Liming Materials Research Articles

Use of small-sized units when spreading fertilizers on mountain slopes

BACKGROUND: The results of RD on a laboratory sample of the unit for spreading mineral fertilizers on mountain slopes, which can increase labor productivity and yield rate of mountain forage lands by 15–20%, are presented. AIM: Development of a small–sized laboratory sample of the unit for surface spreading of mineral fertilizers, ensuring accelerated restoration of productive and qualitative functions of natural grass stands of fallow forage lands. METHODS: The technical expertise and testing of the unit and the technology were carried out in the mountainous zone of the Republic of North Ossetia — Alania (Dargava basin, the station of North Caucasian Research Institute of Highland and Piedmont Agriculture) at an altitude of 1540 meters above sea level. The indicators of the test conditions and functional performance of the unit have been determined according to the OST 10.5.1-2000 industry standard. Surface fertilization was carried out according to the OST 10.7.1.-2000. “Testing of agricultural machinery. Machines for applying mineral fertilizers, lime materials and gypsum” industry standard. The study subject was the technology of spreading granular fertilizers, the design of the unit and working bodies: pendulum spreading devices, spreading rates and method of spreading fertilizers. RESULTS: A laboratory sample of the small-sized unit based on the KChG-2.4 cultivator of North Caucasian Research Institute of Highland and Piedmont Agriculture design for surface application of mineral fertilizers has been developed and manufactured. The block module is a hinged frame structure with a tow-lifting device, pendulum spreading tubes and rolling rollers installed on it. The considered motion of the mining unit is across the slope from top to bottom in a shuttle manner with rolling of the sown granules by rolling rollers. The tests were carried out on a rarefied section of the northern slope with a steepness of 13–16° in the area “Sugsadtanrag”. CONCLUSION: The practical application of the small-sized unit for surface spreading of mineral fertilizers with their subsequent rolling in areas in mountainous and foothill zones will ensure a reduction in the degradation processes of slope areas by accelerating the restoration of the quality and quantity of perennial grasses of fallow forage lands.

Effects of Successive Top-Dressing Application of Lime on a Sweet Cherry Orchard in Southern Chile

Annual top-dressing application of agricultural lime is a common practice in fruit orchards on acidic soils in southern Chile, which could result in surface over-liming and base imbalances. A trial was performed in a cherry orchard with an 8-year history of surface liming to evaluate the effectiveness of lime materials in neutralizing acidity in the soil profile and the effect on the tree nutritional status. No-lime (NL), calcitic (AgL), hydrated (HL), and liquid (LL) lime treatments were applied on soil surface at commercial rates, and soil acidity variables were measured at depths of 0–5, 5–10, and 10–20 cm in samples collected at 0, 15, 30, 60, and 225 days after application. Tree nutritional status was evaluated through foliar analysis. Top-dressing application of AgL was ineffective in ameliorating subsoil acidity at depths >5 cm, even in high-rainfall conditions. HL did not exhibit greater alkalinity mobility compared to AgL, although it had a faster but shorter-lived reaction. At the manufacturer-recommended rates, LL application was ineffective. After 8 years of top-dressing liming with AgL, a significant stratification of soil pH, Al, and Ca was observed. However, foliar concentration of bases did not reflect the surface Ca accumulation in soil, discarding an antagonistic cation competition for tree uptake.

Identifying Applications of Wood Ash by Matching Its Characteristics with End-User Quality Requirements: A Case Study

Despite being a bio-based material, wood ash generated by pulp and paper mills is mainly landfilled in Canada. This is because it is perceived as waste material and the certification requirements and regulations controlling its use are complex. To promote wood ash utilization, ash samples from mills in British Columbia (BC), Canada were characterized, and the properties were compared to quality specifications for potential applications. Three types of ash samples were collected: bottom ash, multi-clone (MC) ash, and electrostatic precipitator (ESP) ash. The characteristics of each type of ash were analyzed, and their suitability for various applications was determined. The study found that ESP ash had a higher calcium carbonate equivalent (CCE) value than MC ash, making it more useful as a liming material in agricultural land. The study identified quality criteria for industries where wood ash can be used, such as construction, agriculture, composting, stabilization/solidification, liming, mining, and fire-retardant. Each type of ash was evaluated for its use in these industries, and the environmental regulations for each application were considered. It was observed that the quality criteria for one application could differ dramatically from those for another. Intuitively, an ash producer would cross-check the characteristics of their ash types against the quality requirements for potential uses near the ash source because different applications have different quality requirements This article is believed to help identify promising applications of ash thereby removing ash from landfilling and promoting the circular economy.

