social motives from resource acquisition to emotional well-being when endings are salient. In the work context, the theory has instigated much research on understanding age-related shifts in motivation, yet this research has exclusively relied on correlational paradigms. To provide experimental evidence for key tenets of the theory, we manipulated employees’ occupational future time perspective in two scenario-experiments (N1 = 150, N2 = 240) to understand why some employees prefer emotionally close social partners for a joint lunch break, while others prefer instrumental ones. We found that emotionally close companions were generally preferred for a joint lunch. At the same time, employees with a long-term perspective (those imagining a permanent employment contract or being far from retirement) preferred instrumental social partners relatively more often than employees with a limited time perspective (those imagining having resigned or being close to retirement). Having limited future goals (i.e., imagining low career ambitions) further led to preferring fewer instrumental and even more emotionally close companions. Overall, this research shows that the main tenets of socioemotional selectivity theory are directly applicable to the work context and, further, that work-related social contacts seem to change not only after retirement, but also before when this life event is approaching. In terms of practical implications, our findings suggest to consider that employees with different time horizons and career ambitions might have different social motivations at work.

Private and public timber production: How markets and political institutions matter

The aim behind this paper was to find a logical explanation for the simultaneous existence of public and private timber enterprises based on an individual, subjective benefit-cost weighting made in the context of different institutional arrangements. In the section on modeling, the effects of the separation of forest ownership and forest management, and of private and public ownership sharing are studied. The main difference between public and private timber enterprises relates to the exit clause. Whereas public timber production is characterized by a strong exit clause, in the case of private timber enterprises the individual stockholder can exit almost without constraint. The strong exit clause in public enterprises increases the liability as technique for hedging the risks of timber production. This becomes more pronounced the greater the degree to which the public fiscal decision is separated into a production and a liability decision. The reason for this is that where there is a higher degree of public decision making an unconstrained majority rule applies, which also leads to a transfer of liability to a minority. Another factor is that the limited time perspective involved in public choices does not outperform the advantage of lower interest rates associated with public timber production. The strong exit clause in public timber enterprises also provides an opportunity for the forest manager to increase the forest rotation length. The paper concludes with some remarks on how the results obtained from the simple public choice model employed in the study are applicable to a representative democracy.

Motivational Shifts in Aging Monkeys and the Origins of Social Selectivity

As humans age, they become more selective regarding their personal goals [1] and social partners [2]. Whereas the selectivity in goals has been attributed to losses in resources (e.g., physical strength) [3], the increasing focus on emotionally meaningful partners is, according to socioemotional selectivity theory, driven by the awareness of one's decreasing future lifetime [2]. Similar to humans, aging monkeys show physical losses [4] and reductions in social activity [2, 5-7]. To disentangle a general resource loss and the awareness of decreasing time, we combined field experiments with behavioral observations in a large age-heterogeneous population of Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) at La Forêt des Singes. Novel object tests revealed a loss of interest in the nonsocial environment in early adulthood, which was modulated by the availability of a food reward. Experiments using vocal and visual representations of social partners indicated that monkeys maintained an interest in social stimuli and a preferential interest in friends and socially important individuals into old age. Old females engaged in fewer social interactions, although other group members continued to invest in relationships with them. Consequently, reductions in sociality were not due to a decrease in social interest. In conclusion, some of the motivational shifts observed in aging humans, particularly the increasing focus on social over nonsocial stimuli, may occur in the absence of a limited time perspective and are most likely deeply rooted in primate evolution. Our findings highlight the value of nonhuman primates as valuable models for understanding human aging [8, 9].

An exploratory analysis of continuing professional development perspectives of Turkish architects according to career stages

ABSTRACTContinuing professional development (CPD) can be more successful if professional learning is matched with current knowledge, goals and career stages of architects. This is because a distinct set of motivations, drivers and barriers come into play in each career stage. CPD for architects in Turkey is not structured to address the diverse needs of professionals throughout their career life cycle. This study reports the findings of a descriptive–exploratory research which aimed to explore the CPD-related perceptions of the architects who are in their early, mid- and late-career stages. Data from an opinion survey of 120 architects, following a convenience sampling process, were analyzed both statistically and qualitatively. Outputs of the analyses of variance, multiple regression analyses and content analyses of qualitative data suggest that there are differences between the CPD perceptions and orientations of early, mid- and late-career architects according to their demographic characteristics, such as age, gender, marital status and job experience. Findings appear consistent with the socioemotional selectivity theory of psychology, which asserts that individuals tend to prioritize short-term over long-term goals; and pursue less new information when they become aware of their limited time perspective. Findings support the role of contextual factors on learning, such as the traditional role of project delivery processes, informal relationships with colleagues and the problem-based nature of professional learning in architecture. Establishing a stronger link between individual and organizational motivations for CPD is likely to result in more successful policies. Designers of CPD training programs can benefit from the outputs of this research.

Limited time perspective increases the value of calm.

