Like Long Term Evolution Research Articles

Sense Cap Using Internet of Things

The Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the most prominent technologies, which primarily deals with inter-connecting, controlling and managing digital and electronic devices that are connected to the internet through an IP address. The evolution of high speed network technologies like Long Term Evolution (LTE) and upcoming 5G network technology had already led the path to simulate the whole electronic and digital services and applications at the finger tips. However, the physically challenged people especially the visually challenged people could not utilize the whole of technologies and yet this makes them feel more distressed about themselves. Braille is vital for communication and education purposes for the visually challenged persons. The solution for this problem is to handle the distance between the obstacle and the person. The aim of this project is to develop a smart cap, which has the distance measurement system. Device that will be useful who are visually impaired. This device primarily allows its user to scan their surroundings for obstacles. The device which has sensors (Lidar) for detecting the obstacles. It is connected to the smart phone via Bluetooth or any other means. It will notify and guide the user if there is any obstacles stairs or potholes around. It is based on ToF (Time of Flight) principle and integrated with unique optical and electrical designs, so as to achieve stable, precise, high sensitivity and high-speed distance detection. Features: Operating Range: 0.3-12m maximum operating range at 10% reflectivity. "Share live location" feature allows the user's can share their live location to their personal contacts.

Analysis of WOFDM over LTE 1.25 MHz Band

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is the one of the most preferred multiplexing technique for realizing high-speed wireless communication, like Long Term Evolution (LTE) and LTE-Adv. In the era of digital wireless communication, applications of wavelet theory have been favorably applied in many areas of signal processing. Orthogonality, flexible time-frequency analysis, and the ability to characterize signals accurately have attracted the attention of the telecommunication community to use wavelet as a basis function for OFDM. In this paper, discrete wavelet transform (DWT) has been proposed as an alternative signal analysis with multiple merits such as support high-speed applications, immune to distortion, wavelet diversity, better error performance, and efficient bandwidth utilization. A simulative analysis of various wavelets, at different modulation techniques, over OFDM has been presented to demonstrate the improvement in BER performance. Further, in accordance with the LTE parameterization over 1.25 MHz band, the performance of wavelet-based OFDM (WOFDM) is found significantly higher in terms of maximum achievable data rate and system spectral efficiency.

RETRACTED: 5G-oriented IoT coverage enhancement and physical education resource management

Internet of Things (IoT) is a promising innovation, has become a consistent global World Usability smart gadget connection for overall reforms. The current interest in Machine-Based Communication (MBC) has led to different management preconditions to achieve IoT visual classification of the cutting edge in response to progress. Like Long Term Evolution (LTE), district guidelines have been proposed suitable for mobile phones, for example, the gadget of things, low power consumption, and low information rate gadgets. To solve this problem, there is some emerging Internet of Things standards. In particular, its goal is a key factor in networking potential for the future the fifth-generation (5G) Mobile Network to succeed the previous mobile phone standard limit. Physical education provides many benefits to students and the community also brings many benefits. Social impact. First, overall physical fitness is gained. For example, physical education can help students and improve social skills related components, such as speed, flexibility, reaction time, balance, coordination, and basic movement patterns.

An Optimal Security Management Framework for Backhaul-aware 5G-Vehicle to Everything (V2X)

Cellular (C) setups facilitate the connectivity amongst the devices with better provisioning of services to its users. Vehicular networks are one of the representative setups that aim at expanding their functionalities by using the available cellular systems like Long Term Evolution (LTE)-based Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) as well as the upcoming Fifth Generation (5G)-based functional architecture. The vehicular networks include Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I), Vehicle to Pedestrian (V2P) and Vehicle to Network (V2N), all of which are referred to as Vehicle to Everything (V2X). 5G has dominated the vehicular network and most of the upcoming research is motivated towards the fully functional utilization of 5G-V2X. Despite that, credential management and edge-initiated security are yet to be resolved under 5G-V2X. To further understand the issue, this paper presents security management as a principle of sustainability and key-management. The performance tradeoff is evaluated with the key-updates required to maintain a secure connection between the vehicles and the 5G-terminals. The proposed approach aims at the utilization of high-speed mmWave-based backhaul for enhancing the security operations between the core and the sub-divided functions at the edge of the network through a dual security management framework. The evaluations are conducted using numerical simulations, which help to understand the impact on the sustainability of connections as well as identification of the fail-safe points for secure and fast operations. Furthermore, the evaluations help to follow the multiple tradeoffs of security and performance based on the metrics like mandatory key updates, the range of operations and the probability of connectivity.

Throughput and Fairness Optimal Scheduling for High Speed Cell Edge Users in LTE Networks

Guaranteeing Quality of Service (QoS) to mobile users is the primary aim of cellular broadband system like Long Term Evolution (LTE). Radio resource allocation and scheduling are two important functions in the LTE networks to enhance the quality of service. For increasing the generally user experience, an efficient radio resource allocation and Scheduling algorithm should be used. However, this became a non-trivial task as the demands and requirements of user data changes day-to-day. In these situations, with the limited radio resources, maximum system capacity can be obtained on expense of unfair share of the resources. In this work, high speed cell edge users are considered as they experience poor signal strength and their quality of service degrades when they move away from Evolved-Nodes (e-Nodes). Here, a novel scheduling algorithm has been introduced to extend the cell edge throughput amid during high mobility scenarios. The proposed scheduling scheme will be compared with the conventional schemes like best CQI, RR and PF in terms of throughput and fairness. It is presented that the proposed scheme gives better performance against the conventional ones in the chosen scenario.

