Lime Peel Oil Research Articles

Optimization and characterization of essential oil-loaded nanoemulsions for enhanced antiviral activity against tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) in tobacco plants

Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is a significant viral pathogen that infects various economically important crops, including tobacco, tomatoes, and cucumbers. The current study aimed to develop and optimize essential oil-loaded nanoemulsions using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to enhance antiviral activity against TMV in Nicotiana tabacum plants. Essential oils from tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) and lime peel (Citrus latifolia) were chemically analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Terpinene-4-ol (70.92 %) and trans-isolimonene (33.82 %) were identified as the major components in tea tree and lime peel oils, respectively. RSM was used to optimize the nanoemulsion formulations based on oil concentration, hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB), and stirring speed. Optimal tea tree oil (TTEO) and lime peel oil (LPEO) nanoemulsions were developed and characterized using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and particle size analysis. The antiviral efficacy of the optimized formulations was tested against TMV using RT-qPCR analysis and physiological measurements. TTEO nanoemulsions significantly inhibited TMV expression by 89.78 %, while LPEO nanoemulsions achieved a 42.22 % reduction after six days. Additionally, these essential oils (EOs) enhanced plant defense mechanisms by modulating the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and peroxidase (POD), along with maintaining chlorophyll levels. This study demonstrates that TTEO and LPEO nanoemulsions offer promising eco-friendly antiviral agents for TMV management in tobacco plants. The research underscores the potential of essential oil-based formulations in mitigating viral infections in crops, providing a sustainable alternative to synthetic chemicals.

Gutta-percha dissolving ability of Citrus limetta, essential oils and a customized emulsion: An in vitro study

Aim: This study aims to evaluate the GP dissolving property of ethanolic extract of sweet lime peel (Citrus limetta), peppermint oil, cedarwood oil, and an emulsion (equal volumes of ethanolic extract of sweet lime peel, peppermint, and cedarwood oils) compared to xylene and chloroform (CHCl3). Methods: Equal weight of GP were divided into 7 groups and immersed for 5 min and 10 min in the test and control groups. Distilled water was used as a negative control. Absolute weight loss (WL) was calculated. Results: Data were analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn’s pairwise comparison with a significance value of P ≤ 0.05. The median WL of GP in the solvents shows a significant difference at 5 min (P = 0.001) and 10 min (P = 0.000). After 5 min, the order of WL was highest in sweet lime peel extract, CHCl3, and emulsion followed by xylene and peppermint oil. After 10 min, the highest WL was seen in emulsion, CHCl3 followed by sweet lime peel and peppermint oil. Cedarwood oil had no GP solvent effect at both time intervals. Conclusion: Sweet lime peel extract, emulsion, and peppermint oil showed a significant GP dissolving effect at 5 and 10 min and were comparable to CHCl3. Cedarwood oil showed no GP dissolving effect.

Ginger oil and lime peel oil loaded PBAT/PLA via cast-extrusion as shrimp active packaging: Microbial and melanosis inhibition

Biodegradable active packaging for shrimp was produced via cast sheet extrusion of poly (butylene adipate terephthalate) and poly (lactic acid) (PBAT/PLA) at different ratios, incorporating ginger oil (GO) and lime peel oil (LPO). Surface chemistry, mechanical and barrier properties, volatile mass fraction, and antimicrobial activities were investigated. Microbial growth and melanosis of packaged shrimp were monitored. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry indicated major volatile components of LPO and GO as D-limonene (40.55%) and L-zingiberene (19.85%), respectively. Essential oil loading improved polymer compatibility via C-H bonding and modified the polymer crystallinity, leading to improved film flexibility but reduced tensile strength. GO incorporation showed greater release of volatile mass fraction from the film matrix than LPO, with increased oxygen permeability and water contact angle. High PBAT film (PBAT70/PLA30) allowed greater release of essential oil than high PLA film (PBAT30/PLA70), with higher antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus. Film containing LPO was more effective in inhibiting microbial growth, while film containing GO showed superior prevention of melanosis in packaged shrimp. A linear correlation was found between microbial growth and degree of melanosis in shrimp packaged in PBAT/PLA packaging containing GO and LPO. Both LPO and GO effectively enhanced film functional properties and showed promise for seafood packaging with different mechanisms of ameliorating product bacterial degradation.

