Reaction Of Lime Research Articles

Use of Nondestructive Impedance Spectroscopy for the Assessment of Clay–Lime Reaction Kinetics: Influence of Clay Mineralogy, Lime Content, and Curing Conditions

Use of Nondestructive Impedance Spectroscopy for the Assessment of Clay–Lime Reaction Kinetics: Influence of Clay Mineralogy, Lime Content, and Curing Conditions

Lime reactivity and overburning: the case of limestones belonging to Tuscan Nappe sequence (NW Tuscany, Italy)

This study examines limestone properties and calcination process to enhance product quality. Limestone burning produces lime (CaO, calcium oxide) and carbon dioxide (CO2). Lime is a substance highly reactive and turns into slaked lime (Ca(OH)2, calcium hydroxide) when exposed to water. Six limestone samples from Tuscan Nappe sedimentary sequence, outcropping in the Monti d’Oltre Serchio area (NW Tuscany, Italy), were selected and calcined at different temperatures (800, 900, 1000 and 1100 °C). The obtained lime was slaked, and chemical, mineralogical and petrographic analyses were conducted to study its reactivity during slaking process. Key factors influencing lime reactivity were identified: calcination temperature/time and limestone characteristics (chemical and mineralogical composition). The lime reactivity was measured through the rate of lime hydration reaction. Results showed that higher reactivity in lime, lower calcination temperature. The increase in temperature and time leads to an increase of CaO grain size and, consequently, to a decrease in reactivity. Temperature increase has a more significant effect on the increasing of grain size and reactivity than time. The optimal calcination temperature was found to be 900 °C, like that of ancient limekilns. The study emphasized the close link between lime reactivity and chemistry/mineralogy of limestone. Overall, the research provides insights for improving limestone calcination processes and obtaining superior products.

Substrate Moisture and Temperature Effects on Limestone Reaction Rate in a Peat-Based Substrate

ABSTRACT Lime reaction rate in a container substrate is influenced by temperature and moisture, which are factors that vary between batches of substrate during manufacturing, storage, and crop production. The effects of temperature and moisture on the duration required to achieve a stable substrate-pH are useful information for substrate companies and growers, as well as a key component when modeling lime reaction over time. The pH of a 70 peat : 30 perlite (by volume) substrate was quantified over time under a range of different storage temperature (1.9 to 33.3°C) and substrate volumetric water content (VWC, 0.168 to 0.568 L of H2O/L of substrate). The lime source was a horticultural dolomitic carbonate limestone screened to the fraction that passed through a 100 US mesh but was retained on a 200 US mesh (0.075–0.15 mm) incorporated at 2.67 g·L−1 of substrate. Experiments provided two data sets for calibration and validation. Lime reaction rate increased with increasing substrate temperature and substrate moisture level. The duration required to reach a target substrate-pH value of 6.0 was used to indicate 90% of maximum pH effect from lime. Duration varied from 4 days with the combined high temperature (20.6 and 33.3 °C) and high VWC (0.468 and 0.568 L H2O/L of substrate) to 53 days with low temperature (1.9 °C) and low VWC (0.168 L H2O/L of substrate) for the calibration data set. At an example low VWC of 0.168 L of H2O/L of substrate, the duration required to reach substrate-pH 6.0 at 1.9, 7.8, 10, 20.6, and 33.3°C was 53, 38, 34, 23, and 17 days, respectively. Similarly, if the temperature was held constant at 33.3°C, reducing VWC from 0.568 L H2O/L to 0.128 L H2O/L would decrease lime reaction rate from 100% to 21%, requiring five times the duration to reach an equilibrium pH. Results can be used to compare the relative effects of moisture and temperature on lime reaction rate for substrate manufacturers and growers.

