Lilium Cernuum Research Articles

Introduction of Floral Scent Traits into Asiatic Hybrid Lilies (Unscented) by Crossbreeding with <i>Lilium cernuum</i> (Scented)

Although a strong floral scent is typical of hybrid lilies, Asiatic hybrid lilies (Lilium spp.) have only a weak scent. Therefore, developing new cultivars with pleasant floral scents is an important objective in Asiatic hybrid lily breeding programs. Among the wild species contributing to Asiatic hybrid lily establishment, L. cernuum has a characteristic scent that the nose can perceive. We crossed Asiatic hybrid lily cultivars twice with L. cernuum to introduce floral scent traits into Asiatic hybrid lilies, and scent emission in the F1 plants and their progeny lines was evaluated instrumentally. Flowers of L. cernuum emitted benzenoids/phenylpropanoids (mainly 2-phenylethanol and benzaldehyde), monoterpenes (predominantly linalool and linalool oxides), and a fatty acid (iso-valeric acid). Lilium cernuum gave off unpleasant odors mainly because of iso-valeric acid emission. The F1 flowers also emitted these three chemical classes. Among the lines derived from the crosses between Asiatic hybrid lily cultivars and the F1 plant, lines that emitted all three chemical classes and lines that released one or two of the three chemical classes were segregated, and some lines emitted benzenoids/phenylpropanoids or terpenoids without emitting fatty acids. We successfully selected elite breeding lines that predominantly emitted pleasant scents. Therefore, this study demonstrated the introduction of pleasant scent production capability into Asiatic hybrid lilies using interspecific hybridization with L. cernuum.

White with partially pink flower color in Lilium cernuum var. album is caused by transcriptional regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes

Lilium cernuum is among the most important wild species used for the breeding of Asiatic hybrid lilies. Two flower-color types are included in L. cernuum: the entire tepals are pink in the selected common type, whereas var. album flowers develop white tepals with partially pink regions. To understand the mechanisms creating the white with partially pink tepals, expression of genes related to anthocyanin biosynthesis was investigated. Although the amounts of anthocyanin pigments were considerably lower in the tepals of var. album than in those of the common type, they both expressed the identical LcMYB12 transcription factor gene. We found this gene to positively regulate the expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes in the transient assay (agroinfiltration) using tobacco leaves. Expression levels of LcMYB12 and anthocyanin biosynthesis genes were lower in var. album than in the common type. Thus, down-regulation of LcMYB12 expression is likely to be the main reason for the creation of the white with partially colored tepals. The var. album also possessed a non-functional allele of LcMYB12, LcMYB12-del, in which the C-terminal region was truncated. However, the segregation analysis conducted using F1 plants derived from the crosses between the common type and var. album indicated that LcMYB12-del expression was not correlated with tepal colors. Lilium cernuum developed tiny spots at the base of its tepals. In addition to LcMYB12, LcMYBSPLATTER was expressed at the spot-containing tepal region. Because the LcMYBSPLATTER sequence was very similar to the sequence of LhMYBSPLATTER (formerly LhMYB12-Latvia) regulating the pigmentation at splatter-type anthocyanin spots, LhMYBSPLATTER in Asiatic hybrid lilies is likely to have been derived from L. cernuum.

Autopolyploid induction via somatic embryogenesis in Lilium distichum Nakai and Lilium cernuum Komar

New ornamental varieties of high quality can be created via artificial polyploid induction. In the present study, the first system of polyploid induction with somatic embryogenesis of Lilium distichum Nakai and Lilium cernuum Komar. was developed. Somatic embryos were cultured on MS with 0.41 μmol L−1 picloram and 1.07 μmol L−1 NAA by scales (5 mm2). After 40 days, somatic embryos were transferred to MS with 2.21 μmol L−1 BA for somatic embryogenesis. As determined from observations of paraffin sections, embryonic cells of L. distichum originated from outer cells at first, and somatic embryogenesis occurred through an indirect pathway. In L. cernuum, embryonic cells originated from inner cells at first, and somatic embryogenesis occurred through a direct pathway. Polyploids were successfully formed from somatic embryos and scales by the soaking and mixed culture methods with different colchicine concentrations (0.01%, 0.05%, and 0.1%; v/v) and durations (24, 48, and 72 h). The polyploid induction rate reached 57.14% and 46.15% with 0.05% colchicine treatment in L. distichum (48 h) and L. cernuum (24 h), respectively. Tetraploids (28.57% and 23.08%) and aneuploids without chimeras among the obtained polyploid plantlets were identified by chromosome counts of root-tip tissue squashes in L. distichum and L. cernuum. Tetraploid plantlets of L. distichum exhibited broader leaves, longer guard cells, larger stomata and higher stomatal conductance than diploid plantlets. Tetraploid plantlets of L. cernuum showed 1.76 × higher chlorophyll content, significantly more leaves, longer guard cells, larger stomata and lower stomatal conductance than diploid plantlets. For the first time, we established a somatic embryogenesis system for L. distichum and L. cernuum using somatic embryos and scales to induce polyploids by soaking and mixed culture. Combinations of colchicine concentrations and periods of time were compared to select the best treatment combination. Comprehensive morphological observations, stomatal observations and root-tip tissue squashes were used to identify the ploidy of doubling plants. Our results provide a foundation for improving the ornamental value of two wild lily species, creating new Lilium germplasm and improving the reproduction coefficient of these resources.