Antimicrobial and Anti-Colorectal Cancer Activities of Some Volatile Oils

Volatile oils are natural compounds that can be adopted in many drug and cosmetic formulations. Many volatile oils can be extracted from natural plants and they have their own special biological activities. Nine volatile oils including pine oil (P), guava leaf oil (G), lime peel oil (L), cinnamon bark oil (C), sage oil (S), tea tree oil (T) rosemary oil (R), clove oil (CL) and jasmine sambac oil (J) were in vitro tested for anti-microbial activities against various microbes and cytotoxicity properties agianst HCT116 and HT29 cell lines. From our result, for antimicrobial activities, the most effective oil against Gram positive such as Staphylococcus aureus are T, R and L. Only P showed the great inhibition on Gram negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli. C, P, L, T and R also exhibited different inhibitory effects on the pathogenic yeasts depending on the candida species. For the antitumoral activity on colorectal cancer cell lines, C showed the most cytotoxicity on both HCT116 and HT29 cells with IC50 value of 7.7 and 74.0 μg/ml, respectively. The second most cytotoxic was guava oil with the IC50 of 101.2 and 97.91 μg/ml on HCT116 and HT29, respectively. These investigated data may be useful as information for oil selection and development of pharmaceutical dosage forms using these natural volatile oils as the ingredients.

Lime Peel Oil-Incorporated Rosin-Based Antimicrobial In Situ Forming Gel.

Localized intra-periodontal pocket drug delivery using an injectable in situ forming gel is an effective periodontitis treatment. The aqueous insoluble property of rosin is suitable for preparing a solvent exchange-induced in situ forming gel. This study aims to investigate the role of incorporating lime peel oil (LO) on the physicochemical properties of injectable in situ forming gels based on rosin loaded with 5% w/w doxycycline hyclate (DH) in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP). Their gel formation, viscosity, injectability, mechanical properties, wettability, drug release, and antimicrobial activities were evaluated. The presence of LO slowed gel formation due to the loose precipitate formation of gel with a high LO content. The viscosity and injectability were slightly increased with higher LO content for the DH-loaded rosin-based in situ forming gel. The addition of 10% LO lowered gel hardness with higher adhesion. LO incorporation promoted a higher drug release pattern than the no oil-added formulation over 10 days and the gel formation rate related to burst drug release. The drug release kinetics followed the non-Fickian diffusion mechanism for oil-added formulations. LO exhibited high antimicrobial activity against Porphyromonas gingivalis and Staphylococcus aureus. The DH-loaded rosin in situ forming gel with an addition of LO (0, 2.5, 5, and 10% w/w) inhibited all tested microorganisms. Adding 10% LO to rosin-based in situ forming gel improved the antimicrobial activities, especially for the P. gingivalis and S. aureus. As a result, the study demonstrates the possibility of using an LO amount of less than 10% loading into a rosin-based in situ forming gel for efficient periodontitis treatment.

The effect of method, type of solvent and extraction time towards the yield of oil on essential oil extraction from lime peel (Citrus aurantifolia)

Essential oil is a volatile substance and has a distinctive scent that can be found on plants. Lime peel oil is one part of the plant which can be processed to make an essential oil so that it can be used as a natural fragrance in soap making. The purpose of this study is to produce essential oil from lime peel, which can be used as a substitute for synthetic fragrance ingredients in soap making. The other purpose is to obtain the optimum method, type of solvent, and the optimum extraction time to produce essential oil. The raw material used in this study is lime peel powder sized 50 mesh. The water content of raw material on lime peel powder is 76,5 %. The extraction method used in the research is maceration with stirring equal to 150 rpm and Soxhlet with extraction time for 6, 9, and 12 hours. In this study, the ratio of raw material to the solvent is 1:10, and the type of solvent used is hexane, ethanol, and distilled water. The result in this study shows that Soxhlet is the optimum method, which obtains yield equal to 6,15% for 12 using hexane as solvent.

