Likelihood Of Disclosure Research Articles

Increases in suicidal thoughts disclosure among adults in France from 2000 to 2021

BackgroundThe objective of the study was to investigate the prevalence of suicidal ideation disclosure over the past two decades in nationally representative samples of the general population, and to identify factors associated with disclosure. MethodsData were drawn from consecutive nationally representative cross-sectional Health Barometer surveys. The 2000, 2005, 2010, 2014, 2017, and 2021 waves were pooled to examine disclosure among those who reported 12-month suicidal ideation. Logistic regressions were performed to identify factors associated with the odds of disclosure. ResultsAcross all waves (n = 124,124), 6014 of adults (4.7 %) reported 12-month suicidal ideation, and among them, 49.7 % talked to someone about it. Disclosure was 39 % in 2000, 44.6 % in 2005, 49.9 % in 2010, 52.8 % in 2014, 47.2 % in 2017, and 64.8 % in 2021. Female gender, a prior suicide attempt, higher education, inactive status, and younger age were associated with significantly greater odds of disclosure. Each survey wave was also associated with a greater likelihood of disclosure when compared to 2000, 1.31 (95 % CI, 1.08–1.59) in 2005, 1.69 (95 % CI, 1.38–2.07) in 2010, 1.89 (95 % CI, 1.52–2.34) in 2014, 1.47 (95 % CI, 1.21–1.79) in 2017, and 2.99 (95 % CI, 2.43–3.68) in 2021. LimitationsCross-sectional surveys. ConclusionsIn the general population of France, adults with suicidal ideation were increasingly more likely to disclose their ideation to someone in recent years. Factors associated with odds of disclosure should inform national suicide prevention strategies to identify subgroups who remain less likely than others to disclose their ideation.

Effect of Communication Mode on Disclosure of Nutrition Impact Symptoms During Nutrition Intervention Delivered to People With Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer.

Individuals diagnosed with upper gastrointestinal cancers experience a myriad of nutrition impact symptoms (NIS) compromise a person's ability to adequately meet their nutritional requirements leading to malnutrition, reduced quality of life and poorer survival. Electronic health (eHealth) is a potential strategy for improving the delivery of nutrition interventions by improving early and sustained access to dietitians to address both NIS and malnutrition. This study aimed to explore whether the mode of delivery affected participant disclosure of NIS during a nutrition intervention. Participants in the intervention groups received a nutrition intervention for 18 weeks from a dietitian via telephone or mobile application (app) using behaviour change techniques to assist in goal achievement. Poisson regression determined the proportion of individuals who reported NIS compared between groups. Univariate and multiple regression analyses of demographic variables explored the relationship between demographics and reporting of NIS. The incidence of reporting of NIS was more than 1.8 times higher in the telephone group (n = 38) compared to the mobile group (n = 36). Telephone predicted a higher likelihood of disclosure of self-reported symptoms of fatigue, nausea, and anorexia throughout the intervention period. A trusting therapeutic relationship built on human connection is fundamental and may not be achieved with current models of mobile health technologies.

University Student Disclosures of Crime, Violence, and Trauma: Findings from a Survey of Criminology Educators across Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand

This study explores the findings from a survey-based questionnaire investigating the prevalence and predictors of student disclosures of crime, violence, and trauma to criminology educators working at Australian and Aotearoa New Zealand universities. Responses show student disclosures are common, with educators receiving an average of three to four disclosures in the preceding two years. While gender did not predict the number of disclosures received, teaching subjects discussing domestic and family/whānau and/or sexual violence increased the likelihood of disclosures. The study’s findings can help inform the development of university interventions, systems, and resources to improve support for students and staff, enhancing classroom and campus safety.

Negative Beliefs About Suicide Disclosure: Implications for US Veterans.

