Likelihood Of Abortion Research Articles

15-49 Yaş Kadınlarda Kendiliğinden ve İsteyerek Düşükler ve Belirleyicileri

Aim: Abortions, which are among the causes of maternal mortality in the world, continue to be important not only for women's health, but also because they have devastating physiological, psychological, and economic effects on the family and society. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of total, induced, and spontaneous abortion in women aged 15-49 in a Family Health Center (FHC) region, and the factors affecting the abortion prevalence. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted with 311 women aged 15-49 registered between February and December 2017 at the FHC region in Northwest Thrace in Turkey. Results: The unintended pregnancy prevalence of the participants was 14.8%, and abortion prevalence was 22.2%. Spontaneous and induced abortions prevalence was 12.2% and 10.9%, respectively. According to the multivariate logistic regression analysis, the likelihood of abortion was significantly higher than the reference category in those who perceived their income at a bad level, current smokers, and those who considered abortion as a family planning method used to avoid unwanted pregnancies (p <0.05). The likelihood of induced abortion was significantly higher in women who perceived their income at a bad level, those with spouses aged 35 and older, and those whose spouses had primary school and lower levels of education (p<0.05). The likelihood of spontaneous abortion in women was higher in each one-unit increase in the total number of pregnancies, compared to those with high-school education, and those who perceived their income at a bad level (p<0.05). Conclusion: Nearly one out of every five women had undesired pregnancy experience, and one out of every four women had abortion experience. Spontaneous abortion prevalence was higher than that of induced abortion. Some sociodemographic and/ or obstetric characteristics are determinants of total abortion, induced abortion, and spontaneous abortion.

DHEA use to improve likelihood of IVF/ICSI success in patients with diminished ovarian reserve: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

The aim of this review is to determine if the use of DHEA increases the likelihood of success in patients with POR. We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE using the terms "DHEA and diminished ovarian reserve", "DHEA and poor response", "DHEA and premature ovarian aging". A fixed effects model was used and Peto's method to get the odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI 95%). For quantitative variables, Cohen's method was used to present the standardized mean differences (SMD) with their corresponding confidence intervals. Only five studied fulfilled the selection criteria. DHEA was administered in 25 mg doses, three times a day. In all studies, the authors corrected for the presence of confounding variables such as partner's age, infertility diagnosis and number of transferred embryos. The meta-analysis of the five selected studies assessed a total of 910 patients, who underwent IVF/ICSI, of which 413 had received DHEA. DHEA use was associated with a significant increase in pregnancy likelihood (OR 1.8, CI 95% 1.29 to 2.51, p=0.001). When analyzing the association between DHEA use and the likelihood of abortion, we found low heterogeneity between studies (I2=0.0%) and the use of DHEA to be associated to a significant reduction in the likelihood of abortion (OR 0.25, CI 0.07 to 0.95; p=0.045). Analysis of the association of DHEA with average oocyte retrieval showed high variability between studies (I2=98.6%), as well as no association between DHEA use and the number of oocytes retrieved (SMD -0.01, CI 95% -0.16 to 0.13; p<0.05).

Determinants of abortion among clients coming for abortion service at felegehiwot referral hospital, northwest Ethiopia: a case control study

BackgroundAccording to the World Health Organization (WHO) estimate, one-third of pregnancies end in miscarriage, stillbirth, or induced abortion in the world. There are various reasons for a woman to seek induced abortion. However, limited information is available so far in the country and particularly in the study area. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to identify the determinants of induced abortion among clients coming for abortion care services at Bahirdar Felegehiwote referral hospital, Northwest Ethiopia.MethodsInstitutional based unmatched case-control study was conducted from September to December 2014. Interview administered questioner was used to collect primary data. Enumeration and systematic random sampling (K = 3) method was used to select 175 cases and 350 controls. A binary logistic regression model was fitted to identify determinant factors. Odds ratio with 95% CI was computed to assess the strength and significance of the association.ResultAll sampled cases and controls were actually interviewed. The likelihood of abortion was higher among non-married women [AOR: 18.23, 95% CI: 8.04, 41.32], students [AOR: 11.46, 95% CI: 6.29, 20.87], and women having a monthly income of less than 500 ETB [AOR: 11.46, 95% CI: 6.29, 20.87]. However, the likelihood of abortion was lower among women age greater than 24 years [AOR: 0.29, 95% CI: 0.11, 0.79] and who had the previous history of induced abortion [AOR: 0.31, 95% CI: 0.15, 0.65].ConclusionThe study identified being non-married, student, women age less than 24 years, having the previous history of induced abortion, and low monthly income as an independent determinant of induced abortion. Interventions focused on the identified determinant factors are recommended.