Genetic diversity of Lilium cernuum in China by ISSR markers and morphological variations

Information on genetic diversity and population structure is currently lacking for populations of Lilium cernuum in China, yet it's needed to inform conservation efforts and breeding programs, and to promote commercialization. In this study, we use molecular markers of inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and morphological traits to characterize the genetic diversity of L. cernuum sampled from eight populations in northeastern China. The total percentage of polymorphic bands was 91.14%, the Nei's genetic diversity index was 0.26, Shannon's information index was 0.41, and the coefficient of gene differentiation among populations was 0.13. Genetic differentiation within populations was much higher than among populations. The phylogenic patterns of populations revealed by molecular markers were not strictly correlated with the geographical position or the characteristics of sites.

Micropropagation and bulblet transplantation of Lilium cernuum

Micropropagation and bulblet transplantation of <i>Lilium cernuum</i>

FIRST REPORT OF A GRAY MOLD ON LILIUM CERNUUM KOMAR.

Lilium cernuum Komar. a rare Lilium purple species, is a perennial herb, low in height and fragrant, pale purple-red tepals, with deep purple spots toward base (Wang and Tang, 1980). In September 2012, gray mold symptoms were seen for the first time in Benxi City. In August 2013, the disease had spread up to Liaoning Province. Symptoms initially appeared as yellowish brown to reddish-brown water-soaked spots which enlarged and developed into oval, round or large irregular spots, with identifiable borders. For pathogen identification, leaf pieces (3 to 5 mm) including both symptomatic and healthy tissue, were surface-disinfected in 75% ethanol for 5 s, and in 0.1% aqueous mercuric chloride for 1 min,,rinsed with sterilized water three times, and incubated on potato dextrose agar at 25°C for 14 days in darkness. Single spore isolates were obtained from individual conidia. Isolates grown on synthetic nutrient agar in slide cultures, produced hyphae clusters, straight and dark gray with a few branches and separating membranes of 20-25 µm, and colorless conidia, circular or elliptical, nearly obtuse or slightly tipped at the top, 10-15 µm × 5-10 µm in size. Conidiophores germinated in one or two ends or intermediately with more slender germ tubes. Based on morphological characterization the fungus was tentatively identified as B. cinerea (Coley-Smith et al., 1980). For molecular identification, internal transcribed spacer region was amplified by PCR using ITS1 and ITS4 primers and sequenced (GenBank accession No. KU951145), The sequence showed 100% similarity with an undescribed B. cinerea species isolated from deep sea fungi in Xiamen, Fujian, China (KP003819). To fulfill Koch's postulates, eight 1-year-old seedlings were inoculated with conidial suspensions (107 conidia ml-1 ) and incubated under moist conditions for 3 to 4 days at 25°C. All leaf spots developed on inoculated leaves were similar to those observed in the field. B.cinerea was recovered from the lesions and its identity was confirmed by morphological and molecular analyses. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first confirmed report of B.cinerea in Lilium cernuum Komar. in China, causing a disease with economical impact.

한북정맥에 분포하는 관속식물상 - 광덕산, 청계산, 죽엽산을 중심으로 -

This study was carried out to offer the basic data for establishing the management plan and constructing the ecological data by surveying and analysing the flora distributed in main survey sites(Mt. Gwangdeok, Mt. Cheonggye and Mt. Jukyeop), Hanbuk-Jeongmaek. The flora were summarized, numbering 659 taxa including 99 families, 341 genera, 575 species, 4 subspecies, 69 varieties and 11 forms. The rare plants were 16 taxa including Tylophora floribunda, Hanabusaya asiatica, Lilium cernuum, Belamcanda chinensis and so forth. The Korean endemic plants were 24 taxa including Salix koriyanagi, Aconitum pseudolaeve, Clematis trichotoma, Hosta minor and so forth. The specific plants by floristic region were 95 taxa including 32 taxa of grade I, 31 taxa of grade II, 25 taxa of grade III, 5 taxa of grade IV and 2 taxa of grade V. The naturalized plants were 38 taxa including Fallopia dumetorum, Silene armeria, Cosmos bipinnatus, Poa pratensis and so forth. The invasive alien plants were 4 taxa including Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Ambrosia trifida, Aster pilosus and Eupatorium rugosum.