Previous findings indirectly suggest that the more people perceive their time in life as limited, the more they value calm. No study, however, has directly tested this hypothesis. To this end, using a combination of survey, experience sampling, and experimental methods, we examined the relationship between future time perspective and the affective states that people ideally want to feel (i.e., their "ideal affect"). In Study 1, the more people reported a limited time perspective, the more they wanted to feel calm and experience other low-arousal positive states. In Study 2, participants were randomly assigned to a limited time or an expanded time condition. Participants in the limited time condition reported valuing calm and other low arousal positive states more than those in the expanded time condition. We discuss the implications of these findings for broadening our understanding of the factors that shape how people ideally want to feel, and their consequences for decision making.

Living with limited time: Socioemotional selectivity theory in the context of health adversity.

The current research was designed to test the applicability of socioemotional selectivity theory (SST; Carstensen, 2006), a life span theory that posits that perceived time remaining in life (time perspective) is a critical determinant of motivation, to individuals who face foreshortened futures (limited time perspective) due to life-limiting medical illness. In Study 1, we investigated whether life goals and biases in attention and memory for valenced emotional stimuli differed between women living with metastatic breast cancer (n = 113; theoretically living under greater limited time perspective than peers without cancer) and similarly aged women without a cancer diagnosis (n = 50; theoretically living under greater expansive time perspective than peers with cancer) in accordance with SST. As hypothesized, metastatic group goals reflected greater emphasis on limited versus expansive time perspective relative to comparison group goals. Hypotheses regarding biases in attention and memory were not supported. Study 2 followed metastatic group participants over 3 months and revealed that, consistent with hypotheses, whereas limited time perspective goals predicted decreased intrusive thoughts about cancer, expansive time perspective goals predicted decreased perceived cancer-related benefits. Together, these studies suggest that SST is a useful lens through which to view some components of motivation and psychological adjustment among individuals confronting medically foreshortened futures.

Future Time Perspective and Health Behaviors: Temporal Framing of Self-Regulatory Processes in Physical Exercise and Dietary Behaviors

Limitations in perceived lifetime can undermine long-term goal striving. Planning is supposed to translate intentions into health behaviors and to operate as a compensatory strategy to overcome goal striving deficits associated with a limited time perspective. Two longitudinal studies were conducted examining the compensatory role of planning: an online survey on fruit and vegetable consumption (N = 909; 16-78 years; follow-up at 4 months) and a questionnaire study on physical exercise in older adults (N = 289; 60-95 years, over a half-year period). Intentions, planning, and behavior were measured in a behavior-specific, future time perspective in a generic manner. Planning mediated between intentions and both health behaviors. Time perspective operated as a moderator, indicating that in individuals with a more limited time perspective, a stronger effect of planning on health behaviors emerged. Planning as a self-regulatory strategy may compensate for a limited time perspective.

Positivity Effects in Older Adults' Perception of Facial Emotion: The Role of Future Time Perspective

We examined age differences in the perception of emotion from facial expressions, testing the impact of future time perspective on positivity effects and emotion complexity. Perception of emotion was assessed in older (n = 111) and younger (n = 127) adults using facial expressions depicting clearly expressed and ambiguous emotions. A more open-ended judgment paradigm was used, and time perspective was experimentally manipulated. Older adults perceived more positive affect in the expressions compared with younger adults. Ambiguity of the expression modulated these age differences, as older adults perceived more positive emotion in ambiguous expressions compared with younger adults. Emotion complexity emerged only in perception of negative expressions, with older adults seeing more mixed affect in the clear expressions than younger adults. Manipulation of future time perspective eliminated age differences in perception of positive affect. Age differences in the perception of emotional expressions showed positivity effects, especially for ambiguous facial expressions. These effects were related to time perspective rather than to age per se. The understanding of the positivity effect in older adults needs to consider the proposed causal role of limited time perspective rather than assuming positivity effects in all older adults.

Limited time perspective, values, and greed: Imagining a limited future reduces avarice in extrinsic people

We explored the adage that “at the end of life nobody wishes they’d made more money”, by inducing a limited-time perspective (LTP) in some participants. In Study 1, participants in the LTP condition who were high in extrinsic value orientation (EVO) became less greedy in a raffle-ticket-taking task, making them as generous as intrinsic participants. Study 2 replicated this effect and demonstrated the effect was robust to alternative explanations. Study 3 examined value reports directly, finding that LTP participants evidenced reduced EVO and were less proself in a decomposed prisoner’s dilemma. Results are considered via an integration of multiple lines of research including humanistic, life-span, social-cognitive, and existential perspectives, with the conclusion that a LTP can facilitate in certain individuals a reassessment and realignment of their value systems and behaviors.

Sustainable refurbishment: policy direction and support in the UK

Purpose – Activity‐suited buildings create effective processes in a business. Building adaptation has a limited time perspective; suited premises need to change over time, in order to keep up with the processes in using a building. In an ideal situation, owners, clients and users, based on a demand for effortless adaptability, would be able to transform the building when it is needed. This puts high demand on the adaptability in a building, i.e. flexibility. The purpose of this paper is to provide other decision‐makers with a tool to validate information regarding flexibility.Design/methodology/approach – The paper identifies “flexibility factors” and investigages how the factors are influencing the adaptability. In order to validate the importance of the factors, they are placed in order of precedence and processed using factor analysis.Findings – From a municipal and socio‐economic viewpoint, there are advantages in more flexible buildings. To build and administer sites over the total building life can ...