This study examined the differences in negative beliefs about disclosing suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STBs) between US Veterans and non-Veterans, and between Veterans who are and are not enrolled in Veterans Health Administration (VHA) care. Participants included 495 adults with a history of suicide ideation who completed an online self-report questionnaire inquiring about history of STBs, STB disclosure, and beliefs about STB disclosures. Group differences in STB disclosure beliefs were analyzed. Results showed that Veterans (vs. non-Veterans) more strongly believed that STB disclosure would result in firearm confiscation. VHA-enrolled (vs. non-VHA enrolled) Veterans reported stronger beliefs that STB disclosures result in involuntary hospitalization. Among VHA-enrolled Veterans, stronger beliefs regarding providers' interest regarding true STB experiences and others' comfort with STB disclosures were associated with lower STB disclosure likelihood. Findings highlight that educating Veterans on the benefits of STB disclosure and limiting misinformation regarding its consequences is paramount, specifically through improved suicide-related communication within the VHA and stigma reduction campaigns.

Social anxiety is more likely to influence reputation management decisions than autistic traits.

People manage their social reputation by selectively sharing achievements, thereby shaping the way others think about them. Autistic traits and social anxiety may have opposing impacts on reputation management. This study aimed to identify the influence of autistic traits and social anxiety on reputation management behavior, independently and in co-occurrence with one another. Seventy-seven adults with varying levels of autistic and social anxiety traits completed a novel self-disclosure task that required them to complete a computerized game and decide whether to disclose their scores to another participant. This design provided a safe social environment for sharing performance outcomes and allowed us to manipulate performance outcomes for participants and set a perceived 'norm' of high self-disclosure. Results showed that participants were more likely to disclose their high than low scores to the other player. Social anxiety reliably predicted the likelihood of disclosing their scores while high autistic traits predicted the likelihood of disclosure only in combination with high social anxiety. Additionally, establishing the norm of high disclosure facilitated self-disclosure in all the participants. This study shows that social anxiety may influence reputation management via selective self-disclosure more when co-occurring with high autistic traits. People with varying levels of autistic traits may not behave differently to maintain a social reputation.

Disclosure and Investor Inattention: Theory and Evidence

ABSTRACT Investors have a finite capacity to organize all information they receive from financial disclosures. Under rational inattention, we show that investor processing capacity affects the probability of disclosure. Our main result is that the likelihood of disclosure is inverse-U shaped in investor attention. For low levels of attention, more attention facilitates communication and increases disclosure; for high levels of attention, more attention better identifies, and therefore deters, unfavorable voluntary disclosures. We provide empirical evidence that the relationship between investor attention and management forecast follows the predictions of the theory, using institutional ownership as a proxy for investor attention as well as exogenous shocks to fund manager distraction. JEL Classifications: D83; G14; M4.

(030) A Preliminary Analysis of the Effects of Title IX Mandatory Reporting Policies on Undergraduate Students’ Likelihood of Disclosing Sexual Violence

Abstract Introduction In the United States, Title IX requires employees of federally funded universities to report any knowledge of university-related nonconsensual sexual experiences (NSEs), whether or not the students involved desire to file a report. Research assessing students’ likelihood of disclosing sexual violence to someone at their university under these policies remains sparse; however, the extant literature found that people with NSE histories feel they would be less likely to disclose sexual violence with mandatory reporting (MR) policies present. Even without MR policies, one factor that has consistently shown to impact an individual’s likelihood of disclosing an NSE is whether or not they label their NSE with a sexual violence term (e.g., rape). Individuals who do not identify their NSEs with these terms (“non-identifiers”) are less likely to report than individuals who do identify with these terms (“identifiers”). None of the previous studies on MR have used an experimental design to evaluate the effects of MR on students’ likelihood of reporting sexual violence to universities, nor have they taken the students’ identification of their NSEs into account when evaluating this likelihood. Objectives The current study aimed to fill these gaps by (1) using an experimental design to assess students’ likelihood of reporting sexual violence to the university under MR policy and (2), evaluating how NSE identification, rather than NSE history alone, impacts likelihood of reporting under such policies. Methods 120 undergraduate students were recruited for the current study. Participants were randomized into two groups: one group was instructed to imagine that their university had MR policies in place while the other was instructed to imagine that university employees were all confidential reporting sources-- meaning that students could disclose their NSE without creating a formal report. Next, participants were presented with four gender-neutral vignettes that differed in the perpetrator (professor vs. student) and type of assault (penetrative vs. non-penetrative). After each vignette, participants responded to questions adapted from Newins and White (2018) asking how likely they would be to report the offense if they were the student in the vignette. Students also completed the Non-Consensual Sexual Experiences Inventory to assess NSE history and identification (NSEI; Kilimnik et al., 2018). Results Preliminary analyses using a mixed factor repeated-measures ANOVA indicated a significant difference in student likelihood of disclosure (p < 0.001). Post-hoc analyses revealed that students were significantly more likely to report with a professor perpetrator than a student. Additionally, when the perpetrator was a student, participants were more likely to disclose in cases of penetrative rather than non-penetrative assault. No significant differences were detected by condition or NSE identification in the preliminary analyses. Conclusions These preliminary results suggest that MR policy may not significantly affect a student’s likelihood of disclosing sexual violence to the university as some previous literature has suggested. Further analysis will be conducted to increase our understanding of any potential impact of mandatory reporting policies on students’ overall likelihood to seek university resources and receive support for nonconsensual sexual experiences. Disclosure No.

