Likelihood Of Cigarette Use Research Articles

Mental distress, alcohol misuse, and cigarette use among persons with auditory, vision, or cognitive disabilities

ABSTRACT Background A scarcity of literature has compared the behavioral health outcomes – mental distress, alcohol misuse, and cigarette use, specifically – of individuals with and without auditory, vision, and cognitive disabilities. A better understanding of these differences could result in improved healthcare services for this important population. Methods We obtained self-report survey data from individuals living in 35 states in the United States (n = 100,505) from the 2016–2019 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). We estimated linear and generalized linear mixed models accounting for state of residence, the BRFSS complex survey design weights, and sociodemographic variables. Results Auditory (b = 0.79, p < .001), vision (b = 2.95, p < .001), and cognitive disabilities (b = 6.02, p < .001) were associated with increases in the number of self-reported mentally distressed days. Cognitive (aOR = 1.56, p < .001) and vision disabilities (aOR = 1.86, p < .001) were associated with increased likelihood of cigarette use. Cognitive disability (aOR = 1.18, p < .001) was associated with heavy alcohol consumption. Conclusion Recommendations for behavioral healthcare service delivery for these populations are provided.

Associations between sociodemographic characteristics and tobacco usage in adult cancer survivors: Evidence from a population-based study

&#x0D; Background: the risk of developing new cancers persists for 15 million cancer survivors in the United States, yet many continue to engage in high-risk behaviours. This analysis aims to compare tobacco use in cancer-free respondents and cancer survivors, in order to elucidate trends and behavioural patterns associated with increased tobacco use in individuals that have survived cancer. &#x0D; Methods: the Health Information National Trends Survey data of 2014 and 2017 was analysed for this study. Descriptive statistics were generated, and the likelihood of tobacco use was predicted using weighted logistic regression. Included in the study population were 941 cancer survivors, predominantly white (80%), 60-70 years of age, married (52%), with some level of education past high school (65%). &#x0D; Results: the current smoking rate for cancer survivors was 12.1% versus 14.3% for those without cancer. Sub-high school education (OR 3.02, 95% CI [1.11-8.19]), separation/divorce (OR 2.71, 95% CI [1.52-4.83]), female gender, and lower household income were associated with an increased likelihood of cigarette use amongst cancer survivors. Cervical cancer (19.2%) and lymphoma (20%) survivors were most likely to smoke cigarettes compared to other cancer survivors. &#x0D; Conclusions: this study demonstrated certain sociodemographic characteristics increase the likelihood of cigarette smoking in cancer survivors. These outcomes suggest cancer survivors with only high school education or lower, and those with household incomes of less than $35,000 are at greater risk and should be targeted for personalised tobacco cessation interventions in the future. High prevalence of smoking in cervical cancer survivors and an increased risk of tobacco-linked cancers suggests focus must be directed to interventions targeting female cancer survivors. Allocating further resources toward the at-risk populations identified in this study may reduce further morbidities in cancer survivors. &#x0D;

Cigarette Use among Parents with Children in the Home: A Comparison of Civilian Parents and Parents with a Military Connection.

We tested the null hypothesis of equal likelihood of cigarette use among parents with a military connection and parents without a military connection, and independently compared risk factors for cigarette use. We obtained National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) data from 2015 to 2019 survey waves. We delimited analysis to 2-parent households who reported children aged <18 years living with them. After a 2:1 nonparametric age matching procedure, our sample included 1106 civilian parents and 553 parents with a military connection. Using the NHIS survey-design weights, we estimated a design-based F statistic for differences in cigarette use by military connection status. We also estimated population-stratified, survey-weighted multivariable logistic regression models to determine risk factors for parent cigarette use. Whereas 6.87% parents with a military connection used cigarettes, 16.64% of age-matched civilian parents reported cigarette use. This difference was significant even after adjustment for covariates (aOR = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.32, 0.74). Recommendations for programing and policy are provided.