Milk vetch returning combined with lime materials alleviates soil cadmium contamination and improves rice quality in soil-rice system

Milk vetch (Astragalus sinicus L.) returning and lime materials is employed as an effective strategy for remediating cadmium (Cd)-contaminated paddy fields. However, the combined effects of them on alleviating Cd pollution and the underlying mechanisms remain poorly explored. Therefore, this study investigated the impact of these combined treatments on soil properties, iron oxides, iron plaque, mineral elements, and amino acids through a field experiment. The following treatments were employed: lime (LM), limestone (LS), milk vetch (MV), MV + LM (MVLM), and MV + LS (MVLS), and a control (CK) group with no materials. Results demonstrated that treatments significantly decreased soil available Cd by 19.40–32.55 %, 10.20–39.58 %, and 25.36–40.66 % at tillering, filling, and maturing stages compared to CK, respectively. Moreover, exchangeable Cd was transformed into more stable fractions. Compared with individual treatments, MVLM and MVLS treatments further decreased available Cd and exchangeable Cd. Overall, Cd in brown rice was reduced by 18.97–77.39 % compared with CK. And the Cd in iron plaque decreased by 14.12–31.14 %, 24.65–61.60 %, 2.6–38.28 % across three stages. Furthermore, soil pH, dissolved organic carbon, and cation exchange capacity increased, along with 0.22–62.09 % and 0.57–10.66 % increases in free and amorphous iron oxide contents at all stages, respectively. Compared with lime alone, the integration of MV returning facilitated increased formation of Fed, Feo and enhanced the antagonistic effect among grain Ca with Cd; Additionally, it increased AAs in brown rice, improving rice quality and potentially reducing Cd transport. Mantel tests and Partial least squares path modeling revealed a significant positive correlation between Cd in IP and rice Cd uptake and a significant negative correlation between available Cd, Fed and Feo. These findings provide valuable insights into the mechanisms involved in mitigating soil Cd bioavailability using integrated approaches with MV returning and lime materials.

Effect of Lime Source, Fineness and Granulation on Soil Permeation with Contrasting Textures under Simulated Mediterranean Climate Rainfall Conditions

ABSTRACT Granulated micro-fine limes have recently been introduced as liming materials which are purportedly more effective than conventional agricultural limes in terms of rapidly correcting subsoil acidity in no-tillage systems. Hydrated limes are known to react more quickly in soils than calcitic limes, yet their soil permeability has not been evaluated under Mediterranean climate growing conditions. Therefore, the aim of this controlled study was to compare soil permeation and pH neutralization of different liming materials (hydrated lime, calcitic agricultural lime, micro-fine lime and molasses-granulated micro-fine lime) in two contrasting (sand and sandy loam) acid (pHKCl < 4.1) topsoils under simulated Mediterranean climate conditions. Limes were surface applied to 40 cm soil columns and then rainfall (350 mm) was simulated. Subsequently, soil chemical properties (pH, exchangeable cations, available P) were measured in 5 cm increments. Application of all liming materials increased soil pH 1–2 pH units above target pHKCl of 5.5 in the top 5 cm of both soils. Only hydrated lime was able to increase soil pHKCl (5.7–6.8) below 5 cm up to a depth of 15 cm on the sand soil. Hydrated lime, however, resulted in substantial over-liming (pHKCl 7.3–8.7) of the top 5 cm of soil compared to the other materials. Granulated micro-fine lime reacted more slowly than the agricultural limes and is therefore not a suitable quick-fix for subsoil acidity in rain-fed no-till systems under Mediterranean climate rainfall conditions. Whereas hydrated lime showed potential in ameliorating subsoil acidity in the sand soil within one season of rainfall.