Composition of the Board of Directors and the Likelihood of Disclosure of Social Responsibility Reports

Composition of the Board of Directors and the Likelihood of Disclosure of Social Responsibility Reports

Perceptions of Helpful and Unhelpful Responses to Disclosures of Suicidality in a Sample of Mobile App Users

Objective Assessment and management of suicide risk is dependent on the individual at risk disclosing their suicidal thoughts. This study analyzed self-reported data collected via Youper, a mental-health app, to explore user experiences with suicide-related disclosure. Method 2,952 international users who endorsed suicidal ideation reported on experiences with suicide-related disclosure. Differences in experiences were examined according to age, gender, and symptoms of psychopathology. Results Just over half of users (56.17%) shared their suicidal thoughts. The primary reason for not sharing was thinking others would not understand. Of those who had disclosed their suicidal thoughts, 56.31% perceived the listener’s response to be helpful, with listening and expressing care identified as most helpful. More severe depression and generalized anxiety symptoms were associated with higher disclosure likelihood, whereas higher borderline-personality and social-anxiety symptoms were associated with lower disclosure likelihood. Perceptions of what users found helpful when they disclosed suicidality varied by gender. Lack of understanding was the most frequently reported unhelpful response universally. Conclusion Findings suggest that listening and expressing care should be prioritized to maximize suicidal individuals’ experiences of feeling supported. That said, gender and symptoms impact likelihoods of and experiences with disclosure, which should be considered when receiving suicide-related disclosure. HIGHLIGHTS Nearly half of users shared suicidal thoughts and found listener responses helpful. Users most often endorsed listening as helpful and not understanding as unhelpful. Symptom severity and gender informed suicide-related disclosure experiences.

Shareholder Short-Termism, Corporate Control and Voluntary Disclosure

This paper examines how a manager uses voluntary disclosure to influence corporate control by a short-term shareholder. Because a short-term shareholder intervenes excessively, the manager’s disclosure strategy is determined by the trade-off between excessive and insufficient intervention. In equilibrium, when shareholder short-termism is not too high, the manager discloses both good and bad news and withholds intermediate news. Alternatively, when shareholder short-termism is high, the manager only discloses good news and withholds bad news. In both equilibria, withholding information is value-enhancing for the nondisclosing firms. We also show that the likelihood of disclosure weakly decreases as the shareholder is more short-term-oriented. Moreover, nondisclosing firms are more likely to face shareholder intervention than disclosing firms. This paper was accepted by Brian Bushee, accounting. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.4357 .

Determinants of climate change disclosure practices of global hotel companies: Application of institutional and stakeholder theories

The purpose of this paper was to develop a theoretical model of climate change disclosure in the hotel industry that builds on stakeholder and institutional theories from the broader sustainability and carbon disclosure literature. A second aim was to develop a climate change disclosure index for the hotel industry and use it to empirically investigate climate change-related disclosure of 183 largest hotel companies in the world. Findings suggest that while several indicators were relatively well disclosed (e.g., within the strategy and policy dimensions), many others were rarely disclosed. The hotel company's listed status, presence of proprietary brands, CDP adoption and GRI adoption were found to be positively related to disclosure likelihood and extent of disclosure, confirming the role of stakeholder and institutional pressures in motivating hotel companies to disclose their climate change-related information, as proposed in the theoretical model. The study contributes to a greater understanding of observed variations in carbon reporting and formulates recommendations for carbon disclosure practices and policy development for the future.

