Likelihood Of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Research Articles

ADHD and family life: A cross-sectional study of ADHD prevalence among pupils in China and factors associated with parental depression.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is increasingly recognized as a major problem for children and their families in China. However, its influence on parental mental health has been seldom explored. To examine the prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in a community sample of children aged 6-13 years, and the extent to which it impacts parental mental health. Cross-sectional study of primary school pupils (number = 2497) in Deyang, Sichuan Province, South-West China. We used standardized instruments to identify children with ADHD symptoms and parent depression. The prevalence of ADHD was 9.8%. Factors associated with the likelihood of ADHD, included family environment(P = 0.003), time spent with children(P = 0.01), parenting style(P = 0.01), and parental relationship, pupils self-harm and lower academic ability (P = 0.001). After controlling for other factors, having a child with ADHD increased the likelihood of parents' depression (OR = 4.35, CI = 2.68~7.07), additional factors included parent relationship. ADHD may be a common disorder among Chinese children, the symptoms of which may increase the likelihood of parent depression. There is a need for greater detection of ADHD in schools, acknowledgement of the challenges the disorder creates for academic success and family wellbeing, and psychoeducational tools for supporting parents of children with ADHD.

Evaluation of the frequency of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in patients with asthma

BackgroundAsthma is the most prevalent respiratory disease caused by chronic airway inflammation. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is children's most common psychological and neurodevelopmental disorder. Increased risk for ADHD in patients with inflammatory and autoimmune diseases supports the role of inflammatory mechanisms in the occurrence of ADHD. However, the association between asthma and ADHD remains unclear.ObjectiveThis study was designed to evaluate the prevalence of ADHD in patients with asthma who were referred to the clinic of allergy and clinical immunology.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted on children aged 6 to 18 with asthma at Imam Ali hospital, Karaj, Iran. The patient's demographic data, history of childbirth delivery type, premature birth, hospital admission, family income, birth rate, and family history information related to the patient's asthma and medicines were recorded. ADHD diagnosis was made using the Persian version of Conners Parent Behavioral Problems Rating Scale (CPRS-26).ResultsIn this study, 677 asthmatic patients were enrolled; 46 patients (6.8%) had ADHD. The probability of ADHD in asthmatic patients inhabited in a rural area, males, and patients with a history of food allergy, allergic rhinitis, urticaria, and eczema was significantly higher (p < 0.05). In addition, our result demonstrated that the likelihood of ADHD in patients with asthma and a history of PICU admission was significantly higher (p < 0.05).ConclusionsThe present study showed that severe asthma, was the risk factor for ADHD in patients with asthma. Physicians should be aware of this co-morbidity to refer asthmatic patients who have the symptoms of ADHD to a psychologist.

Association between preeclampsia and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a population-based and sibling-matched cohort study.

To examine the association between preeclampsia and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), using a large Swedish-based registry cohort. This study comprised 2047619 children, with 114934 (5.6%) cases of ADHD. Preeclampsia was based on two alternate definitions: (i) preeclampsia (using ICD-9/ICD-10) and (ii) preeclampsia and small for gestational age (SGA) combined. ADHD was determined in one of two ways: (i) if a diagnosis of ADHD was present in the National Patient Register or (ii) if an individual was in receipt of ADHD medication in the Prescribed Drug Register. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis allowed adjustment for several perinatal/sociodemographic factors. Sibling-matched analysis further controlled for shared genetic and familial confounding. In the adjusted Cox model, preeclampsia was associated with an increase in likelihood of ADHD (HR: 1.15, 95% CI: 1.12, 1.19). The HR for preeclampsia and those born SGA was 1.43 (95% CI: 1.31, 1.55) in the adjusted model, compared to those unexposed to preeclampsia/SGA. The sibling-matched analysis did not materially change these associations (HR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.22) and 1.55 (95% CI: 1.28, 1.88). Exposure to preeclampsia or preeclampsia/SGA was associated with ADHD, independent of genetic/familial factors shared by siblings. However, it is important to note that sibling-matched analysis can only adjust for factors that are constant between pregnancies; therefore, residual confounding cannot be ruled out. Further research is needed to explore modifiable risk factors and identify those most-at-risk babies following delivery.

Invited Commentary: The Disillusionment of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) Epidemiology.

The developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) model promises a greater understanding of early development but has left unresolved the balance of risks and benefits to offspring of medication use during pregnancy. Masarwa et al. (Am J Epidemiol. 2018;187(8):1817-1827) conducted a meta-analysis of the association between in utero acetaminophen exposure and risks of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A challenge of meta-analyzing results from observational studies is that summary measures of risk do not correspond to well-defined interventions when the individual studies adjusted for different covariate sets, which was the case here. This challenge limits the usefulness of observational meta-analyses for inferences about etiology and treatment planning. With that limitation understood, Masarwa et al. reported a 20%-30% higher risk of ADHD and ASD following prenatal acetaminophen exposure. Surprisingly, most of the original studies did not report diagnoses of ADHD or ASD. As a result, their summary estimates of risk are not informative about children's likelihood of ADHD and ASD diagnoses. The long-term promise of DOHaD remains hopeful, but more effort is needed in the short-term to critically evaluate observational studies suggesting risks associated with medications used to treat conditions during pregnancy that might have adverse consequences for a developing fetus.

Evidence of concurrent and prospective associations between early maltreatment and ADHD through childhood and adolescence

PurposeAn emerging body of work suggests a link between childhood maltreatment and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, research examining the role of maltreatment in the early course of the disorder lacks robust evidence from longitudinal studies. Our aim was to examine concurrent and prospective associations between maltreatment experiences and ADHD diagnosis and sex differences, and to estimate the association between repetitive maltreatment exposure and ADHD through childhood and adolescence.MethodsData were obtained from the Boricua Youth Study, a longitudinal study of 2480 children and adolescents of Puerto Rican background. Neglect, physical, emotional and sexual abuse, and foster placement were regressed on ADHD diagnosis measured at each of three waves using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children-IV. Multilevel regressions estimated the effects of exposure on ADHD, adjusted by age, sex, income, household education, parental psychopathology, comorbidity and ADHD medication status.ResultsEmotional abuse and foster placement had robust associations with ADHD diagnosis. For girls, physical abuse had a threefold increase in the odds of having ADHD diagnosis; for boys, associations were observed only for emotional abuse. Prospective models examining the risk of ADHD following maltreatment provided initial evidence for the effects of physical abuse on ADHD, and a linear trend for repetitive exposure suggested increased probability for disorder persistence.ConclusionsAssociations between early maltreatment and ADHD were robust. Different categories of maltreatment increase the likelihood of ADHD for girls and boys. Increased exposure to maltreatment may predict symptom persistence. Interventions addressing ADHD must consider the effects of both sex and family environment.

Vitamin D Status and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

AbstractAn association between vitamin D and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been proposed by several researchers in recent years; however, the investigations have led to inconsistent results. The present study was conducted to summarize the published observational data on the relation between vitamin D status and the likelihood of ADHD. Online databases, including PubMed, the ISI Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Scopus, were checked up to June 2017 for relevant observational studies. A random-effects model was incorporated to summarize the study results. Out of 2770 retrieved articles, 13 observational studies (9 case-control or cross-sectional studies and 4 prospective studies) were eligible for inclusion in the systematic review and meta-analysis. Analysis of the 10,334 children and adolescents who attended the 9 case-control or cross-sectional studies revealed that children with ADHD have lower serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D than do healthy children (weighted mean difference: −6.75 ng/mL; 95% CI: −9.73, −3.77 ng/mL; I2 = 94.9%]. Five case-control studies reported the OR for developing ADHD based on vitamin D status; the meta-analysis of their data revealed that lower vitamin D status is significantly associated with the likelihood of ADHD (OR: 2.57; 95% CI: 1.09, 6.04; I2 = 84.3%). Furthermore, the meta-analysis of prospective studies conducted in 4137 participants indicated that perinatal suboptimal vitamin D concentrations are significantly associated with a higher risk of ADHD in later life (RR: 1.40; 95% CI: 1.09, 1.81; I2 = 0.0%). It should be noted that the association found in prospective studies was sensitive to one of the included investigations. The present review provides evidence supporting the relation between vitamin D deficiency and ADHD. However, the overall effect sizes are small, and therefore the association should be considered equivocal at this time. Further prospective cohort studies and community-based intervention trials are highly recommended to better elucidate the causal association.