Joint utilization of Chinese milk vetch and lime materials mitigates soil cadmium risk and improves soil health in a double-cropping rice system

Cadmium (Cd) in paddy soil poses significant risks to humans due to its strong biological migration and toxicity. Chinese milk vetch (MV) is commonly used as green manure in the paddy fields of southern China and its potential to decrease the availability of Cd has been identified. Nevertheless, the effects of MV combined with lime materials (lime, L; limestone, LS) on Cd availability, soil properties, enzyme activity and comprehensive benefits are still not fully understood in double-cropping rice system. A field study was conducted to investigate these changes. The results indicated that all treatments notably decreased soil available Cd (Avail-Cd) by 19.3–44.3% and 14.9–43.1% during early and late rice, compared with CK. Moreover, the Cd fractions transformed to more stable forms. Compared to CK, all treatments reduced brown rice Cd content by 34.6–64.2% and 12.7–52.5% during the two periods. Furthermore, the translocation factors root to shoot, as well as shoot to brown rice, decreased. The combination led to improvements in soil properties, soil enzyme activity. Meantime, Cd in iron-manganese plaque (IMP) decreased by 31.9–51.1% and 29.0–42.7% respectively during two periods in amendments treatments. Soil pH and DOC were more important factors for Cd bioavailability than other properties. Additionally, rice Cd uptake was positively correlated with Cd in IMP. Enzyme activity exhibited a negative correlation with soil active Cd. Partial Least Squares Path Model (PLS-PM) indicated that the mitigation of Cd pollution helped to improve soil enzyme activity. Grey correlation analysis (GRA) indicated that MVLS showed the best comprehensive benefits in soil-plant system. Overall, the combination of MV and lime materials could reduce Cd availability, enhance soil properties and enzyme activity. And this could be strengthened by the combination. These findings will provide valuable insights for Cd-contaminated soil remediation.

Edaphological Description of the Type Habitat of Coptis' Teeta Wall. - an Endangered Species of Medicinal Importance in Arunachal Pradesh

The edaphic conditions of the habitat of Coptis tetla Wall. have been discussed. The soils, where this species grows either under cultivation or in wild are moderately acidic to highly acidic, poor in surface porosity, very rich in silica content and possess insufficient amount of inorganic binding agents. However, the soils in cultivated fields are satisfactory in organic carbon status, water-holding ability and cation exchange capacity but inadequate presence of liming material and temperate climate adversely effect their energy materials. The 3oils at Malenja where this species is growing wild have textural limitation and anthropogenic interference. In the end the paper is concluded with suggestions. Results depict that the reasons for rarity and depletion of this species are not only anthropogenic but also environmental.

Liming potential and characteristics of biochar produced from woody and non-woody biomass at different pyrolysis temperatures

Large amount of wastes are burnt or left to decompose on site or at landfills where they cause air pollution and nutrient leaching to groundwater. Waste management strategies that return these food wastes to agricultural soils recover the carbon and nutrients that would otherwise have been lost, enrich soils and improve crop productivity. The incorporation of liming materials can neutralize the protons released, hence reducing soil acidity and its adverse impacts to the soil environment, food security, and human health. Biochar derived from organic residues is becoming a source of carbon input to soil and provides multifunctional values. Biochar can be alkaline in nature, with the level of alkalinity dependent upon the feedstock and processing conditions. This study conducted a characterization of biochar derived from the pyrolysis process of eggplant and Acacia nilotica bark at temperatures of 300 °C and 600 °C. An analysis was conducted on the biochar kinds to determine their pH, phosphorus (P), as well as other elemental composition. The proximate analysis was conducted by the ASTM standard 1762-84, while the surface morphological features were measured using a scanning electron microscope. The biochar derived from Acacia nilotica bark exhibited a greater yield and higher level of fixed carbon while possessing a lower content of ash and volatile components compared to biochar derived from eggplant. The eggplant biochar exhibits a higher liming ability at 600 °C compared to the acacia nilotica bark-derived biochar. The calcium carbonate equivalent, pH, potassium (K), and phosphorus (P) levels in eggplant biochars increased as the pyrolysis temperature increased. The results suggest that biochar derived from eggplant could be a beneficial resource for storing carbon in the soil, as well as for addressing soil acidity and enhancing nutrients availability, particularly potassium and phosphorus in acidic soils.