Use of different strategies to make one's bisexual+ identity visible: Associations with dimensions of identity, minority stress, and health.

Bisexual+ people (i.e., those who are attracted to more than one gender or regardless of gender) use a variety of strategies to make their identity visible to others, but little is known about the extent to which using different strategies is related to other dimensions of identity, minority stress, and health. To address this, we surveyed 715 bi+ people about their use of five different types of visibility strategies (direct communication, indirect communication, community engagement, gender-based visual displays, and public behavioral displays). Results indicated that people who used visibility strategies more often (aggregated across types) reported higher identity centrality and affirmation, and lower internalized bi-illegitimacy and internalized binegativity. However, they also reported more discrimination from heterosexual and gay/lesbian individuals and higher depression and anxiety. When we examined the unique associations between each of the five types of visibility strategies and our other variables, we found different patterns of associations for different strategies. For example, direct communication was uniquely associated with more discrimination from gay/lesbian individuals, while indirect communication, gender-based visual displays, and public behavioral displays were uniquely associated with more discrimination from heterosexual individuals. Only indirect communication was uniquely associated with higher depression and anxiety, while community engagement was uniquely associated with lower anxiety. Finally, public behavioral displays were uniquely associated with more alcohol use problems and a higher likelihood of cigarette use. These findings highlight the importance of examining the specific strategies that people use to make their bi+ identity visible in order to understand their experiences and health.

LGBTQ state policies: A lever for reducing SGM youth substance use and bullying

PurposeSexual and gender minority youth (SGMY) are more likely than their cisgender and heterosexual peers to use substances and to be bullied, yet it is unknown whether the absence/presence of youth- and LGBTQ-specific equity laws drive these disparities. The purpose of this study was to extend previous research focused on adult- and LGBTQ-specific structural factors (e.g., same-sex marriage laws) to determine whether the youths’ structural environment (i.e., state-level LGBTQ youth-focused equity laws) was associated with bullying and recent alcohol use, binge drinking, and cigarette use among SGMY. ProceduresWe utilized data from the LGBTQ National Teen Survey, collected in 2017 (N = 8,841 sexual and gender minority youth). Linear regression analyses examined the association between bullying and substance use and between state-level LGBTQ youth-focused equity laws (individually and as a composite variable) and bullying and substance use. FindingsSGMY living in states with LGBTQ equity laws were less likely to experience bullying. Findings regarding the relation between LGBTQ equity laws and substance use were mixed, such that LGBTQ equity laws were associated with a higher likelihood of binge drinking and alcohol use, and a lower likelihood of cigarette use. ConclusionsFindings highlight the role of state-level equity laws in reducing bullying and substance use disparities for SGMY. Yet, given the finding that equity laws were associated with a higher likelihood of binge drinking, it is important to continue to explore how the structural environment shapes SGMY health.

The relationship between family history of tobacco use and progression to tobacco use among young adult e-cigarette users.

Family history of tobacco use and use of e-cigarettes have both been associated with increased tobacco use among young adults. However, to our knowledge, these variables have not been considered simultaneously. This study was designed to evaluate the hypothesis that family history of tobacco use would predict tobacco product use over time among young adult e-cigarette users with limited combustible tobacco use experience. A sample of 124 participants were recruited online from across the United States, completed five surveys over 12 months, and reported use of nicotine and tobacco products over the previous two weeks at each survey. Family history of nicotine and tobacco use was reported at the 6-month assessment, and data were collected in 2017 and 2018. Regression models indicated that family history was associated with likelihood of cigarette use (odds ratio = 1.02 [95% confidence interval = [1.00, 1.04]). Significant interactions between family history and linear (OR = 1.05 [1.01, 1.10]) and quadratic (OR = 0.99 (0.98, 1.00)] time terms indicated that the association between family history and likelihood of combustible product use shifted over time. In both cases, more extensive family histories predicted greater use frequency, and follow-up analyses showed that more extensive family history was associated with greater combustible tobacco product use 3, 6, and 9 months following baseline. Family history of nicotine/tobacco use may promote initiation of tobacco use among e-cigarette users. These results suggest family history of tobacco use may comprise a risk factor for combustible tobacco use within the evolving tobacco product landscape.