Online monitoring of the size distribution of lime nodules in a full-scale operated lime kiln using an in-situ laser triangulation camera

To maximize efficiency of the recausticizing process in a pulp mill, producing a reburned lime with high and consistent reactivity is process critical. Prior investigations have demonstrated a correlation between the reactivity of lime and its nodule size, as well as the dusting behavior of the kiln. Therefore, monitoring the nodule size produced in the lime kiln could be a promising indirect method to measure the performance of the lime kiln. The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the utility of a laser triangulation camera for online monitoring of nodule size distribution for the lime kiln. A series of full-scale trials were performed in a lime kiln of a kraft pulp mill in which a camera was installed at the exit conveyor to analyze the lime discharging from the kiln. The nodule size distribution was analyzed for correlation with the lime temperature, flue gas temperature, and rotational speed of the kiln. The monitoring demonstrated temporal stability, and the results showed that the lime temperature had the most significant effect on the nodule size. The rotational speed of the lime kiln and the flue gas temperature showed limited effect on nodule size, but they had significant impact on the specific energy demand. The overall conclusion of the study is that the camera methodology effectively correlates lime temperature with nodule size distribution, and it advocates for the methods of implementation in automating lime temperature control, facilitating the production of consistently reactive lime at a lower specific energy consumption.

Direct air capture with renewable heating based on the technical lime cycle

The industry and space heating demand contributes significantly to the CO2 emissions in Germany, as it is mainly supplied by the combustion of fossil fuels. In this contribution a concept is presented that not only provides heat based on renewable sources, but is also able to actively capture CO2 from the atmosphere. Thereby, the reversible reaction of lime with water is utilised to store and provide heat on demand – all based on abundantly available resources. By closing the technical lime cycle this long-term energy storage could additionally be combined with a Direct Air Capture technology.

Impact of Foliar Application of Urea and Nano Urea Levels on Quality, Physiological and Leaf Nutrient Content Attributes of Acid Lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) cv. Kagzi in Vertisols of Jhalawar District in Rajasthan

This study attempted the efficacy of various Urea and Nano urea treatments on Kagzi lime fruit characteristics, such as weight, length, breadth of juice recovery, total soluble solids (TSS), acidity, TSS/Acidity ratio ascorbic acid content, and pH value of juices. There were some significant differences in the reaction of Kagzi lime to these treatments. The Urea treatment at 2% (T4) always gave the top values for the fruit weight, length, breadth; juice recovery, TSS content, TSS/Acidity ratio; ascorbic acid content, and juice pH. While the Nano urea treatments showed positive effects, Urea treatment at 2% had the overall better performance. This implies that Urea at this level was superior in improving the fruit quality factors, which may be used to optimize Kagzi lime cultivation methods. In particular, the variables such as fruit characteristics, juice properties and nutritional content, chlorophyll content; relative water contents in leaves of leaf nutrient contents were positively influenced by 2.0% treatment Urea application These protocols led to significant improvements in fruit weight, length, and width being greater as good juice contented and TSS which increased considerably the levels of Ascorbic acid were improved, chlorophyll content enhanced while there were reduced effects despite that resulted from this prophylactic treatment. Moreover, it resulted in the maximum level of leaf nitrogen and phosphorous. These results show that Urea has significant influences on the quality of acid lime cv. The highest favorable results were noticed in the 2.0% Urea treatment administered by Kagzi lime.

Evaluation of Pozzolanic activity and lime reactivity of fly ash, GGBS, mica powder and pumice as binders

This article presents the effect of the pozzolanic activity and lime reactivity of various siliceous materials, like fly ash, GGBS (Ground granulated blast furnace slag), mica and pumice powders. The pozzolanic activity is evaluated as per ASTM and lime reactivity test as per IS 1727. Based on the ASTM C311 tests, at 28 days GGBS, pumice and fly ash showed 71%,12% and 9% improvement in strength respectively in comparison with the control mix for 20% replacement of binder. Mica powder showed decrease of strength in comparison with the control mix. It has been observed that all binders satisfy the criteria of requirement of strength as per ASTM C311 activity index which is greater than 0.75. Based on the lime reactivity tests carried out as per IS 1727 carried out, maximum lime reactivity has been observed in case of GGBS (26%), followed by fly ash (25%), pumice (9%) and mica powder (8%) in comparison with the control mix with 20% replacement of hydrated lime.