Ameliorants for the Management of Soil Acidity – A Review

Soil acidity is one of the major yield limiting factors in rice crop production. The H+ and Al3+ ions in the soil must be neutralized by the release of OH-ions on application of liming materials for the management of soil acidity. Liming material is the substance, which can increase the soil pH by combining with H+ ions in the soil solution. Lime is the most widely used ameliorant for management of soil acidity. There are alternative products, such as dolomite, rice husk ash, gypsum, phosphogypsum and calcium magnesium silicates having high reactivity than lime in increasing the pH, supply of nutrients like Ca, Mg, Si etc., and have the potential to reduce iron and aluminium toxicity and reduce methane emission. Fineness and chemical purity of the liming material are the major factors affecting the ability of the material to neutralise soil pH. Method and timing of application of liming material depend on the place of origin, nutrients and other elements associated with it, and amount of neutralising power. Relative worth of the liming material also depends on the cost of the same.

EFFECT OF USING LIME AND FLY ASH AS A CEMENT SUBSTITUTE FOR SOIL STABILITY

Subgrade is the lowest layer that receives the load on it if it does not have carrying capacity that is allowed then need for soil stabilization. Chemical soil stabilization is often done with the addition of cement but the use of cement material will cost quite high, it is necessary to alternate other materials for the substitution of cement to reduce the implementation costs incurred. Cement will be replaced as a stabilizing material in this research with additional materials like lime and fly ash. In this research, soil material was taken from the Sentul – Karawang Toll Road Project STA 24+300, with fly ash from PT PUSRI as the stabilization material, and lime material obtained from the market in Yogyakarta. The stabilization material will be used with a fixed lime percentage of 4.2% of the dry weight of the soil, and fly ash at 1.4%, 2.1%, 2.8%, 3.5%, and 4.2% of the dry weight of the soil. The soil samples were tested for physical and mechanical properties, including Standard Proctor and California Bearing Ratio (CBR). All test results were compared to select one variation, which was then designated as the Optimum Mix Design (OMD) sample. The test results of the soil sample + 4.2% lime + 2.1% fly ash yielded a CBR value of 15.52%, indicating an increase of 1078.02% from the initial 1.44%, and were formally designated as an OMD sample. The CBR value satisfies the subgrade requirements, namely &gt;6%.

Utilization of Quicklime and Limboto Lake Sediment as Basic Materials for Brick Walls

This study is based on knowing the compressive strength of bricks. The objectives that can be achieved are to analyze the characteristics of brick walls using lime, sedimentary soil and clay as well as conventional bricks and evaluate the comparative cost of making conventional bricks and lime-mixed bricks plus sedimentary soil. In this study, Data obtained from testing and analyzed quantitatively using appropriate statistical methods. This analysis will help in understanding the relationship between the composition of the mixture, the manufacturing process, and the characteristics of the resulting bricks. From the results of the analysis, the water absorption of bricks mixed with sedimentary materials, clay and lime. variation of sample 1, where the sample mixture (75% / 20% / 5%) water absorption is (29.72%) variation of sample 2, where the sample mixture (50% / 45% / 5%) water absorption is (9.45%) and Sample 3, (25% / 70% / 5%) water absorption is (9.22%). and clay bricks or without a mixture (100%) is (8.25%). This shows that the absorption capacity of mixed bricks of sediment, clay and lime materials which only have two variations 2 and 3. Meet the requirements of SNI 15-2094-2000 which requires a maximum water absorption capacity of 20% of bricks. While the average compressive strength comparison value of mixed bricks of sediment, clay and lime materials. sample variation 1, which sample mixture (75%/20%/5%) compressive strength value (13.6 kg/cm2) sample variation 2, (50%/45%/5%) which compressive strength value (19.8 kg/cm2) and sample 3, (25%/70%/5%) which compressive strength value (7.4 kg/cm2). and clay bricks without a mixture (100%) namely (36.4 kg/cm2). The compressive strength value of mixed bricks of sediment, clay and lime materials. Does not meet the minimum compressive strength requirements for building earthquake-safe houses (≥30).

Manufacturing of Lime Materials with High Specific Surface Area for Desulfurization

Manufacturing of Lime Materials with High Specific Surface Area for Desulfurization

Evaluation of Different Agricultural Limes for Bread Wheat and Fababean Production in Acid Soil of West Shewa Zone, Ethiopia

The application of lime is believed to enhance soil health status through improving soil pH, base saturation and reduces Al and Mn toxicities. Liming effects depend on the source, composition, purity and fineness of the lime. The performance of three liming materials and one control treatment was evaluated in a field trial, further evaluation and validation was done at three districts on different farmers’ sites during 2023 main cropping season. The liming materials included calcitic lime, hydrated lime, and quick lime. The treatments laid out in randomized complete block design. The results of the study showed that all tested lime materials (calcitic lime, hydrated lime, and quick lime) improved yield and agronomic performance of wheat, barley and fababean in comparably. This implies that hydrated limes can serve as an alternative agricultural lime to ameliorate soil acidity. Hence, these liming materials can be used as agricultural lime material and the result is confirmed through validation across locations on different testing crops (wheat, barley and Faba bean). So, it is recommended that liming materials which can be easily accessed for the farmers is recommended because of there is no significant difference among liming material tested.