The Effect of Branding to Promote Healthy Behavior: Reducing Tobacco Use among Youth and Young Adults.

Policy interventions such as public health mass media campaigns disseminate messages in order to improve health-related knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and behaviors at the population level. Only more recently have campaigns that promote health-related behaviors adopted branding, a well-established marketing strategy, to influence how consumers think and feel about a message. This study examines whether positive brand equity for the national truth® campaign is associated with lower likelihood of cigarette use over time using the nationally representative Truth Longitudinal Cohort of youth and young adults, aged 15–21. Logistic regression models were used to examine the relationship between brand equity and the likelihood of reporting past 30-day smoking over a 12-month period. Respondents who reported positive brand equity were significantly less likely to report past 30-day smoking 12 months later (OR = 0.66, p < 0.05), controlling for covariates known to influence tobacco use behavior. Findings also translate the effect size difference to a population estimate of more than 300,000 youth and young adults having been prevented from current smoking over the course of a year. Building brand equity is a strategic process for health promotion campaigns, not only to improve message recall and salience but also to influence behavioral outcomes.

Associations between sleep duration and physical activity and dietary behaviors in Chinese adolescents: results from the Youth Behavioral Risk Factor Surveys of 2015

ObjectiveTo assess the association between sleep duration and physical activity and dietary behaviors among adolescents in a representative sample. MethodsThe analysis was performed using data from the 2015 Ningbo Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Associations between physical activity and dietary behaviors and sleep duration were examined on weighted data using logistic regression. ResultsOf the 10726 students, roughly 40% reported sleep duration <8 h. Longer sleep duration was associated with higher likelihood of milk intake, fruit consumption, vegetable consumption, water consumption, moderate physical activity, and muscle-strengthening physical activity, and with a lower likelihood of cigarette use, alcohol use, sweets intake, Western fast food intake, and breakfast skipping. ConclusionInsufficient sleep may be common among Chinese adolescents. Sleep duration was associated with dietary behaviors, physical activity, and other health-related behaviors. These findings suggest that sleep duration could be a potential target for many health-risk behaviors in young adolescents.

Attenuated Positive Psychotic Symptoms in Relation to Cigarette Smoking in a Nonclinical Population.

This study explored the association between cigarette smoking and attenuated positive psychotic symptoms in a young adult nonclinical sample. Undergraduates (N = 930), aged 18-35 years (26.3% male), completed a battery of self-report measures assessing subthreshold psychotic symptoms, cigarette smoking behavior/dependence, and drug use. Individuals endorsing a greater number of attenuated positive psychotic symptoms were more likely to be smokers. Exploratory analyses indicated that the odds of being a smoker were two times greater for those at potential higher risk for psychosis compared with individuals at lower risk. Results were consistent after adjusting for sex and other drug use. In line with findings from psychotic populations, results suggest that attenuated positive psychotic symptoms, particularly those endorsed as distressing in a nonclinical, undergraduate population, are related to cigarette smoking. Even in nonclinical, undergraduate populations, subthreshold psychotic symptoms are related to cigarette smoking, and cigarette smokers are twice as likely to be considered at potentially higher risk for psychosis compared with noncigarette smokers. In summary, there may be a threshold whereby psychotic symptoms confer increased risk for nicotine consumption, with endorsement of a greater number of distressing subthreshold psychotic symptoms increasing the likelihood of cigarette use.

Emergence of mixed-sex friendship groups during adolescence: Developmental associations with substance use and delinquency.