Labour Force Participation and the Likelihood of Abortion in Finland over Three Birth Cohorts

There is a lack of studies on the association between labour force participation and abortion. This study examined how the likelihood of having an abortion depends on being employed, unemployed, student or outside the workforce using Finnish register data from three birth cohorts (born in 1955-59, 1965-69 and 1975-79) of nearly 260,000 women. The results differed depending on whether all women or only pregnant women were studied and on the cohort analysed. Unemployed women had a high likelihood of abortion when all women were studied, but among pregnant women students had the highest likelihood. The direction and strength of the association varied by relationship status, age, and parity. The results show that the likelihood of abortion depends on women’s economic position. More studies on contraceptive use and pregnancy intentions in Finland are needed to identify the mechanisms behind these findings.

The association between education and induced abortion for three cohorts of adults in Finland

This paper explores whether the likelihood of abortion by education changed over time in Finland, where comprehensive family planning services and sexuality education have been available since the early 1970s. This subject has not previously been studied longitudinally with comprehensive and reliable data. A unique longitudinal set of register data of more than 250,000 women aged 20–49 born in 1955–59, 1965–69, and 1975–79 was analysed, using descriptive statistics, concentration curves, and discrete-time event-history models. Women with basic education had a higher likelihood of abortion than others and the association grew stronger for later cohorts. Selection into education may explain this phenomenon: although it was fairly common to have only basic education in the 1955–59 cohort, it became increasingly unusual over time. Thus, even though family planning services were easily available, socio-economic differences in the likelihood of abortion remained.

Some Factors Affecting the Abortion Rate in Dairy Herds with High Incidence ofNeospora-Associated Abortions are Different in Cows and Heifers

The aim of this study was to determine if the factors affecting the abortion rate in dairy herds with high incidence of Neospora-associated abortions are different in pregnancies of cows and heifers chronically infected with Neospora caninum. In heifers (n = 229), an increase in the cumulative number of days with a mean relative humidity (RH) lower than 60% during the second trimester of gestation increases the risk of abortion. Yet, the likelihood of abortion was 7.6 times lower for pregnant heifers inseminated with Limousin bull semen, compared with those inseminated with Holstein-Friesian bull semen. In pregnancies of parous cows (n = 521), an increase in rainfall and in the cumulative number of days with a mean RH lower than 60% during the second trimester of gestation increased the abortion rate. However, in contrast, an increase in the lactation number produced a decrease in the abortion rate, with a likelihood of abortion 4.8 times lower for pregnant cows inseminated with Limousin bull semen, and three times lower for those inseminated with Belgian Blue bull semen, compared with dairy cows inseminated with Holstein-Friesian bull semen. Finally, the likelihood of abortion was 3.2 times lower for pregnancies of parous cows with low antibody titres against N. caninum (6-30 units) as compared to those with high antibody titres (>/=30 units), whereas in heifers this variable had no effect. The practical recommendations of the present study include the control of the cow environment during the second trimester of gestation, the priority of culling for parous cows with higher antibody titres against N. caninum and the insemination of Neospora-seropositive cows with semen from the Limousin breed.

SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC DETERMINANTS OF ABORTION IN INDIA: A NORTH–SOUTH COMPARISON

Data from the 1998-99 National Family Health Survey (NFHS2) of India are used to examine the net effects of social and demographic characteristics of women on the likelihood of abortion while emphasizing important differences between women from northern and southern states. A north-south comparison illustrates that southern women have relatively higher levels of literacy and labour force participation, lower levels of son preference, and smaller family size. Results from logistic regression analyses show that literacy, type of work, belonging to a scheduled caste or tribe, urban residence, standard of living, parity, religion, age, age at union and contraceptive behaviour all have significant effects on the likelihood of abortion. However, most of these effects significantly differ for southern and northern women. Moreover, the effects of agricultural work, son preference and age at union on the likelihood of abortion are significant for northern but not southern women.