Determine the components of Kaffir Lime Oil (Citrus Hystrix DC.) in the Microwave-assisted Extraction Process

Essential oils (EOs) are a complex element consisting of dozens to hundreds of compounds different. The essential characteristics of essential oils are governed by the main components of essential oils including oxygen monoterpen, hydrocarbon monoterpene, oxygen sesquiterpene, carbonylic compound, phenol, fatty acids and esters, which determine the primary aroma of essential oil. Kaffir lime EOs (Citrus hystrix DC; Rutaceae) is increasingly being used as a flavoring in perfume, cosmetic industries and food. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to extract essential oils from Kaffir lime to determine the components that create this fragrance. Kaffir lime EOs is obtained from 100g of fresh citrus peels of Citrus hystrix DC by microwave extraction method in 60 minutes and 450W power. The quality of Kaffir lime peel oil is assessed based on the chromatography of the compound present by the gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Shell analysis led to the identification of twenty-six compounds that make up 100% of the essential oil and yield is 6%. The main compounds in kaffir lime shells such as β-pinene (45.206%), α-pinene (2.365%), D-limonene (18.358%), citronellal (17.745%), terpinen-4-ol (4.9964%).

Valorization of Sweet Lime Peel for the Extraction of Essential Oil by Solvent Free Microwave Extraction Enhanced with Ultrasound Pretreatment.

Essential oils of sweet lime peel, a waste by-product in the juice industry, were extracted using the vacuum assisted solvent free microwave extraction (VASFME) method. The effects of microwave output power (500–1000 W) and extraction time (20–30 min) on the essential oils yield and antimicrobial property were investigated. Optimal conditions were observed at 797.844 W microwave output power and 30 min extraction time. The essential oils yield and antimicrobial property under these conditions were 0.792 ± 0.03% and 18.25 ± 1.45 mm, respectively, which agrees with the predicted values of 0.757% and 16.50 mm. The essential oils were extracted at optimized conditions and analyzed through GCMS for compound identification. A total of 49 compounds were identified, with limonene content (43.47%) being the highest among all sweet lime peel oil compounds. Moreover, the sweet lime peels were subjected to ultrasound pre-treatment before microwave extraction. The ultrasound pre-treatment helped to increase the essential oils yield from 0.84 to 1.06% as the treatment time increased from 30 to 90 min. The increase in yield was 37.66% more compared to VASFME at 90 min treatment time.

IDENTIFIKASI DAN MOLECULAR DOCKING KOMPONEN UTAMA MINYAK KULIT BUAH JERUK NIPIS SEBAGAI AGEN ANTIKANKER

Cancer is the highest cause of death in the world. This disease is known to have different regulations from other diseases. The development of drugs today is to target anticancer drugs on cancer regulation sites at Hallmark of Cancer. Lime (Citrus aurantifolia) is one type of Citrus (orange) which contains beneficial chemical compounds and active as anticancer agents. Lime peel is known to have bioactive content in the form of essential oils and flavonoids such as hesperidin and hesperitin. The content of this compound is closely related to anticancer activity. This study aims to identify the content of compounds in lime peel oil and the study of molecular docking silico in these compounds in protein that play a role in the regulation of cancer cells. Lime peel oil is obtained using the steam distillation method then analyzed using GC-MS to determine its constituent components to be analyzed in silico then using YASARA 10.1.8, MarvinSketch 15.4.20, and PLANTS software. The results showed that the main components of lime peel oil were d-limonen and beta-pinen with a percentage of 59.71% and 36.81%. In silico analysis shows that each of these compounds has an affinity greater than the native ligand on caspase-8 proteins (protein regulation of apoptosis). Based on these results it can be concluded, that the lime peel oil has the potential to be developed as an anticancer agent.