Prospective longitudinal data from over 14,000 youth residing in 28 communities in the rural United States were analyzed to examine the emergence of mixed-sex friendship groups in early adolescence. Youth were surveyed on 5 occasions between fall of 6th grade and spring of 9th grade. At each assessment, youth reported the names of up to 7 same-grade friends and described patterns of alcohol use, cigarette use, and delinquency. Approximately 800-900 friendship groups (M = 10.5 members) were identified at each assessment and categorized in terms of gender composition (all-girl, mostly-girl, mixed-sex, mostly-boy, all-boy). The proportion of groups categorized as mixed-sex increased with grade level (10% in 6th grade, 22% in 9th grade), but gender-homogenous groups predominated at all grade levels (76% in 6th grade, 51% in 9th grade). Mixed-sex groups were slightly larger than all-girl groups but the same size as all-boy groups. All-girl groups had the highest levels of tight-knittedness (i.e., density, reciprocity, and transitivity), with mixed-sex groups having the lowest levels and all-boy groups having intermediate levels. After controlling for demographic factors, future mixed-sex group membership was predicted by lower popularity, higher levels of delinquency, and lower levels of alcohol use; mixed-sex friendship group membership was associated with increased likelihood of cigarette use. Results are partially consistent with Dunphy's (1969) classic account of the emergence of mixed-sex groups in adolescence, but suggest that in early adolescence, mixed-sex group affiliation is significantly associated with deviant behavior and peripheral social status, not with popularity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved).

Socio-economic patterning of tobacco use in Indian states

BACKGROUND:Studies in India have identified marked variations in overall tobacco use between socio-economic groups. We examined whether associations between socio-economic status (SES) and tobacco use varied across individual Indian states by tobacco type.METHODS:Cross-sectional survey of 100 855 households in 24 Indian states and Union Territories conducted in 2009–2010. Outcome measures were household tobacco consumption by type. Logistic and linear regression models were used to examine associations at the household level between education, income and use and volume of tobacco consumed.RESULTS:Overall, 52% of households used any form of tobacco product; the predominant form was smokeless tobacco (22%), followed by bidi (17%) and cigarettes (4%). Increasing household income and higher education level were associated with a higher likelihood of cigarette use but a lower likelihood of bidi and smokeless tobacco use in some Indian states. Increasing household income was associated with higher volumes of cigarette and bidi use among consuming households; however, association between educational level and volume of tobacco consumption was inconsistent.CONCLUSION:SES has a varying impact on different types of tobacco use in Indian states. Policy makers should consider socio-economic patterning of tobacco use when designing, implementing and evaluating tobacco control interventions in different states of India.

Do Peers and Perceived Risk Mediate the Association of Religiosity With the Likelihood and Extent of Recent Substance Use Among Venezuelan Youth?

A robust literature suggests religiosity protects against substance use by youth. Less clear is how religiosity influences substance use. This study uses across-sectional design with a sample of 1,815 Venezuelan youth to examine whether associations with deviant peers or the perceived risk of harm from using drugs mediates the effect of religiosity on both the likelihood of using, and the extent of use of alcohol, cigarettes, and illicit drugs during the past 12 months. Perceived risk mediated the likelihood of using cigarettes and illicit drugs and the extent of alcohol use. It also mediated the unexpected tendency for religiosity to be associated with a greater extent of illicit drug use among users. Deviant peer affiliations mediated the extent of alcohol use and the likelihood of cigarette use. Implications for prevention interventions are presented.

More Flowerpots, Less Smoking?