Disclosing the abuse: The effect of ethnoreligious identity on CSA disclosure in forensic interviews

Multiple studies have examined sexually abused children and their interactions with the legal system, as manifested in children's disclosures of sexual abuse during forensic interviews. Nevertheless, few have done so while referencing contextual variables, such as ethnoreligious identity. The current study was designed to examine how ethnoreligious identity affects children's disclosure in forensic interviews beyond the contribution of child characteristics and abuse characteristics. In addition, the moderating role of pre-interview disclosure was examined. An analysis of 1054 forensic interviews conducted in Israel indicated a relationship between a child's age, gender, and abuse characteristics (i.e., perpetrator identity and type of abuse) with the likelihood of disclosure during the forensic interview. The results indicated a relationship between ethnoreligious identity and forensic disclosure. Unexpectedly, Muslim Arab children were more likely to disclose than Jewish children. Predictably, pre-interview disclosure moderated the relationship between abuse characteristics and ethnoreligious identity (among Jews) and forensic disclosure. Conversely, it did not moderate the relationship between child characteristics and disclosure during the forensic interview. The findings demonstrate the importance of a context-informed examination of child abuse disclosure and its potential to advance the development of services adapted to children from diverse communities.

Disclosure processes as predictors of relationship outcomes among people in recovery from opioid use disorder: A longitudinal analysis

BackgroundPersonal disclosure of opioid use disorder (OUD) recovery can lead to relationship outcomes such as social support, which is associated with greater treatment retention, or stigma, which is associated with risk of treatment dropout. Although disclosure may have important impacts on the relationships and ensuing recovery trajectories of people with OUD, disclosure processes remain understudied in the context of OUD. MethodsGuided by the Disclosure Process Model, this longitudinal study explored the disclosure goals of people in treatment for OUD and examined associations between disclosure goals and relationship outcomes. Data were collected at baseline (N = 146) and three months later (n = 124) from participants who were in treatment for OUD and planning to disclose their OUD history and/or treatment to someone new. ResultsQualitative baseline data were analyzed to identify disclosure goals. Approach goals (i.e., reasons for disclosure) included support, honesty, amends, set an example, and logistics; avoidance goals (i.e., reasons against disclosure) included judgment, worry, and privacy. Quantitative data suggested that approach goals at baseline were associated with greater likelihood of disclosure within three months (OR=2.16, 95% CI=1.04–4.49) as well as with greater social support [B(SE)= 0.35(0.16), p = 0.03] and relationship closeness [B(SE)= 0.29(0.17), p = 0.01] following disclosures. In contrast, avoidance goals at baseline were associated with greater enacted stigma following disclosures [B(SE)= 0.30(0.14), p = 0.04]. ConclusionsFindings draw attention to the potentially important role of disclosures in relationship outcomes among people in recovery from OUD. Disclosure may represent a promising intervention target to improve relationship outcomes and recovery trajectories of people in recovery from OUD.

Intimate partner violence disclosure among Muslim-Americans: a survey study of disclosure likelihood to varying networks and the roles of relational context, religiosity, and marginalization

ABSTRACT This study examined the roles of relational context, religiosity, and marginalization in Muslim-American adults’ (N = 314) disclosure of intimate partner violence (IPV). Participants responded to scenarios involving IPV perpetrated by Muslim or non-Muslim partners. When IPV perpetrators were non-Muslim, disclosure likelihood was higher to non-Muslim networks (e.g., law enforcement, non-Muslim friends), whereas when perpetrators were Muslim, disclosure likelihood was higher to Muslim networks (e.g., family members, Muslim shelters). Religiosity was positively associated with disclosure likelihood to Muslim networks, but negatively associated with disclosure likelihood to non-Muslim networks. This pattern of association was most pronounced in the Muslim partner scenario. For Muslim and non-Muslim partners, marginalization was negatively associated with IPV disclosure likelihood to law enforcement and, unexpectedly, family members. In the non-Muslim perpetrator scenario only, marginalization was negatively linked to disclosure to Muslim friends. Results support interventions involving tailored disclosure conditions, enhanced culture-based training, and stronger secular and faith-based organizational partnerships.