Performance, Combustion and Emission Characteristics of CI Engine Fueled with Sweet Lime Peel Oil (Citrus Limetta)

Abstract Fuels derived from biomass waste are of great interest because of their availability and renewable potential. Also, the depletion of fossil fuels and the subsequent search for new alternative fuels opened up a new arena of biomass research. Sweet lime oil (SLO), which is a waste biomass left from sweet lime fruit peel (Citrus limetta) contains flammable oil. The present work focuses on testing and promoting SLO as an alternative fuel in a diesel engine. Extracted SLO is blended with diesel in various proportions; the various test fuels used are a blend of 10 % SLO with 90 % neat diesel (denoted as SLO10), a blend of 20 % SLO with 80 % neat diesel (SLO20), a blend of 40 % SLO with 60 % neat diesel (SLO40), and 100 % SLO (SLO100). Experiments were conducted using a single-cylinder, constant speed, direct injection diesel engine at different load conditions. Outcomes were compared to conventional diesel fuel throughout the load. The results indicate that SLO100 has better results than the other test blends, with 33 % brake thermal efficiency. SLO diesel blends exhibited lower carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions with comparatively higher carbon dioxide emissions with respect to neat diesel fuel. Oxides of nitrogen are higher for all SLO blends, especially SLO100, compared to neat diesel. The peak cylinder pressure for SLO100 and the peak heat-release rate for SLO10 is greater than that of other test fuels. It was concluded that SLO100 can be used in a direct injection diesel engine without any engine modifications.

Toxicity of Essential Oils to Stored Product Pest and Application to Extrusion Coating Film for Extend Rice Storage Life

The toxicity of essential oils and wood vinegar was tested on stored-product insects that infest rice. The essential oils from 5 plants, lemon grass Cymbopogon citratus Stapf, citronella grass Cymbopogon nardus Linn, pomelo peel Citrus maxima (Burm) Merr, eucalyptus Eucalyptus globulus Labill, and kaffir lime peel Citrus hystrix, were extracted by stream distillation. Raw wood vinegar was purified by filtering. Toxicity to red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) was evaluated under laboratory conditions using topical application method (contact toxicity) and residual exposure method (fumigant toxicity). Overall, exposure to residual volatiles achieved higher mortality than droplet application. Kaffir lime peel achieved the highest mortality; 60% by topical application and 100% by residual exposure. A lower toxicity was found for lemon grass, citronella grass, eucalyptus and wood vinegar. Thereafter, kaffir lime peel oil extrusion coated onto plastic film that was used for storing packaged rice. Rice was stored in the bags for one month and pest infestations were quantified. The treatments showed no infestation of red flour beetle T. castaneum Herbst. Additional, the treatments showed significant protection against the 2 other stored product insects, including saw-toothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis L and rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae Linn. The results suggest that kaffir lime oil may be useful as a grain protectant against rice-infesting insects when used as a coating for bags made of extrusion film.

Studies on the Efficacy of Lime Peel Oil in Protecting Stored Maize against Adult Maize Weevils (Sitophilus zeamais: Motschulsky)

Studies on the Efficacy of Lime Peel Oil in Protecting Stored Maize against Adult Maize Weevils (Sitophilus zeamais: Motschulsky)

Volatile components, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Citrus acida var. sour lime peel oil