The complete chloroplast genome of Lilium cernuum: genome structure and evolution

Lilium cernuum is endangered and was listed in the category of key protected wild plants in China. In this study, we report the complete chloroplast genome of L. cernuum using Illumina paired-end sequencing. The entire chloroplast genome maps as a circular molecule of 152,604 bp built with a quadripartite organization: two inverted repeats (IRs) of 26,481 bp separated by a large single copy (LSC) sequence of 82,058 bp and a small single copy (SSC) sequence of 17,584 bp. The chloroplast genome contains the conservative structure present in most Liliaceae chloroplasts composing of 79 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNAs and 4 rRNAs. Among these genes, 15 harbor a single intron, and 2 contain a couple of introns. A maximum likelihood phylogenomic analysis showed that L. cernuum was closely related to L. tsingtauense and L. hansonii that belonged to the family Liliaceae.

Phytosociological Vegetation Classification and Flora for the Mid-west Coast in Korea

우리나라 중 · 서부 서해안의 현존 해안식생을 ZM 식물사회학적 방법으로 종조성에 의해 분석하였다. 분석된 식생유형에서 산림식생은 곰솔군락군에서 윤노리나무군락으로 구분되었고, 윤노리나무군락에서 까마귀머루군과 노린재나무군이, 떡갈나무군락에서 소사나무군과 상산군이 구분되었다. 점이지대식생은 모감주나무군락군이 구분되었으며, 모감주나무군락군에서 시무나무군과 전형군이 구분되었다. 해안사구식생군락군은 갯메꽃군락군으로 분류되었고, 갯메꽃군락군에서 갯그령군락으로 구분되었으며, 갯그령군락에서 갯방풍군과 순비기나무소군과 전형군으로 구분되었고, 갯방풍군에서 갯잔디군이 구분되었다. 전체 식생단위중 염생식물군락군은 칠면초군락군이 구분되었고, 호소식생으로는 연(Nelumbo nucifera)군락군이 구분되었다.BR 또한, 중부서해안 해안식생의 현존식물상은 34목90과 391속의 345종 2아종, 40변종, 4품종으로 391종이 출현하였다. 전체적으로 해안산지식생의 식물종수가 많이 나타났고, 해안사구와 점이지대는 상대적으로 식물의 출현종수가 많지 않았다. 환경부지정 멸종위기 식물로는 솔나리가 태안 안면지역의 산지에서 출현하였고, 희귀식물로는 모감주나무, 먹넌출, 통발, 땅나리, 솔나리, 새우난초, 고란초, 갯방풍, 물질경이, 지치, 뻐꾹나리, 옥녀꽃대, 노랑팽나무, 갯지치 등이 서천지역과 태안지역에서 출현하였다. 중부서해안의 특산식물로는 외대으아리, 새끼노루귀, 고광나무, 해변싸리 등이 있었고, 귀화식물은 나도닭의덩굴, 닭의덩굴, 애기수영, 소리쟁이, 흰명아주, 미국자리공, 다닥냉이 등 총 26종, 귀화율 6.90%로 출현식물 대부분이 해안사구지역에 많이 나타났는데, 이는 주변 해수욕장과 휴양지의 인위적인 교란으로 귀화식물의 침입이 용이하기 때문으로 판단되며(오등, 2005b), 특별한 관리가 이루어지지 않으면 앞으로 귀화식물의 종과 개체수는 계속 늘어날 것으로 판단된다. 또한 본 연구결과 조사된 쉬나무나 모감주나무는 뉴질랜드에서 생산되는 ‘마누카’꿀보다 우수한 항산화활성을 갖는 밀원식물이다(김, 2012). 이에 본 연구는 국내 해안에 서식하는 재생식물자원을 이용한 밀원수종을 활용하여 고부가가치를 갖는 기능성 벌꿀생산등 양봉농가의 소득 다원화에도 기여하게 될 것으로 기대된다.

