Lime Citrus Research Articles

Utilization of waste citrus limetta peel for the green synthesis of iron catalyst and its subsequent application in fluidized-bed Fenton-like process for environmental sustainable treatment of organic pollutant

This work focuses on the environmental friendly synthesis of an iron-based catalyst utilizing extract from waste citrus limetta peels. The main objective is to encourage the sustainable use of bio-waste materials in catalytic processes. This innovative method demonstrates the efficacy of bio-derived materials in catalysis by removing the need for hazardous chemicals. The green-synthesized catalyst was analyzed using many characterization methods, including X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). These analyzed results give insightful information on the physicochemical properties of green-synthesized catalysts. Furthermore, the prepared catalyst was utilized in a fluidized-bed reactor to facilitate the Fenton degradation of dye effluent, with a specific focus on the commonly used Eosin yellow (EY) dye. The iron catalyst derived from plant-based waste material accomplished an impressive 98% degradation of EY within a 90-minute time frame under optimized working conditions, using a minimal quantity of catalyst. An in-depth analysis was conducted to study the kinetics and process mass transfer in order to improve the comprehension of catalytic processes occurring in the fluidized-bed reactor. The Fenton decomposition of dye effluent is likely to be explained by first-order reaction kinetics. Additionally, confirmed enhanced catalytic durability and decreased deactivation of surface sites of the prepared catalyst after three consecutive oxidation cycles. These findings underscore the potential of this approach in sustainable wastewater treatment, highlighting both its efficiency and cost-effectiveness.

The potential role of gibberellic acid in regulating photosynthetic pigments, fruit quality and antioxidant enzymes in sweet lime Citrus limetta Risso

The potential role of gibberellic acid in regulating photosynthetic pigments, fruit quality and antioxidant enzymes in sweet lime Citrus limetta Risso

The Impact of Polydimethylsiloxane as a Herbicide Adjuvant for Weed Control in the Lime Citrus × aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle Plot

The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) CH3[Si(CH3)2O]nSi(CH3)3 as an adjuvant in bioherbicides and synthetic herbicides (chemicals) for weed (Johnson grass S. halepense and star grass Cynodon sp.) management in the lime plot. A total of 20 treatments were conducted, which included bioherbicides and synthetic herbicides, each with three replications, the dose was 50% more polydimethylsiloxane and 100% according to the product label. The experimental design was a randomized block design, with a factorial arrangement with three factors: A (products) with 10 levels, B (adjuvants) with 2 levels and C (evaluation dates) with 5 levels, each block consisted of an area of 5 m by 4 m. The assessment was carried out periodically, every week (5 evaluations), the scale proposed by EWRS was used. The results were in percentages and a 3-factor factor analysis was performed, where A (products) = 10 levels, B (adjuvants) = 2 levels and C (evaluation dates) = 5 levels, and the mean comparison test with Tukey (α ≤ 0.05), using SAS software. According to the results obtained, a significant difference is only presented between factors A (products) and B (adjuvants) (P < .0001). In factor A, the highest levels in weed control were glyphosate, diuron + carfentrazone and ammonium glufosinate with an average of 80.8, 74.0 and 70.8%, respectively. Regarding the interaction between the factors, only the A*B factors were present (P < .0001), only in the glyphosate, BH2 and diuron were the treatments with the highest interaction when using the 50% dose + polydimethylsiloxane as an adjuvant at a dose of 2 ml per 1 L of water with 76.2, 72.93 and 71.33%, respectively. The date when the treatments had the highest weed control effect was at the second and third week. These results underline the effect of polydimethylsiloxane to optimize the use of herbicides, not only in combination with chemical herbicides, but also with bioherbicides, offering an efficient and economic alternative for weed management (Johnson grass S. halepense and star grass Cynodon sp.).