Essential oil of Citrus acida Roxb. var. sour lime was analyzed by GC–MS. Out of 59 components 18 were identified from their fragmentation pattern. Among the identified constituents, o-cymene (16.62%) was found as a major component followed by α-cedrene (10.57%), decadienal (8.043%), bisabolene (5.066%) and β-humelene (4.135%). Citronellyl acetate (2.371%), linalool acetate (2.371%), carvone (1.806%), decanone (1.474%), isopulegol acetate (1.296%), farnesol (1.254%), 4′-methoxyacetophenone (1.207%), and Δ-carene (1.070%) were found in minor quantities whereas α-terpineole (0.607%), dihydroxylinalool acetate (0.650%), cis-nerone (0.574%), caryophyllene oxide (0.433%), and 2,2-dimethyl-3,4-octadienal (0.375%) were found in minute amounts.The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of C. acida was determined by disc diffusion method, against different bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Salmonella typhymurium) and fungi (Aspergillus ficuum, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavis, Fusarium saloni, Fusarium oxysporum, Pencillium digitatum, Candida utilis). Maximum zone of inhibition was resulted against B. subtilis (22mm) followed by C. utilis (20mm) and B. cereus (19.8mm), whereas the minimum zone of inhibition was shown by P. digitatum (10mm). The inhibition zones, measured after 48h and 96h, showed that it is active against all tested bacteria and fungi. The results of antioxidant activity of essential oil of C. acida var. sour lime showed that it was able to reduce the stable radical DPPH to yellow-colored DPPH-H reaching 91.7% of DPPH scavenging effect comparative to ascorbic acid being a strong antioxidant reagent.

Óleo essencial de limão no ensino da cromatografia em camada delgada

This paper describes a simple experiment employing the essential oil of limes which can be applied in undergraduate organic chemistry laboratory classes for the teaching of thin layer chromatography (TLC). The experiment consists in submit lime peel oil to TLC separation employing hexane and dichloromethane as the eluents and five different systems for visualization of the chromatogram. In one experiment it is possible to teach the different variables of the TLC technique. This experiment may also be performed following vapor distillation and liquid-liquid extraction technique in experimental classes.

CLEAN PRODUCTION OF COMMERCIAL FREEZE-DRIED LIME POWDER FOR MEDICINAL HERB AND NUTRITIONAL HEALTH BENEFITS

Abstract Lime (Citrus aurantiforia Swingle) is one of the important medicinal herbs used in Thailand’s traditional medicine. Lime and its derivatives including lime juice, lime peel and lime oil provides a whole range of medicinal properties. Especially, d-limonin from lime oil is suggested to have cancer-chemopreventive and anticarcinogenic properties, making it a potential candidate for industrial production for use as a medicinal herb. Technology has already been developed in which freeze-dried lime powder retains the same quality of fresh lime juice. Freezedried lime powder processing in this study includes lime powder processing, lime oil extraction and lime peel processing. The designed production process has considered the wastes from lime powder production process, which are the peels after squeezing and filtering off seeds. The waste utilization process has been divided into two sequential processes. The first one is lime oil extraction, done by squeezing oil from the lime peels and grinding the seeds, followed by steam extraction. The second process is lime peel processing using the peels obtained from the first process for the production of pickled lime, lime jam, lime marmalade or sweet lime. The residue of the ground seed and other wastes from the extraction process can be used as biopesticides or fertilizers. This process resulted in zero discharge by the end of the process. The clean production on freeze-dried lime powder processing has been implemented by the Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, KMUTT. The results showed high productivity and low environmental impact. The preliminary study on financial analysis showed high feasibility for commercial production.

Ethylene- and Acetylene-Induced Degreening on the Composition of Kagzi Lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) Peel Oil

The peel oil from mature (dark green), ripe (full yellow) and degreened ‘kagzi’ lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) fruit was analyzed by capillary gas chromatography for the aroma composition. Degreening did not affect the peel oil content to any great extent. However, it affected the oil composition. The relative amounts of the major compounds—namely limonene, β-pinene and γ-terpinene—were found to be very similar to those of dark green and degreened fruits. The carbonyl compounds, n-decanal, neral and geranial, in degreened fruits showed proximity with that of ripe fruit.