Perceived barriers, relationship quality, and informal mentors: Adolescents' preference for disclosing about dating violence.

This study examined associations among adolescents' likelihood of disclosure about dating violence, perceptions of barriers to disclosure, and quality of the relationship with various sources of support. Data were gathered from 152 students in a southern high school. Results indicated youth perceived fewer barriers to disclosing to mentors compared with friends and parents, and youth reported highest relationships quality with informal mentors. However, youth indicated highest likelihood of disclosure to friends, followed by informal mentors and parents. Both relationship quality and perceived barriers to disclosure about dating violence were associated with likelihood of disclosure to friends and parents, but only relationship quality was related to likelihood of disclosure to informal mentors. Current findings (a) suggest adolescents' preferences for disclosing about dating violence are influenced by perceived barriers and relationship quality with sources of support and (b) highlight the promise of informal mentors as an additional resource for adolescents.

A Comparative Analysis of Risky Sexual Behaviors, Self-Reported Sexually Transmitted Infections, Knowledge of Symptoms and Partner Notification Practices among Male and Female University Students in Pretoria, South Africa.

The surge of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among young people is of public health importance, and the notification and treatment of sex partners after the diagnosis of an STI is a public health approach to prevent and reduce further transmissions. There are limited studies that investigate partner notification among young people in general, and university students in South Africa in particular. We investigated self-reported STIs and partner notification practice, intentions, and preferences among university students. We also assessed their STI knowledge and risky sexual behaviour in relation to STIs. The study was a descriptive cross-sectional survey that used multistage sampling to select 918 students across the five schools of a health sciences university in South Africa. Descriptive statistics and bivariate logistic analysis were performed using Stata IC version 16. More males (54.1%) than females were currently in a sexual relationship (47.3%), more males reported multiple sexual partners (n = 114, 46%), engaged in transactional sex (n = 13, 5.3%), and had one-night stands (n = 68, 28.1%) in the past 12 months (p = 0.001). Moreover, half (55.9%) had poor knowledge of STIs with an overall mean knowledge score of 2.9 ± 2.0, and the majority (85.8%) perceived themselves to be at low risk of acquiring STIs. The odds of intentions to disclose an STI infection to a sexual partner and delivering a partner notification slip to ex-sexual partners were not statistically significant (p = 0.95; p = 0.10), with the likelihood of disclosure being 1.3 times for female students compared to males. Female students were 1.5 times as likely to prefer a doctor to send an SMS notification to their sexual partners (p = 0.02) compared to their male counterparts, while the preference of an SMS notification was 41% (p = 0.03) among female students. Students engaged in risky behaviours but had a low perception of the risks of acquiring STIs. Although they had preferences of different methods of partner notification, both male and female students preferred SMS partner notifications from a doctor, even though women were in the majority. Health care providers should put in place interventions so that young people can safely inform their partners about STIs.

Replication‐aware secure resource administration scheme for Internet of Things‐smart city applications

AbstractThe distributed and heterogeneous nature of the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm provides backhauled support for different smart‐city applications. As it provides ubiquitous access to resources and replicated services, the threat for security remains firm for different applications. The concept of cybersecurity in the IoT‐smart‐city combination grants promising outcomes in securing the physical and service‐centric resources from external threats. This article proposes to improve the protection of the IoT services in smart‐city applications using replication‐aware secure resource administration scheme framework. In a smart city application, which involves a cloud, based network, IoT platform, and distributed sensor networks guarantees differentiated protection mechanisms for replicated and non‐replicated infrastructure. Instantly revocable security activities are used to prevent unintended attacks to the original resource supplier from monitoring non‐replicated services. For this purpose, Naïve Bayes' diffusion approach is used to continuously evaluate the likelihood of disclosure of the repeated and unreplicated properties. The hazard and level of exposure for which prompted protection is assessed using the recommendations of the delivery system. The promptness of the security outcome is based on re‐formulating permission delegations, security checks, and so on. This helps to leverage the security level of the available resources irrespective of the impact of the external threats. Besides, the proposed scheme improves the lifetime of the services with controlled overhead and service failures.