The Use of Beef Bull Semen Reduced the Risk of Abortion inNeospora‐seropositive Dairy Cows

There is an evidence that the epidemiology of neosporosis differs in dairy and beef cattle, such that beef cattle carry a lower risk of abortion. The aim of the present study was to establish whether artificial insemination using semen from beef bulls could reduce the risk of abortion in dairy cows seropositive for the Neospora caninum parasite. Our study was based on yearly serological screening for neosporosis and on the confirmation of Neospora infection in aborted fetuses in two high-producing dairy herds with a mean 28% seroprevalence of N. caninum antibodies. The study population comprised of 273 pregnancies in seropositive animals: 156 pregnancies monitored after insemination using Holstein-Friesian semen and 117 after insemination using beef bull semen. Abortion rates for these animals were 28.2% (77 of 273), 34.6% (54 of 156) and 19.7% (23 of 117). Logistic regression analysis indicated no significant effects of lactation number and previous abortion on the abortion rate. Based on the odds ratio, a 1-unit increase in the Neospora antibody titre yielded a 1.01-fold increase in the abortion rate. The likelihood of abortion was two times higher for cows in one of the two herds and 2.8 times lower (one of 0.36) for pregnant cows inseminated with beef bull semen rather than Holstein-Friesian semen. Our results indicate that the use of beef bull semen can reduce the risk of abortion in dairy cows, and suggest that annual screening for neosporosis, specifically the antibody titre to the protozoan, could be an useful predictor of abortion risk in reproductive health programmes.

A mixture model for bovine abortion and foetal survival.

The effect of spontaneous abortion on the dairy industry is substantial, costing the industry on the order of US dollars 200 million per year in California alone. We analyse data from a cohort study of nine dairy herds in Central California. A key feature of the analysis is the observation that only a relatively small proportion of cows will abort (around 10;15 per cent), so that it is inappropriate to analyse the time-to-abortion (TTA) data as if it were standard censored survival data, with cows that fail to abort by the end of the study treated as censored observations. We thus broaden the scope to consider the analysis of foetal lifetime distribution (FLD) data for the cows, with the dual goals of characterizing the effects of various risk factors on (i). the likelihood of abortion and, conditional on abortion status, on (ii). the risk of early versus late abortion. A single model is developed to accomplish both goals with two sets of specific herd effects modelled as random effects. Because multimodal foetal hazard functions are expected for the TTA data, both a parametric mixture model and a non-parametric model are developed. Furthermore, the two sets of analyses are linked because of anticipated dependence between the random herd effects. All modelling and inferences are accomplished using modern Bayesian methods.

The Effect of Partners' Characteristics on Teenage Pregnancy and Its Resolution

Although the determinants of whether a teenage woman has a nonmarital pregnancy and how such a pregnancy is resolved have been widely investigated, little is known about the effect of her partner's characteristics or the joint influence of the two partners' characteristics on nonmarital teenage pregnancy. Data from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth are used to examine whether the characteristics of teenage women and their partners affect the likelihood of a nonmarital pregnancy and how the pregnancy is resolved. The data are corrected for underreporting of abortions. More than 17% of teenage women are estimated to have become pregnant during their first nonmarital teenage sexual relationship. About 44% of these pregnancies result in a nonmarital birth and about 18% in a marital birth, while 37% end in an abortion. The likelihood of nonmarital pregnancy declines as age at first intercourse rises, but age does not affect how such a pregnancy is resolved. Women who are older than their first partner are more likely to become pregnant than those who are the same age, and their pregnancies are less likely to end in abortion than in a marital birth. Women who are younger than their first partner are no more likely to become pregnant than other women after the effects of other characteristics are taken into account. The male partner's education is negatively associated with the likelihood of nonmarital pregnancy but is positively associated with the likelihood of abortion if a pregnancy occurs. Differences between partners in race or ethnicity do not affect the likelihood of a nonmarital pregnancy but do increase the likelihood that such a pregnancy will end in abortion or a nonmarital birth rather than in a marital birth. The characteristics of teenage women and their partners appear to play a role in nonmarital teenage pregnancy and its outcome. However, the estimated relationships between one partner's characteristics and the probability of a nonmarital pregnancy and its resolution are generally little affected by whether the other partner's characteristics are also taken into account.