Sweet lime peel biomass derived nano-cellulose for dye removal: Kinetics, thermodynamics, optimization and toxicity studies

Sweet lime peel biomass derived nano-cellulose for dye removal: Kinetics, thermodynamics, optimization and toxicity studies

Development of Biodegradable Tapioca Starch Films Incorporating Green Synthesized Zinc oxide Nanoparticles for Enhanced Preservation and Packaging of Sweet lime Segments: A Study of Their Physical and Antimicrobial Properties

Development of Biodegradable Tapioca Starch Films Incorporating Green Synthesized Zinc oxide Nanoparticles for Enhanced Preservation and Packaging of Sweet lime Segments: A Study of Their Physical and Antimicrobial Properties

Simple, Effective Synthesis of CuO Nanoparticles Using Citrus Limetta Extract and its Characterisation

Simple, Effective Synthesis of CuO Nanoparticles Using Citrus Limetta Extract and its Characterisation

Assessment of postharvest quality attributes and storability of sweet lime (Citrus limonia) var. Rangpur: a comparative investigation of conventional and indigenous organic cultivation in Andhra Pradesh, India

Assessment of postharvest quality attributes and storability of sweet lime (Citrus limonia) var. Rangpur: a comparative investigation of conventional and indigenous organic cultivation in Andhra Pradesh, India

Valorisation of Citrus limetta peel for Aspergillus terreus FP6 mediated pectinase fermentation and application in grape juice clarification

ObjectivesThe present investigation highlights the process parameters influencing the pectinase fermentation by a newly isolated Aspergillus terreus using valorised agro-wastes and determination of the efficacy of the pectinase in grape juice clarification. MethodsThe fungal pectinase was produced under submerged fermentation with the optimisation of carbon and nitrogen sources, initial pH of the medium, inoculum load, incubation time and effect of agitation. The pectinase was later used for the clarification of grape juice and improvement of its total phenolic content. Results and ConclusionsMedium supplemented with sweet lime peel and yeast extract (1 % w/v), at initial pH 6.0, when incubated for 72 h under agitated conditions favoured the highest pectinase production by the fungal culture. Following the pectinase action for 1 and 3 h, the grape juice clarification percentages and total phenolic content were 34.21 %, 69.54 %, 3004, and 3484 mg GAE/L, respectively. The results highlight the valorisation of sweet lime peel for the industrial production of fungal pectinase. The study pronounces the cost-effective pectinase fermentation due to the fungi’s non-fastidious nutritional requirement and ubiquitous nature. The increase in the grape juice clarification and total phenolic content following the A. terreus FP6 pectinase treatment was significantly superior to similar commercial enzyme formulations. The result advocates the candidature of the enzyme in the beverage industry, where it can help mediate a greener approach for fruit juice clarification.

Novel neuropharmacological activity of citrus lime (Citrus aurantifolia): A standardized lime peel supplement enhances non-rapid eye movement sleep by activating the GABA type A receptor

Polyphenols have been well-established to exert sedative-hypnotic effects in psychopharmacology. Lime (Citrus aurantifolia) peel is rich in biologically active polyphenols; however, the effects of lime peel extract on sleep have not yet been demonstrated. A comparison was conducted in mice, between the sleep-promoting effects of a standardized lime peel supplement (SLPS) and a well-known hypnotic drug, zolpidem, and its hypnotic mechanism was investigated using in vivo and in vitro assays. The effects of SLPS on sleep were assessed using a pentobarbital-induced sleep test and sleep architecture analysis based on recording electroencephalograms and electromyograms. Additionally, a GABAA receptor binding assay, electrophysiological measurements, and in vivo animal models were used to elucidate the hypnotic mechanism. SLPS (200 and 400 mg/kg) was found to significantly decrease sleep latency and increase the amount of non-rapid eye movement sleep without altering delta activity. The hypnotic effects of SLPS were attributed to its flavonoid-rich ethyl acetate fraction. SLPS had a binding affinity to the GABA-binding site of the GABAA receptor and directly activated the GABAA receptors. The hypnotic effects and GABAA receptor activity of SLPS were completely blocked by bicuculline, a competitive antagonist of the GABAA receptor, in both in vitro and in vivo assays. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to demonstrate the hypnotic effects of SLPS, which acts via the GABA-binding site of the GABAA receptor. Our results suggest that lime peel, a by-product abundantly generated during juice processing, can potentially be used as a novel sedative-hypnotic.