Influence of carbon sequestration in natural clay on engineering properties of cement-lime stabilized soil mortars

Carbon sequestration in natural soil, and using it for manufacturing of stablized earth-based materials can be an effective pathway for low embodied carbon constructions. This research demonstrates a possibility of sequestering carbon dioxide in clayey-soil, comprising of kaolinite and montmorillonite minerals, and examines its influence on rheological properties, hydration, mechanical strength and shrinkage of cement-lime-soil mortars. Carbon sequestration reduces the specific surface area, pore volume and lime reactivity of carbonated soil (CS). This leads to higher availability of unconsumed lime in cement-soil mixes, resulting in faster hydration, higher yield stress and plastic viscosity of cement-lime mixes with CS than control (with natural soil). Higher precipitation of binder gel due to addition of CS result in better stabilization, higher wet strength-to-dry strength ratio and up to 18% lower drying shrinkage than control. Depending on clay content and type of soil (S or CS), 40–58% of drying shrinkage can be reversed.

Effect of nano-silica on engineering properties of lime-treated marl soil

One of the widely used methods for improving the engineering performance of problematic soils is in-situ or ex-situ mixing using various additives (conventionally cement and lime). In this research, the combination of nano-silica (NS) and lime additives is investigated for improving the geomechanical characteristics and engineering performance of sulfate-bearing marl soil, an expansive clayey sand soil. Due to the presence of sulfate ions, it is not appropriate to treated the soil using lime alone, and besides improving the soil’s physical condition, the NS additive can chemically prevent the formation of bulky minerals (such as ettringite) arising from the reaction of lime with soil sulfate. A comprehensive program of physical/index, compaction, wetting-induced swelling, unconfined compression and direct-shear strength and soaking-durability testing was performed on marl soil treated with 0–8 % lime and 0–1.2 % NS additives, investigating the effects of 7, 14 and 28-day curing periods. Additions of 6 % lime + 1 % NS was identified as mobilizing the highest strength properties, practically the lowest swelling potential, and achieves superior durability under the soaking condition. NS addition to the lime-treated marl soil causes secondary CSH gel formation that prevents the ettringite growth, which improves the strength and stability of the treated soil. SEM and XRD analyses confirmed these findings, with the nature and strength of the CSH phase changing with curing duration.

Lime and gypsum application to low-acidity soils: Changes in soil chemical properties, residual lime content and crop agronomic performance

Crop yield gains and improvements in surface and subsurface soil chemical properties are evident when agricultural lime and gypsum are used in high-acidity soils. However, there is scarce information on the effects of lime and gypsum application on no-till tropical soils previously treated with these additives (low-acidity soils). The duration of the effects of lime applied to the soil surface varies according to lime rate, product characteristics, soil conditions, and water and thermal regimes. Such residual effects influence the timing of lime reapplication. This study aimed to investigate the effects of surface application of agricultural lime and gypsum on soil chemical properties, soybean and second-crop corn yields, and lime residual contents. The experiment was conducted on a Red Latosol with a very clayey texture in Floresta, Paraná, Brazil. Four rates of dolomitic lime (0.0, 2.6, 5.4, and 8.1 Mg ha−1) and agricultural gypsum (0, 4, 8, and 12 Mg ha−1) were used. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with subplots and four replications. The experiment lasted for four soybean seasons and three second-crop corn seasons. At 6, 12, 24, and 36 months after treatment, soil samples were collected from the 0.00–0.05, 0.05–0.10, 0.10–0.20, 0.20–0.30, 0.30–0.40, and 0.40–0.60 m layers for chemical analysis. No significant interaction effects were observed on soil chemical properties. Liming resulted in soil alkalization, with a consequent reduction in Al3+ and an increase in Ca, Mg, base saturation, and pH. Residual lime was not detected in layers deeper than 0.05 m, suggesting a lack of physical movement of particles in the soil pore space. Residual lime was detected on surface soil (0.00–0.05 m) up to 36 months after application, demonstrating the low reactivity of lime on no-till soils. At 6 months after gypsum application, there was an increase in Ca2+ levels up to the 0.6 m layer, whereas Mg2+ levels were reduced throughout the soil profile for up to 36 months. In no-till soybean–second-crop corn rotation systems, use of agricultural gypsum alone did not provide consistent effects on crop yield and reduced foliar Mg contents. Under the studied conditions of low acidity, liming did not produce significant differences in crop yield but improved soil chemical properties for plant growth under no-till.