Wood Ash as a Liming Material for Production of Paiaguás Grass Pasture in the Brazilian Cerrado

ABSTRACT Soil fertility is essential for maintaining pastures. For this reason, fertilizer alternatives are being sought for more sustainable production, such as using wood ash, which has potential as a fertilizer alternative. The objective of the experiment was to evaluate the use of wood ash as a liming material associated with two application strategies to the soil. The experiment was carried out at the Federal University of Rondonópolis, State of Mato Grosso, Brazil, and conducted in two consecutive years (2021 and 2022) corresponding to maintenance periods of grass pasture. The experimental design was a strip-plot design with randomized blocks. Treatments were five rates of wood ash (0, 8, 16, 24, and 32 t ha−1) and two application strategies of wood ash (incorporated and not incorporated into the soil), with four replications. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and regression (p ≤ .05). The increment of wood ash doses positively affected the soil pH. In the second maintenance period (2021) a dry mass (DM) yield was found the highest for the incorporated application of 15.49 t DM ha−1, while the not-incorporated application strategy provided a productivity of 14.02 t DM ha−1. The wood ash doses that provided the highest yield of pasture ranged from 16 to 32 t ha−1. In the evaluated period (2021–2022), the grass pasture was more affected by wood ash doses than by application strategies to the soil.

Rice husk ash : A prospective tool for soil acidity management in homestead vegetable cultivation

Due to the high cost of traditional liming materials, it is necessary to use organic sources that are readily available, inexpensive, environmentally acceptable, and adaptable as liming agents and fertilizer for vegetable production. Therefore, focus is placed on using rice husk ash, which is significantly more readily available and less expensive in Kerala, as a soil ameliorant. Furthermore, it contains a lot of potassium and silica.Si has reportedly been shown to have various benefits in addition to increasing yield, such as improving nutrient availability, lowering nutrient toxicity, and reducing biotic and abiotic stress in plants. The lime application will be simplified due to the utilization of rice husk ash in place of lime. In order to determine the impact of rice husk ash (RHA) on soil acidity management in homestead vegetable cultivation, the tomato variety VellayaniVijai was used as the test crop in the current study. There were six treatments, each of which was replicated three times. The highest number of fruits (29.3) and yield per plant (0.855 kg plant-1) were recorded in T6 (Soil test based recommended dose of fertilizers + Rice husk ash @ 125 % lime as per soil test). According to the findings, rice husk ash can be used as a substitute source of lime for vegetables. RHA acted as an excellent source of Si and K and decreased the uptake of iron in all of the treatments where it was applied as a soil ameliorant, resulting in an increase in the available Si and K content in the soil.

Evaluation of land use impact on soil quality in Samaru College of Agriculture, Northern Guinea Savanna, Nigeria

Abstract Land use changes influence soil quality, which is of fundamental importance in sustainable crop production and environmental management. This study evaluated land use impact on soil quality at Samaru College of Agriculture farm, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria. The land use types were Tomato/Pepper, Grapevine/Fluted pumpkin, Mango/Orange, and Guava/Mango. A profile pit was dug in each land unit. Soil samples were collected from genetic horizons, prepared, and analysed in the laboratory using standard methods. Sand, silt, and clay differed significantly (p &lt; 0.05) among the land uses. The soil texture varied from clay loam to clay. Bulk density (BD) was significantly (p &lt; 0.05) higher under Mango/Orange and Guava/Mango than other land use types. The soil reaction (pH) ranged from 5.0 to 5.8 and was strongly to moderately acidic. Soil organic carbon was low (&lt; 10 g/kg), total nitrogen values of 0.19 – 0.24 g/kg were low, and available phosphorus values of 1.8 – 27.4 mg/kg were rated low to high across the land use types. Soils under the Grapevine/Fluted pumpkin land use type were significantly higher in organic carbon, exchangeable potassium, sodium, and effective cation exchange capacity than the other land use types. Soil quality under Grapevine/Fluted pumpkin was rated best (80 %), whereas soil quality under Tomato/Pepper land use type was the worst (40 %). The soils were low-to-high in quality and had a higher potential to support crop production if management practices that encourage the build-up of nutrients in the soil system were adopted. The application of manure, liming materials, and phosphorus-based fertilisers is advocated.