Biosynthesis of Ag‐CuO Nanocomposites: Efficient Catalyst for the Synthesis of Schiff Bases, Photodegradation of Congo Red Dye and Their Cytotoxicity Evaluation on MCF‐7 Cell Line

ABSTRACTAmid growing environmental concerns and the need for a sustainable future, green synthetic methodologies are gaining popularity for their simplicity and nontoxicity. In pursuit of the eco‐friendly synthesis of nanomaterials, the study reports an innovative synthesis of Ag‐CuO nanocomposites via the coprecipitation method utilizing Citrus limetta fruit juice extract as the bioreductant and stabilizing agent. The morphological and structural characteristics of the fabricated nanocomposites were evaluated by ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV–vis DRS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Raman and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analyses. The nanocomposites were crystalline with particle sizes ranging from 15 to 24 nm and exhibited spherical and rod‐like shapes. The band gap value and specific surface area of the nanocomposites were found to be 1.5 eV and 25.50 m2/g, respectively. The photoluminescence (PL) analysis and electrochemical studies revealed significant charge separation and effective charge migration behaviour of the nanocomposites, respectively. The nanocomposites effectively catalysed the synthesis of Schiff bases from aryl aldehydes and aromatic amines at room temperature and without solvents. The reactions proceeded in a brief time with excellent product yields, and the nanocatalyst retained its activity for five consecutive cycles. The nanocomposites also efficiently catalysed the photodegradation of Congo red dye under visible light. A significant degradation of 94.33% was attained in 55 min, and the nanocatalyst maintained its efficacy over four consecutive reaction cycles. Moreover, the nanocomposites exhibited notable anticancer properties against the MCF‐7 (human breast) cell line, demonstrating a remarkable cytotoxicity rate of 87.79%. The findings highlight the efficacy of the biosynthesized nanocomposites in catalysis, environmental remediation and biological applications.

Fabrication and characterization of a composite material from polymer matrix using citrus limetta fiber

Natural fibers, known for their excellent mechanical properties, non-abrasiveness, affordability, high specific strength, environmental friendliness, and biodegradability, are increasingly being considered as potential replacements for synthetic fibers like glass and carbon. This study investigates the use of Citrus limetta peel fibers to develop and characterize a polymer matrix composite. The fibers were extracted, purified, and coated with epoxy resin, then developed into composites using the hand layup method and cured in an oven. Mechanical tests, including hardness, impact, tensile strength, and compression strength, were conducted to assess the composites. The results showed that fiber reinforcement significantly enhanced mechanical stability, with compression strength and ultimate tensile strength reaching 231.39 MPa and 22.68 MPa, respectively. Microstructural analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and moisture absorption tests were also performed. Additionally, Ansys workbench software was utilized for further analysis. The study concludes that Citrus limetta peel fibers are a viable reinforcement material for polymer matrix composites, offering enhanced mechanical properties. This research is relevant for applications in industries seeking sustainable and high-performance composite materials.

Biodiesel Synthesis from Coconut Oil Using the Ash of Citrus limetta Peels as a Renewable Heterogeneous Catalyst

Biodiesel Synthesis from Coconut Oil Using the Ash of Citrus limetta Peels as a Renewable Heterogeneous Catalyst

Green valorization approach of Citrus limetta peels by ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction for recovery of dietary fibers: Optimization, physicochemical, structural, functional, and thermal properties

Green valorization approach of Citrus limetta peels by ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction for recovery of dietary fibers: Optimization, physicochemical, structural, functional, and thermal properties