A comparison of soil liming requirement methodologies in temperate, Northern European pedo‐climates

AbstractBackgroundLiming agricultural land is essential to optimise crop yield and soil nutrients. Despite the importance of pH management in agricultural soils, liming applications have been decreasing in the United Kingdom for decades. There is no comparison of contemporary and historical liming requirement (LR) methods for Northern European, temperate climate mineral soils high in organic matter (OM).AimsThe aims of this research were to thoroughly comparatively analyse current methodologies and to ascertain which soil characteristics contribute to LR reactions.MethodsAnalysis compared methods for determining liming values common in the United Kingdom (Scottish Agricultural College [SAC] look‐up chart, RothLime model), Europe and the United States (Shoemaker–McLean–Pratt, Sikora, Modified Mehlich buffers), and the 30‐min calcium hydroxide titration developed by the University of Georgia.ResultsRothLime and SAC highly underestimated the LR value in acidic soils. The buffers highly over or underestimated LRs. The UGA titration method is a cheap, easy and accurate method which could be utilised for high OM soils but requires further calculation development. The characteristics most associated with soil–lime reactions in this experiment were measures of exchangeability (cation exchange capacity and loss on ignition, and by proxy, lime buffering capacity).ConclusionsThere is an opportunity to create buffer calculators and titration equations adapted to high OM soils. These are suggested for further development, through a larger diversity of UK soil types grouped by buffering capacity ranges. Including soil exchangeability factors in lime management calculations may contribute to more accurate values and therefore better resource management. Increasing LR accuracy for site‐specific soil pH management, used in precision agriculture technologies, is a necessary tool for the conservation of natural resources like limestone, managing resource use efficiency, and for optimising yields.

Numerical Study of CO2 Removal from Inhalational Anesthesia System by Using Gas-Ionic Liquid Membrane

Inhalational anesthesia is supplied through an assisted ventilation system. It is mostly composed of xenon or nitrous oxide, halogenated hydrocarbons (HHCs), and oxygen. In order to reduce costs of the anesthesia compounds, the remaining anesthetics present in exhalation are recycled and reused, in order to minimize the amount of fresh anesthesia. An alkali hydroxide mixture (called soda lime) is employed in order to remove CO2 from the exhalation. However toxic compounds may be formed during the reaction of soda lime with halogenated hydrocarbons. Ionic liquids (ILs) have several advantages such as non-volatility, functionality, high carbon solubility, and low energy requirements for regeneration. In the framework of this research, carbon dioxide removal with ionic liquids has been numerically studied. COMSOL multi-physics finite element software has been applied. It solves the continuity, fluid flow, and diffusion equations. A new algorithm has been developed for calculating the infrared (IR) radiation absorption of CO2. Its absorption coefficient has wavelength-dependent properties. The gaseous absorption coefficient has been calculated by using HITRAN spectral database. It has been found that the CO2 is absorbed almost completely by the 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide ([emim][DCA]) ionic liquid after a period of 1000 s. It has been shown that the absorption coefficient of CO2 can be neglected in the interval below 1.565 μm, and then at 1.6 μm, it increases to the same order as that for CO. Thus, it is possible to detect CO2 by applying a laser diode which is capable to transmit IR radiation at a wavelength of 1.6 μm. This time period is a function of the diffusion coefficient of the CO2 in the membrane and in the ionic liquid.

Research on Road Characteristics and the Microscopic Mechanism of Lime–Phosphogypsum-Stabilized Red Clay

In this paper, mixtures with different proportions of lime, phosphogypsum, and red clay were prepared, and the road properties and micromechanisms of lime–phosphogypsum-stabilized red clay were investigated by unconfined compressive strength test, water stability test, swelling test, shrinkage test, XRD quantitative analysis, and scanning electron microscope analysis. The results showed that the unconfined compressive strength of the mix increased and then decreased with the increase of phosphogypsum content. With the increase of age, the growth was faster in the first 14 days and basically stabilized in the last 14 days. The mixture has poor water stability, large absolute swelling rate, and low linear shrinkage. The reason for the increase of strength is that the reaction of lime, phosphogypsum, and red clay produces ettringite, and the cementing substance gels form a three-dimensional mesh skeleton structure; the excess of ettringite will cause the skeleton to expand and break, and the strength decreases.