Large effective population sizes and high levels of gene flow between subpopulations of Lilium cernuum (Liliaceae)

The Baekdudaegan, a mountain range that runs north to south along the Korean Peninsula, has been suggested to harbor important glacial refugia for boreal and temperate plant species. A series of allozyme-based genetic studies supports this trend. A large effective population size (Ne) is suggested as one of major factors contributing to maintaining moderate or high levels of within-population genetic variation in these plant species. To test this hypothesis, we examined the levels and patterns of allozyme diversity, tested recent bottlenecks, and estimated recent migration rates in 10 subpopulations (collected within a distance of ca. 640 m) of the boreal Lilium cernuum at Mt. Deokhang, in the central part of the Baekdudaegan. We found high levels of within-population genetic variation as well as a low between-population genetic differentiation (He = 0.206 and FST = 0.019). Based on the FST estimate and mean recent migration rate, we approximately calculated a total effective population size of 508 across 10 subpopulations. Consistent with this, we found no evidence of recent bottlenecks in the subpopulations. This study reveals that subpopulations of L. cernuum at Mt. Deokhang are effectively large (on the order of hundreds), and that high levels of gene flow occur among them, probably due to the species' high potential for seed dispersal. These demographic and life-history traits, coupled with its high levels of genetic diversity, suggests that this cold-adapted species would have found large refugial areas in these mountains (i.e., macrorefugia) during the Last Glacial Maximum.

INVESTIGATION AND CULTIVATION OF LILIUM CERNUUM FROM NORTHEAST CHINA

In order to understand the resource status and utilize the resources of Lilium cernuum, we have investigated the habitat, associated plants, populations and morphological characters of L. cernuum in Linjiang City, Baishan Prefecture, Jilin Province and Kuandian County, Dandong Prefecture, Liaoning Province of China. Wild bulbs of L. cernuum from Wohu Mountain, Linjiang City were introduced and cultivated in Beijing. The results indicated that the L. cernuum is distributed in all the investigated sites including Dianshita Mountain, Dahu Mountain and Zhenzhu Villa in Linjiang, and Dapushi River, Huabo Mountain and Xiaohu River in Kuandian. L. cernuum had strong adaptability and diversified habitats such as glade, forest understory, roadside shrub, ridge and cliff. There were rich associated plants including Quercus mongolica, Lespedeza bicolor, Atractylodes japonica and Fraxinus chinensis in both Linjiang and Kuandian. The native Linjiang population was stable while that of Kuandian was increasing type. There are some morphological differences between populations in Linjiang and Kuandian. Plants in the Linjiang population had higher stem of 44-70 cm and 34-53 leaves with 10-12 cm length and 1.80-1.82 mm wide. In the Kuandian population, plants had lower stem of 32-65 cm, 33-66 leaves with 10-13 cm length and 1.79-1.84 mm wide. There were 1-3 flowers in the raceme inflorescences which first flowering on July 10th 2012 in Linjiang, and 1-2 flowers in the raceme or umbel inflorescences that first opened on July 3rd 2013 in Kuandian. Fifty-nine plants emerged from 170 wild bulbs planted in Lvgezhuang Village, Changping District, Beijing on May 23, 2012 with the survival rate 34.7%. Under introduction conditions, the average stem height was 52 cm, leaves number is 48, with average 8 cm length and 2.08 mm wide. Although the stem height was not changed, leaf was 4 cm shorter and 0.2 mm wider than that in the original site. Nineteen flowers opened on June 16, 2013, 15 days earlier than the flowering in natural population with the flowering rate 11.2%. The individual flower bloomed for 3-4 days, and the whole population was flowering 21 days. We assume that temperature might be the key factor affecting the flowering, which contributes to an excellent prospect of commercialization of flower industry. This research provided the germplasm basis for the industrialization of wild lilies in China.

Were the main mountain ranges in the Korean Peninsula a glacial refugium for plants? Insights from the congeneric pair Lilium cernuum – Lilium amabile

The main Korean mountain range (the so-called “Baekdudaegan”), which stretches from north to south across most of the country, has been thought to harbor glacial refugia for boreal plant species, where they likely found relatively stable habitats and maintained large population sizes. Under this scenario, high levels of genetic variation and low or moderate degree of differentiation among populations within these species were expected. To test this hypothesis, we examined levels of allozyme diversity (14 loci) in eight populations of the boreal herb Lilium cernuum, which in Korea occurs largely along the Baekdudaegan and, as a reference, in eight populations of its congener Lilium amabile, a temperate species that is distributed on lower hillsides in peripheral regions of the Baekdudaegan. L. cernuum harbored higher levels of genetic variation within populations than L. amabile (%P = 49.1 vs. 25.0, A = 1.71 vs. 1.34, and He = 0.159 vs. 0.048). Genetic differentiation among populations was low for both species (FST = 0.119 and 0.014 for L. cernuum and L. amabile, respectively). A series of historical and ecological factors may explain the contrasting levels of genetic diversity between L. cernuum and L. amabile: occurrence within the main ranges of the Baekdudaegan (enduring the glacial periods in macrorefugia) vs. low elevation peripheral areas (in microrefugia) and shade-tolerant vs. shade-intolerant. This study, as well as previous population genetics studies, strongly suggests that the Baekdudaegan merits high priority for conservation given its proposed role as glacial refugia for montane species.