Hydrothermal synthesis of carbon quantum dots from Citrus limetta peels: Exploration of pH sensing, non-hemolytic activity and thermoluminescent properties

This study introduces a novel hydrothermal green method for synthesized carbon quantum dots (CQDs) using dried powders of Citrus limetta peels as a carbon source. The synthesized CQDs were evaluated for their photothermal response, pH sensing under various conditions and biocompatibility through non-hemolytic activity. CQDs had low crystallinity and an average size of 3 nm, ranging from 1 to 6 nm. CQDs have biocompatible properties, which makes them suitable for developing pH sensors. The study also revealed that the temperature of CQDs increases up to 37 °C under laser light irradiation of 808 nm, which might have potential applications in the biomedical field.

Exploring dietary habits: a study of food consumption patterns among school children aged 10-16 in Mysuru

Background: Diet plays an important role in the growth and development of children. Poor diet in children in Mysuru is linked to future health risks. This study examines the eating habits of children aged 10-16 years to create better food recommendations for children in preventing future consequences. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Mysuru district. Data from 126 students aged 10-16 years from 2 schools were collected using A semi-structured food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) on dietary intake developed based on a 24-hour recall method and included items on demographic data, frequency of meal consumption in different food categories, and food frequency data. Anthropometric measurements were done. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. Results: Among the students, most consume rice and idli daily; dosa and khichdi frequently. Pasta, puffed rice, and legumes are less common. Milk and milk products vary, with coffee/tea and paneer often consumed once a month. Fruits like apples, bananas, and grapes are consumed twice a week, while sweet lime, mango, and orange are mostly monthly. Boiled eggs and chicken are often bi-weekly; fish, beef, red meat, and prawns/crab are mostly consumed once a month or less. Biscuits and gobi are frequently consumed weekly; cakes, French fries, samosas, pizza, and chocolates are mainly consumed monthly. Conclusions: This study observes the dietary habits of Mysuru students (aged 10-16), to understand nutritional status and frequency of food consumption aiding targeted interventions to promote healthier eating and reduce chronic disease risk.

Ca-doped ZnO nanoparticles for MB dye degradation and adsorptive removal of tinidazole.

Industrial dye degradation involves several processes by which dyes are broken down, ideally into innocuous products. Methylene blue (MB) is one of the most commonly employed dyes in the textile industry and is released into water in routine industry processes. These discharges lead to creating a nocuous nature for humans and animals. Drugs are also discharged into water bodies from various pharmaceutical industries. In these two contexts, in the present work, the green synthesis of calcium-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles (Ca-doped ZnO NPs) is achieved using the aqueous peel extract of Citrus limetta by the solution combustion technique. The structural, morphological, and optical properties of the synthesized Ca-doped ZnO NPs are investigated using XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDX, and UV-visible spectroscopy. The prepared NPs were subjected to photocatalytic degradation of MB dye under visible-light illumination, which shows ~ 95% dye degradation. The synthesized Ca-doped ZnO NPs were also employed to adsorb tinidazole (TDZ), a nitroimidazole antibiotic, from water samples. An excellent adsorptive capacity of the NPs was observed for selectively adsorbing the TDZ ~ 96.2%. The drug TDZ was found to have pseudo-second-order kinetics. The catalyst recycling proved its repeatability; removal of the dye reached up to 92% after three successive usages. Therefore, using waste Citrus limetta peel extract, the multifunctional Ca-doped ZnO NPs were synthesized, which maintained effective adsorption potential and photocatalytic abilities and could be used as an effective material for environmental remediation.

Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Citrus Limetta

One of the most common fruit crops grown in tropical and subtropical areas is Citrus limetta. Upon processing, about40-47% percent of the fruit's non-edible mass is discarded as waste that impacts the environment. The aromatic compounds calledessential oils (EOs) are concentrated in oil glands found in leaves, flowers, and fruit peels. The study's primary objective was toevaluate the biological activity of fresh and heated peels extracted essential oil from Citrus limetta (CLEO). The study emphasizedthe determination of bioactive compounds from the CLEO antioxidant and antimicrobial activity assessment. CLEO's main volatilecomponent was D-Limonene in both oils, with RA (%) values of 44.14 and 77.50 in fresh and heated peel oil, respectively. Theantioxidant activity was comparable to the standard used for ascorbic. The activity (%) reached its highest (83±1.53%) at theconcentration of of100μL/mL for fresh peel oil, which is higher than the heated peel oil. Comparative antimicrobial activity wasdetermined to assess the effects of CLEO against ten bacterial pathogens, which implies that seven pathogens were significantlysensitive against heated oil. The current findings suggest that CLEO could be an impressive natural source with significant potentialto show good biological activity in both fresh and treated forms. A complex composition with approximately 20 components inCitrus limetta essential oil has been scientifically proven beneficial in aromatherapy, medications, beverages, food color enhancers,and aromatic-nature infusions for personal health care.

Bioaccumulation and Health Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Metals in Citrus Limetta & Citrus Sinensis Irrigated by Wastewater.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of different irrigation sources on the levels of potentially toxic metals (Cd, Cr, Fe and Mn) in the edibles of citrus fruits (Citrus sinensis and Citrus limetta). The samples of fruit, soil and water were collected from two locations (fresh water irrigated-FW I and sewage water irrigated-SW II) within the city of Sargodha. The samples utilized in the study for metal analysis were prepared utilizing the wet acid digestion method. Metal determination was performed using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). The potentially toxic metal values in the citrus samples ranged from 0.010 to 0.063, 0.015 to 0.293, 6.691 to 11.342 and 0.366 to 0.667mg/kg for Cd, Cr, Fe and Mn, respectively. Analysis of Citrus limetta and Citrus sinensis indicated that the highest concentration of Cr, Fe and Mn is observed at the sewage water irrigation site (SW-II), whilst the minimum levels of Cr, Fe and Mn were observed at the fresh water irrigation site (FW-I). The results show that the levels of these metals in soil and fruit samples meet the acceptable guidelines outlined by USEPA and WHO. It was found that the metal pollution constitutes a potential threat to human health due to the HRI values for Cd, Cr, and Fe being above 1, despite the DIM values being below 1. Regular monitoring of vegetables irrigated with wastewater is highly recommended in order to minimise health risks to individuals.

Quantitative and qualitative characterization of Moroccan citrus lime accessions

Quantitative and qualitative characterization of Moroccan citrus lime accessions

ARCHITECTURE OF BIKANER: DEVELOPMENT AND IMPACT OF DIFFERENT STYLE

one of the most beautiful & interesting centers of later Indian art, Bikaner, is the place where one can see a number of monuments constructed during span of time. Bikaner was established in the year 1488 and was ruled by several rulers to be precise 22 rulers after the demise of Rao Bika, the founder of the state. Maharaja Rai Singh, Gaj Singh, Surat Singh, Ratan Singh, Dungar Singh & Ganga Sing were few other predominant rulers of Bikaner who played a key role in the development of architecture in the state. The rulers of Bikaner constructed Junagarh fort (Maharaja Rai Singh), gaudy temples, palaces such as Lalgarh palace (Maharaja Ganga Singh), chattries or cenotaphs etc. It would not be out of place to mention the fact that it was rich & effluent class of Bikaner who predominantly contributed towards construction of major temples and all the Havelis. Although Bikaner does not have any specialized form of architecture of its own but comprises of Rajput, Muslim, Indo-Islamic combination of architecture and also found are some impacts of regional style such as Gujrati, Bengali, Jain, Buddhist and British style of architecture. For construction purpose the materials mainly used was red stone along with yellow Jaisalmer stone, white marble and for plastering bajri, roda, pieces of stones, sweet lime stone and raw & baked bricks were used. The artists & masons of Bikaner were both Hindu & Muslim, therefore, for ambience we found the impact of both religious architectural features, ornamentation and motifs in major.