Uticaj kompleksnog đubriva APAVIVA NPK (S) 15:15:15(10) na prinos i biometrijske parametre zelene salate endivije (Cichorium endivia L.)

The effect of the complex fertilizer APAVIVA NPK(S) 15:15:15(10) on the yield and biometric parameters of various varieties of endive lettuce (Cichorium endivia L.) was studied in controlled conditions of a pot experiment. The phytolaboratory maintained optimal temperature, humidity and lighting. UnionPowerStar-40W-T lamps were used in the experiment, diode wavelength: blue (450 nm), red (660 nm). Daylight hours were 15 hours (from 7-00 to 22-00). The application of APAVIVA led to an increase in plant height, leaf rosette diameter, number of leaves and their assimilation surface. The use of mineral fertilizer led to an increase in plant productivity. However, increased mineral nutrition contributed to an accelerated transition to the generative phase of plant development, the formation of flowering shoots and the outflow of nutrients from the leaves to the stem. This had a negative impact on the yield of marketable products - chicory lettuce leaves. The addition of lime material (dolomite flour) together with mineral fertilizer increased plant productivity as well as helped to inhibit the accelerated transition to the generative phase and increase the yield of leaf mass.

Bacterially-promoted carbonation of lime-based building materials

Lime-based binders, while historically significant, exhibit low strength and slow hardening, which has led to its replacement by cement. Hardening in lime-based materials occurs primarily through carbonation, whereby Ca(OH)2 reacts with atmospheric CO2 and produces CaCO3 cement. This study explores using bacterial additives to accelerate lime hardening by producing extra CO2. Three bacterial species were isolated and grown in liquid media. In a closed container, lime-mortar specimens were indirectly exposed to a cotton soaked in either bacterial suspension or water. Thermogravimetric analysis after 7 and 14 days indicated increased carbonation in cubes incubated with bacterial suspension, but not significantly. Subsequently, one bacterial suspension was mixed directly with lime. Progression of carbonation was tested with phenolphthalein and after 7, 14 and 21 days faster carbonation was seen in bacteria-containing pastes than those with only culture media. Overall, bacteria can carbonate lime materials but further optimization is needed for practical application.

Lime microdosing: A new liming strategy for increased productivity in acid soils

AbstractDespite the effectiveness of the fertilizer microdosing technique, lime microdosing (LMD) to alleviate the negative impacts of soil acidity has not been comprehensively assessed. In a 3‐year study at four sites across three countries (one in the United States, two in Ghana, and one in Burkina Faso), we evaluated the effectiveness of the microdosing technique for lime application to alleviate the adverse effects of soil acidity in cropping systems, using corn (Zea mays L.) as the study crop. LMD was evaluated at four lime application rates, including 5%, 10%, 25%, and 50% of the calculated lime‐requirement rate (LR), which was compared to the traditional lime broadcasting strategy using 75% and 100% LR. Averaged across all experimental sites for the duration of the study, LMD with 25% LR resulted in similar grain yield, and nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium recovery efficiency as those of the traditional lime broadcast techniques with 100% LR, but significantly greater than those of the lime broadcast techniques with 75% LR. Postharvest rhizosphere aluminum saturation percentage of the LMD with 25% LR was similar to that of the traditional lime broadcast techniques with 100% LR. However, LMD with lime application rates lower than 25% LR was not agronomically effective. The combined results suggest that LMD could be an efficient liming technique, and that with this technique, as little lime material as 25% LR could be used to mitigate the negative impacts of Al toxicity associated with soil acidity. Nevertheless, economic analyses are required to determine the profitability of utilizing the LMD technique to mitigate the negative impacts of soil acidity on crop production relative to the traditional lime‐broadcast approach.

Effects of Different Liming Materials on the Uptake of Cadmium and Mineral Nutrients in Cacao Plants

Effects of Different Liming Materials on the Uptake of Cadmium and Mineral Nutrients in Cacao Plants