Determinants of abortion among women undergoing artificial termination of pregnancy

Objectives In order to determine factors involved in the contraceptive practice of women undergoing artificial abortion, a prospective questionnaire survey was carried out.Methods Women(n = 800) requesting artificial abortion were compared with women (n = 1000) admitted to or visiting the department for reasons other than abortion. The SPSS program was used for statisticalanalysis between 1998 and 1999. Multiple logistic regression analysis was applied to evaluate the factors influencing the contraceptive practice of the aborters.Results Reliable contraceptivemethods were used significantly less frequently by the aborters than by the control group (19.1% vs. 55%, p < 0.001, adjusted odds ratio (AOR), 0.46; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.3–0.7).The contraceptive choice of the aborters depended significantly on their low income (AOR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.5–2.4). The likelihood of abortion was significantly lower among those informed by a health-careprovider (AOR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.4–0.8) or the media (AOR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.4–0.7). Awareness of reliable methods was also an important factor (AOR, 0.25; 95% CI, 0.1-0.5).ConclusionsIt appears that a further decrease of the abortion ratio could be attained through an intensive media campaign and improved education.

Racism, Poverty, Abortion, and Other Reproductive Outcomes

The Authors Reply: Rooney encourages epidemiologists to “have the courage to explore controversial risks” when seeking explanations for higher rates of preterm delivery among African-American women. Curiously, his definition of courage seems to entail considering only induced abortion as a possible risk factor. He is notably silent, however, on the courage required to address racism forthrightly as a possible determinant of population distribution of preterm delivery. 1,2 Generating a hypothesis requires at least two obligations. One is development of a plausible causal scenario. The other is a comprehensive and critical review of evidence pro and con. Rooney, however, neither proposes a plausible biological mechanism linking risk of preterm delivery to induced abortion, nor does he acknowledge (a) epidemiologic research finding no evidence of association between induced abortion and subsequent risk of preterm delivery, 3–11 (b) substantive flaws in the studies he cites in favor of his hypothesis (for example, failing to control for parity 12), or (c) research explicitly refuting his hypothesis. 13–16 Specifically, two studies comparing risk of preterm delivery among African-American compared with U.S. white women that take into account history of abortion and other relevant confounders still report a nearly twofold higher risk among the African-American women, 13,15 and two report a 1.4–1.5-fold higher risk 14,16 —and all four investigations are among the studies Rooney cites in favor of his hypothesis! As a corrective, we accordingly note that the preponderance of epidemiologic research indicates either no association or only a very small association between induced abortion and risk of preterm delivery 3–11 (the same is true for risk of breast cancer and abortion, which Rooney also invokes, despite recent studies addressing limitations of earlier investigations, superseding possible biological plausibility of a hypothesized association 17–27). The leading postulated pathway linking induced abortion and subsequent risk of preterm delivery is excessive cervical dilation, which may weaken the cervix, thereby possibly leading to cervical incompetence in a subsequent pregnancy. 3–5 Yet, at present 96.7% of legal abortions in the United States are performed by vacuum aspiration, 28 a procedure not involving excessive dilation of the cervix. Even this retelling of the evidence, however, barely begins to tackle the many other issues on which Rooney is silent. Among the nine studies Rooney cites, 12–16,29–32 six include minimal or no socioeconomic data, 12,13,16,28,29,32 even though socioeconomic position is known to be associated with both likelihood of abortion and risk of preterm delivery, thereby leaving considerable room for residual confounding. 1,33 Similarly, as noted by Collins et al, 2 to date remarkably little research has explored associations between other social phenomena that are distressingly prevalent and potentially linked to risk of preterm delivery: racism, violence, and poverty across the life course and possibly even intergenerationally. 1,2,34 Relevant distinct pathways linking these social phenomena to their embodied biological expression include links between social and material deprivation and infection; neuroendocrine disruption resulting from chronic exposure to discrimination or threats of violence; and restricted access to health care, including family planning services. Courage? It takes courage to look fairly at evidence supporting—let alone contradicting–one’s prior beliefs. Nancy Krieger Janet Rich-Edwards