주왕산국립공원의 특정식물 분포 특성분석

Abstract This study was carried out to establish the conservation plan of specific plants by surveying and analyse the individuals and the environment of habitats on specific plants designated by Juwangsan national park office. The specific plants were 14 species including Berchemia berchemiaefolia, Hylotelephium ussuriense, Aristolochia manshuriensis, Lilium cernuum, Thalictrum coreanum, Exochorda serratifolia, Lilium distichum, Aristolochia contorta, Jeffersonia dubia, Eleutherococcus senticosus, Salix chaenomeloids, Eranthis stellata, Scopolia japonica, and Paeonia japonica. The habitats of specific plants were 40 sites including Berchemia berchemiaefolia of 11 sites, Hylotelephium ussuriense of 8 sites, Lilium cernuum and Thalictrum coreanum of each 3 sites, Exochorda serratifolia of 2 sites, and Lilium distichum, Aristolochia contorta, Jeffersonia dubia, Eleutherococcus senticosus, Salix chaenomeloids, Eranthis stellata, Scopolia japonica and Paeonia japonica of each 1 site. The altitude was the most in 300400 m. In direction, NW was the most, and it showed SW in that order. The slope angle was the most in 010%, and the cliff showed in that order. In the results of species composition by stratum layer, Berchemia berchemiaefolia had the most, 15 species, in tree layer. In shrub and herb layer, this had the most as 20 species and 29 species, too. The species that occupied the largest size was Salix chaenomeloids in 2,500 , and Jeffersonia dubia showed 1,500 in that order. The conservation of specific plants is to accomplish the ex situ and in situ conservation at the same time.Key words: Endangered plant, Rare plant, Endemic plant, Flora

남덕유산의 식물상

ABSTRACT : We investigated the flora of Mt. Namdeogyu, southern regions of Deogyusan National Park, fromApril of 2011 to September of 2012. The number of vascular plants in this area were summarized as 507 taxa,including 102 families, 296 genera, 444 species, 8 subspecies, 49 varieties, 6 forms. Among the recorded taxa,Korean endemic plants were 9 species and the floristic regional indicator plants were 80 taxa including 3 taxa ingrade V, 3 taxa in grade IV, 19 taxa in grade III category. The rare and endangered plants which was designatedby Korea Forest Service were 15 taxa comprising 1 endangered species (EN) of Rhododendron tschonoskii, 5taxa of vulnerable (VU) such as Cynanchum inamoenum, Lilium cernuum, Gastrodia elata, Bupleurum euphor-bioides, Paeonia japonica, and 9 least concerned (LC). In addition, the subalpine plants of the region were sum-marized as 24 taxa, and Mt. Deogyu area inclunding the Mt. Namdeogyu was suggested as the north most limitsline of the distribution for 2 taxa, Abies koreana and Rhododendron tschonoskii, and as the south most limit ofthe distribution for Bupleurum euphorbioides.

Floristic study of Songnisan National Park in Korea

The flora in the region of Songnisan National Park (N, E ) was surveyed from April 2000 to July 2006. Vascular plants in 26 collections included a total of 723 taxa: 115 families, 392 genera, 629 species, 4 subspecies, 72 varieties and 18 forms. Ninety-three of these taxa were first records for the region. In the flora of Songnisan National Park, 27 taxa were Korean endemic plants, 19 taxa were rare and endangered plants as designated by the Korea Forest Service. Forty-five of the taxa were with the levels III, IV, V in the floristic regional indicator plants which was designated by Korean Ministry of Environment, and 29 taxa were alien plants now naturalized in Korea. Owing to their unusual phytogeography and low number of populations, the taxa Crypsinus hastatus (Thunb.) Copel., Paeonia japonica (Makino) Miyabe & Takeda, Jeffersonia dubia (Maxim.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Baker & S.Moore, Bupleurum euphorbioides Nakai, Phacellanthus tubiflorus Siebold & Zucc., Lilium cernuum Kom., Gastrodia elata Blume and Cephalanthera erecta var. subaphylla (Miyabe & Kud ) Ohwi were considered the most important. Based on these results, it is clear that appropriate plans to conserve the natural habitat of Songnisan National Park must be made immediately.