Volatile constituents of Vietnamese pummelo, orange, tangerine and lime peel oils

AbstractThe compositions of Vietnamese pummelo (Citrus grandis Osbeck), orange (C. sinensis Osbeck), tangerine (C. reticulata Blanco var. tangerine) and lime (C. limonia Osbeck) peel oil samples have been investigated by GC and GC–MS. The essential oils were extracted by the cold‐pressing method. Hydrocarbons, followed by aldehydes and alcohols, were the most abundant compounds in all four kinds of samples. Their percentages, respectively, were >98.7%, >97.6%, >98.6% and >95.4% in hydrocarbons; >0.3%, 0.4%, >0.3% and 1.1% in total aldehydes; 0.2%, 0.5%, 0.4% and 0.7% in alcohols. In Vietnamese pummelo oil, γ‐terpinene was not detected, while terpinolene was detected in small amounts and nootkatone only at a level of <0.05%. Orange oil composition was comparable to that of other sweet orange oils. δ‐3‐Carene was detected at a level of 0.1%. Tangerine oil is easily distinguished from other citrus oils by its content of various aliphatic aldehydes. Lime oil presented a very different composition from the other oils studied. Its limonene content was substantially lower than that of pummelo, orange and tangerine oils, whereas γ‐terpinene, β‐pinene and α‐pinene occurred in higher proportions, moreover, the sesquiterpene hydrocarbon fraction of this oil is qualitatively more complex and quantitatively more abundant than in the other oils. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Mandarin and Lime Peel Oil Processing by Supercritical CO2 Desorption: Deterpenation and High Molecular Weight Compounds Elimination

Desorption of mandarin and lime peel oils from a polar adsorbent was performed by supercritical CO2 to selectively eliminate terpene hydrocarbons and high molecular weight compounds (like paraffins, coumarins, psoralens and polymethoxyflavones) thus improving the oil quality. Peel oil fractionation was obtained starting the desorption process at 40°C temperature and 75 bar pressure and by stepwise increasing pressure to 85 and 100 bar. Three fractions were characterized by GC/MS analysis: terpenic fraction, deterpenated fraction and residue. The content of oxygenated compounds in the deterpenated fraction was 43 times higher than in the crude oil in the case of mandarin and three times higher in the case of lime oil. Coumarins, psoralens, polymethoxyflavones and waxes contained in the starting material were also identified in the mandarin residue fraction.

Analysis and Chemistry of Distilled Lime Oil (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle)

Distilled Key lime oil (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) from Mexico has been analyzed by GC/MS and GC/FT-IR with cryofocusing capability. A total of 98 compounds have been identified. Thirty-three of these have not been reported previously for distilled Key lime oil. Quantitative data based on internal standard and response factors is presented for distilled lime oil and compared to cold pressed lime peel oil. Additional insights into the complex chemistry that takes place during distilled lime oil production are discussed.

Fumigant Toxicity of Citruspeel Oils against Adult and Immature Stages of Storage Insect Pests

The biological action of citruspeel oils was shown to depend on a strong fumigant action. Bioassays conducted in air-tight glass chambers showed that all the six citrus oils tested had vapour toxicity towards adults of Callosobruchus maculatus F., Sitophilus zeamais Motsch. and Dermestes maculatus Deg. The 24-h LC50 value of limepeel oil (a typical citrus oil) vapour against C. Maculatus was 7·99 μl litre−1 which made it 1·5 and 1·6 times less toxic against the smaller S. zeamais and the larger D. maculatus adult insects. When immature stages were fumigated, limepeel oil vapour had 24-h LC50 values of 7·8 and 21·5 μl litre−1 against eggs of C. maculatus and D. maculatus respectively, and 9·1, 17·8 and 23·1, 23·9 μl litre−1 against early larvae, pupae of C. maculatus and late larvae, pupae of D. maculatus respectively. X-ray studies showed that fumigated C. maculatus larvae within cowpea grains died immediately without further development. The bioactivities of five other citruspeel oils were similar to that of limepeel oil. Bioassays showed that sorption of citruspeel oil fumes occurred in the presence of grains or strips of dried fish, and that this tended to reduce the amount available for fumigant action outside the materials. The problems presented by sorption may hinder the development of citrus oils into practical fumigants for large-scale treatments of stored commodities.