Child sexual abuse: An examination of individual and abuse characteristics that may impact delays of disclosure

BackgroundNondisclosure in cases of child sexual abuse (CSA) can lead to numerous aversive outcomes for children who have been sexually abused, the most serious of which include untreated psychological symptoms and possible further abuse. While victim testimony is often required for perpetrator conviction or disruption of contact, children face multiple barriers to reporting abuse. Research suggests the likelihood of disclosure is impacted by both characteristics of children (i.e., age and gender), as well as abuse characteristics (i.e., relation to perpetrator, severity and frequency of abuse). ObjectiveAlthough these factors have been studied in relation to rates of disclosure, relatively little is known about their impact on temporal delays in reporting CSA. Participants and Setting: Special access was obtained to review classified RCMP case files on CSA drawn from the greater Okanagan area, British Columbia, Canada (n = 164).Methods: Cases were coded according to victim and abuse characteristics. A multivariate Cox regression analysis was used in order to analyze the impact each variable of interest had on time until a disclosure was made. ResultsAll predictors were found to significantly impact delays of disclosure, x2(6) = 65.558, p = .000. Delays of disclosure were decreased as age of the child increased or if the child was female. Alternatively, if abuse was more severe, occurred at a higher frequency, or if perpetrators were more closely related, delays of disclosure increased. ConclusionsThe current study provides potential for tailored approaches according to individual characteristics and vulnerabilities in CSA investigations and treatments.

Disclosure of Same-Sex Sexual Practices to Family and Healthcare Providers by Men Who Have Sex with Men and Transgender Women in Nigeria

Disclosure of same-sex sexual practices by men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TGW) may facilitate appropriate healthcare engagement, including risk assessment for HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and negotiation of condom use with partners. However, disclosure may also generate stigma. In these cross-sectional analyses, MSM and TGW were categorized based on self-report of disclosure to family members and healthcare providers (HCP) at enrollment into the TRUST/RV368 study of comprehensive HIV and STI care programs in Abuja and Lagos, Nigeria. Multivariable Poisson regression models with robust error variance were used to estimate relative risk of disclosure with 95% confidence intervals. Pearson’s chi-squared test was used to compare condom use and stigma indicators by disclosure status. Of 2557 participants who answered baseline questions about disclosure, 384 (15.0%) had ever disclosed to a family member and 733 (28.7%) to HCP, including 192 (7.5%) who disclosed to both. Higher education, prevalent HIV infections, and residence in Lagos were each associated with increased likelihood of disclosure to family and HCP. Older participants were more likely to disclose to HCP but not family. Participants who made a disclosure to family or HCP were more likely to report condom use during anal sex as well as perceived and experienced stigma that included healthcare avoidance, blackmail, assault, and sexual violence as compared to participants who had not disclosed. Improved disclosure practices within safe spaces may enhance engagement of MSM and TGW in healthcare and HIV prevention services.

Telling Medical Professionals About Victimization by Intimate Partner: Analysis of Women Surviving Intimate Partner Violence.

This study investigated factors in women’s disclosure of intimate partner violence (IPV) to medical professionals. Its sample of 3,226 women surviving IPV was extracted from the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey public-use dataset, dated 2010. The dichotomous outcome variable was told medical professional about IPV. Explanatory variables were physical violence experienced in the past year, need for medical services for IPV, injury, fear, poor physical health, number of health problems, poor mental health, African American, Latina, other ethnic minority, education, family income, inability to afford seeing doctor, age, and being married. Logistic regression results showed likelihood of IPV disclosure increased with 31 or more physical IPV episodes in preceding year, needed medical services for IPV, IPV-related injury, 2 or more health problems, fear of partner, poor mental health, inability to afford seeing doctor, and age 55 and over. Disclosure likelihood was decreased by other ethnic minority and absence of high school graduation. Our findings support standardized protocols identifying recent IPV, IPV injury, and multiple health problems, along with corresponding response training for medical professionals. Our findings also support making victim advocates and behavioral health specialists available in medical facilities to address patients’ fears and mental health.