Effects of sticky rice on the carbonation reaction of lime-treated soil in earthen sites

Earthen sites with important historical, artistic, social, cultural, and scientific values have suffered serious damage due to long-term influences from various natural factors. The sticky rice and lime composite shows the potential to be applied to the protection of earthen sites. The carbonation of lime has a significant impact on the engineering properties of earthen sites. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of sticky rice on the carbonation reaction of lime-treated soil in earthen sites. The results indicated that sticky rice can inhibit the carbonation reaction of lime, resulting in a reduced calcium carbonate content. The inhibition effect of sticky rice on carbonation reaction of lime could be attributed to the limitation of gaseous water and CO2 gas diffusion. Sticky rice had both binding effect and inhibition effect on lime-treated soil, and its mechanical properties depended on the dominant effect after these effects cancelled each other. When the lime content was ≤6%, the addition of sticky rice can increase the strength of soil. When the lime content was >6%, however, the addition of sticky rice resulted in a decrease in strength. In addition, the carbonation of the outside of the cylindrical sample was higher than that of the inside. These findings can increase the understanding of protecting earthen sites with sticky rice and lime composite, and optimize the application of sticky rice and lime composite.

Chitosan as a carbonation catalyst in lime mortars

The investigation evaluates the influence of unmodified chitosan on the carbonation behavior of aerial lime mortars, determining the main properties in hardened state. The work was developed experimentally, starting from lime pastes elaborated according to European Standards. Initially, different contents of chitosan were dissolved in the mixing water, keeping constant the quantity of aerial lime and water, according to the consistency standardized by the type of lime. The samples cured for 4 days in an oven at 30 °C, were subjected to a carbonation process. The carbonation conditions established for the lime samples, with and without chitosan, were in all cases the same. It was observed that the chitosan content positively influences the kinetic reactions of lime with CO2, modifying its mineralogical, macro and microstructural properties and improving its mechanical behavior.

Revisiting Limestone Quality for Soil Liming Purpose

The quality of lime is generally estimated by traditional methodologies, which consist of coarse granulometry and chemical reactivity determinations. Performing a detailed chemical/mineralogical and fine granulometric characterization is the objective of this study. Fifteen lime samples, from an original 52 commercial samples, were analyzed by their granulometric profile (GP) and chemical-mineralogical compositions to discuss limestone quality inside the tree group of traditional efficiency neutralizing power (ENP) and Mg contents. The lime reactivity was estimated using laser diffraction under water and acid solution (1 mol L−1 HCl). The grain-size distribution ranged from 0.563 to 1124 µm and the GP was associated with the chemical and mineralogical compositions. Samples with high ENP (>99%) presented differences in GP regarding Mg contents. Lime with low ENP presents the most varied mineral assemblage, while calcite and dolomite were the predominant minerals in high-ENP samples. Samples containing high Mg were the most sensitive to the acid solution, suggesting great reactivity. This work contributes to a better understanding of limestone quality than routine analyses performed so far. Additionally, the use of the laser diffraction method promotes a rapid lime reactivity test for liming purposes.

Electric properties of anorthite ceramics prepared from illitic clay and oil shale ash

Electrical properties during firing of anorthite ceramic prepared from mixtures of illitic clay (from Northeastern Hungary) and fly ashes (obtained from circulating fluidized bed combustion – IA4 and pulverized firing – ID4) with high content of CaO were investigated. Mixtures were prepared with 60 wt% of illitic clay and 40 wt% of oil shale ash. The ashes were hydrated prior to mixing, to prevent the reaction of free lime with water during sample preparation. The mixtures were subjected to thermal and structural analyses to describe the processes induced by thermal treatment. The contraction of the IA4 and ID4 samples reached 1.8% and 2.5%, respectively, at 1100 °C, which is significantly lower than that of the illitic clay (7%). X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed a presence of diopside, gehlenite, cristobalite, and leucite minerals as additional mineral phases in the prepared anorthite ceramics. Measurement of AC conductivity showed that after the decomposition of the CaCO3 at ∼880 °C, Ca2+ ions became the dominant charge carriers, and the electrical current was carried by a hopping mechanism throughout the studied temperature region. The electrical conductivity and the relative dielectric constant of the ID4 sample was higher compared to that of the IA4 sample. The relative dielectric constant reached values of 6 (sample IA4) and 8 (sample ID4) at 140 °C (after drying).