The ancient Romans numbered among their many deities lares, household gods with a remit extended to whole cities, according to some authorities. The European region of the World Health Organization, possibly using the well-established practice of thinking of a happy acronym first and only then deciding what it should stand for, has a project called LARES. The Large Analysis and Review of European housing and health Status, based at the WHO European Centre for Environment and Health in Bonn, Germany, is a massive program in 21 parts that focuses variously on cold, noise, mental health, and pests, for example, and includes tobacco.1,2 The smoking project is led by Rebecca Miles from Florida State University, Tallahassee, and her findings were released in August, 2006.3 You might expect research involving tobacco and the home to have an emphasis on environmental exposure (passive smoking), but Dr. Miles’ approach is different, for she looks at the relationship between the smoking habit and something called “neighborhood disorder” as reflected in two proxies for antisocial behavior (graffiti and litter) and in the use of plants to decorate the exteriors of homes. She also looks at residents’ fear of walking home at night. All this is in seven urban settings in traditional western Europe and in the former eastern sector, data for rural communities being excluded. The locations are Angers, Bonn, Forli, and Geneva, and Bratislava, Budapest, and Vilnius. To summarize Miles’ findings as showing that people living in urban areas with no litter or graffiti and geraniums on balconies are less likely to smoke than those residing in untidier parts of a city—and that is what she did find—sounds like a glimpse of the obvious. After all, we already know that socioeconomic deprivation is associated with an increased likelihood of cigarette use.4,5 However, this research has made use of increasingly complex statistical models that allowed for the many possible confounders, income and education included. An odds ratio for smoking of 1.64 for high as against low neighborhood-disorder scores is the main effect reported, but a striking increase persisted however the analysis was done. Little of this can be explained by perceived safety, by the way. The effect appears more striking for men than for women, a result which, as Miles notes, is not consistent with UK studies on smoking and deprivation. If people are willing to spend up to one-fifth of their already low incomes on cigarettes,4 it is going to take a whole lot more than distributing flowerpots, compost, and a few seeds to make a difference to a public health scourge that, on one widely quoted prediction,6 at present rates, will kill one billion people before the 21st century is out. As Miles points out, improvements in the urban environment are worth doing even without the health argument, so it remains to be seen how politically persuasive this LARES evidence will prove. Nonetheless, urban clean-ups and botanical adornment are not expensive interventions, and if, as a consequence, local communities did smoke less, that could throw light on what sustains the habit besides the direct health and economic benefits. Also, the paper reminds us that smoking prevention strategies, so often aimed at the individual, may need community and environmental dimensions as well, and these take us well beyond the usual activities of the hospital-based respiratory clinic or family doctor’s office.

Gender-Specific Computer-Based Intervention for Preventing Drug Abuse Among Girls

This study developed and tested a gender-specific intervention for preventing substance abuse among adolescent girls. Delivered on CD-ROM by computer, the program was compared with a conventional substance abuse prevention program delivered live in a group setting. Seventh-grade girls in New York City middle schools completed pretests, and, by school, were randomly assigned to receive either gender-specific computer intervention (GSI) or conventional intervention, and were posttested. Analyses of pretest to posttest gain scores showed GSI girls compared to girls receiving conventional intervention to possess a larger repertoire of stress-reduction methods, to report lower approval of cigarettes, alcohol, and drugs, to identify more unhealthy ways to deal with stress, to report lower likelihood of cigarette use or alcohol consumption if asked to do so by best friends, and to hold stronger plans to avoid cigarettes, alcohol, and drugs in the next year. These modest findings lend credence to the promise of gender-specific, computerized interventions for substance use prevention among adolescent girls.

Do mothers know their teenagers' friends? Implications for individuation in early adolescence

This study addresses three issues: (1) Do mothers and teenagers agree less than mothers and children about their friends? (2) Are family and individual characteristics related to agreement? (3) Is agreement related to subsequent substance use? One hundred ten subjects and their mothers provided information on the friendship network at 9 and 13 years, individual and family characteristics at 13 years, and substance use at 15 years. The results indicate little change in the percent of friends the mother knows from middle childhood to early adolescence, although the number of friends the mother does not know does increase significantly. High mother teenager agreement about opposite-sex friends is related to close family relations, social and moral competence, and a lower likelihood of cigarette use. The findings are discussed as they relate to the constructs of individuation in adolescence and parental monitoring.