Effects of form, fineness and placement of lime with and without soil tillage on barley and canola growth and development

No-tillage systems and slow movement of surface-applied limestone can lead to stratification of soil acidity. Incorporation of lime by tilling soil is not preferred by producers following conservation agriculture practices. There is limited research on ways to facilitate lime movement without soil disturbance. This study aimed to determine the effects of form, fineness and calcium carbonate equivalent (CCE) of calcitic lime on its movement in soil with or without different soil disturbance actions and consequent effects on productivity of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and canola (Brassica napus L.). A field trial was established in the Western Cape province, South Africa. Ten treatments included a control, lime with different forms and fineness, and tillage practices. Due to the slow movement and reactivity of lime in soil, it was unlikely that growth responses from barley or canola would be detected within the first two years following liming. A once-off strategic tillage action promoted crop growth. This was attributed to deeper redistribution of lime in the soil (15–30 cm depth), among secondary agronomic responses to tillage. Strategic once-off tillage may address the stratification of both soil acidity and nutrients, such as calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg), and could be considered as an option to incorporate into management of no-tillage production systems.

Experimental Study on Effects of Aging Time on Dry Shrinkage Cracking of Lime Soils.

The effect of aging on the internal mechanism of the dry shrinkage cracking of lime soil was studied from the perspective of macroscopic cracking phenomenon and microscopic composition change, and the reasonable aging time of lime soil was determined. Large numbers of cracks often occur in buildings constructed using lime soil, which impacts sustainable development and building environmental protection. This study explored the influence of aging time on the mechanical properties and shrinkage cracking of lime soil. The influence of aging time was evaluated using a triaxial compression test; using the dry–wet cycle, sieving, pH, and other tests, the influence of aging time on volume crack rate, expansion shrinkage rate, particle size distribution, and pH was analyzed. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction experiments were used to analyze changes in the lime soil particle structure for different aging times and the formation of new substances. The results show that as aging time increases, the stress–strain curve of the soil softens significantly, shear strength deteriorates, and cohesion decreases. When the aging time is 6 h, the expansion rate and shrinkage rate at the center of the soil sample are the maximum. The volume fracture and expansion shrinkage rates decrease first, and then plateau with aging time, with the changes remaining stable after 72 h; these rate decreases are positively correlated with the change rate of pH. The formation of Ca(OH)2 affects the sample pH, and the changes in pH, Ca(OH)2, and CaO tend to be stable. With an increase in aging time, the proportion of particles of a size less than 0.1 mm decreases, and that of particles of size 0.1–0.5 mm increases. After 72 h of aging, the particle size proportion remains unchanged. Reasonable aging time can, thus, reduce the hydration reaction of lime, improve particle agglomeration effects, and reduce the crack development of the soil.

Mechanical and Microstructural Properties of Composite Mortars with Lime, Silica Fume and Rice Husk Ash

A mixture of hydraulic lime and pozzolanic material can be used as a binder in making concrete and mortar for energy-efficient construction purposes. Generally, lime possesses lower strength and higher setting time. By introducing pozzolans in the lime mortar, their cementitious properties could be increased and could compete with the cement mortars. The use of pozzolan-lime binder in mortar reduces the utilisation of cement, and hence reduces the environmental problem originating from cement production. This study mainly deals with the mechanical and microstructural properties of lime and lime composite mortars made up of hydraulic lime, silica fume and rice husk ash. Three composite mortars were made with the following combination such as hydraulic lime-silica fume (LSF), hydraulic lime-rice husk ash (LRA) and hydraulic lime-silica fume-rice husk ash (LSR). Further, their properties were compared with the pure lime mortar. Preliminary investigations were made on the lime reactivity and pozzolanic reactivity tests. It was understood that silica fumes have a (15%) better reactivity than rice husk ash. The introduction of pozzolans in the lime mortar promotes fresh, hardened and microstructural properties. The 28 days’ compressive strength of lime composite mortars achieved more than 16 Mpa, while the lime mortar attained 4 Mpa. The combined effect of pozzolanic reaction, hydration and carbonation in the lime composite mortars achieved four times the strength of lime mortar at 28 days. A high peak of calcium carbonate was detected in lime mortar as a result of carbonation. The well-developed microstructure of calcium silicate hydrate and calcium hydroxide exhibits the formation of hydration products in the lime composite mortars as observed from a scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Similar graphs of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) showed the presence of equivalent functional elements in all lime composite mortars.