Capacitive couplings compact antenna for LTE/WiMAX/WLAN application

AbstractA Compact antenna applicable for wireless communication fields like Long Term Evolution (LTE) frequency division duplex (FDD) Downlink Communication (1850‐1910 MHz Canada, Latin America), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) and Wireless local area network (WLAN) is proposed. The antenna structure is based on 1 outer ring resonators. Here, directly fed through the patch the stepped impedance transmission line with an optimized electromagnetic coupling outer ring. The proposed design operates in the lower frequency band from 1.79 to 1.94 GHz with 1.86 GHz center frequency and in the higher frequency band form 4.69 to 5.27 GHz. The compact antenna return loss is good agreement between simulated and measured results. The antenna gain value are 0.8 dBi at 1.86 GHz, 1.1 dBi at 4.75 GHz, 3.84 dBi at 4.97 GHz, and 2.64 dBi at 5.19 GHz. Moreover multi‐directional radiation to unidirectional radiation flow at the horizontal plane and vertical plane. A unidirectional radiation patterns based compact antenna utilized for wireless communication applications.

A Survey on 5G Networks for the Internet of Things: Communication Technologies and Challenges

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a promising technology which tends to revolutionize and connect the global world via heterogeneous smart devices through seamless connectivity. The current demand for machine-type communications (MTC) has resulted in a variety of communication technologies with diverse service requirements to achieve the modern IoT vision. More recent cellular standards like long-term evolution (LTE) have been introduced for mobile devices but are not well suited for low-power and low data rate devices such as the IoT devices. To address this, there is a number of emerging IoT standards. Fifth generation (5G) mobile network, in particular, aims to address the limitations of previous cellular standards and be a potential key enabler for future IoT. In this paper, the state-of-the-art of the IoT application requirements along with their associated communication technologies are surveyed. In addition, the third generation partnership project cellular-based low-power wide area solutions to support and enable the new service requirements for Massive to Critical IoT use cases are discussed in detail, including extended coverage global system for mobile communications for the Internet of Things, enhanced machine-type communications, and narrowband-Internet of Things. Furthermore, 5G new radio enhancements for new service requirements and enabling technologies for the IoT are introduced. This paper presents a comprehensive review related to emerging and enabling technologies with main focus on 5G mobile networks that is envisaged to support the exponential traffic growth for enabling the IoT. The challenges and open research directions pertinent to the deployment of massive to critical IoT applications are also presented in coming up with an efficient context-aware congestion control mechanism.

Massive MIMO Wireless Networks: An Overview

Massive multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) systems use few hundred antennas to simultaneously serve large number of wireless broadband terminals. It has been incorporated into standards like long term evolution (LTE) and IEEE802.11 (Wi-Fi). Basically, the more the antennas, the better shall be the performance. Massive MIMO systems envision accurate beamforming and decoding with simpler and possibly linear algorithms. However, efficient signal processing techniques have to be used at both ends to overcome the signaling overhead complexity. There are few fundamental issues about massive MIMO networks that need to be better understood before their successful deployment. In this paper, we present a detailed review of massive MIMO homogeneous, and heterogeneous systems, highlighting key system components, pros, cons, and research directions. In addition, we emphasize the advantage of employing millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency in the beamforming, and precoding operations in single, and multi-tier massive MIMO systems.

PAPR reduction in OFDM system using hybrid PTS-RCMN scheme

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a widely accepted multi-carrier transmission scheme which is used for high data rate applications like Long-Term Evolution (LTE). It offers higher data transmission rate by efficient bandwidth usage. OFDM offers greater resistance and immunity towards inter-symbol interference (ISI) and Inter-Carrier Interference (ICI). However the major drawback associated with OFDM is high Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) which forces high power amplifier (HPA) to work in the non-linear region resulting in harmonic distortions in the output. Partial transmit sequence (PTS) is a widely employed and tested method for PAPR reduction in 4G systems. In this paper we have proposed a novel scheme which uses a combination of PTS and Reduced Complexity Maximum Norm (RCMN) method to improve PAPR reduction performance of PTS system. This scheme has effectively reduced PAPR as compared to conventional PTS technique with insignificant increase in computational complexity.

PAPR reduction in OFDM system using hybrid PTS-RCMN scheme

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a widely accepted multi-carrier transmission scheme which is used for high data rate applications like Long-Term Evolution (LTE). It offers higher data transmission rate by efficient bandwidth usage. OFDM offers greater resistance and immunity towards inter-symbol interference (ISI) and Inter-Carrier Interference (ICI). However the major drawback associated with OFDM is high Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) which forces high power amplifier (HPA) to work in the non-linear region resulting in harmonic distortions in the output. Partial transmit sequence (PTS) is a widely employed and tested method for PAPR reduction in 4G systems. In this paper we have proposed a novel scheme which uses a combination of PTS and Reduced Complexity Maximum Norm (RCMN) method to improve PAPR reduction performance of PTS system. This scheme has effectively reduced PAPR as compared to conventional PTS technique with insignificant increase in computational complexity.

Heterogeneous cellular and DSRC networking for Floating Car Data collection in urban areas

Vehicular traffic monitoring is a major enabler for a whole range of Intelligent Transportation System services. Real time, high spatial and temporal resolution vehicular traffic monitoring is becoming a reality thanks to the variety of communication platforms that are being deployed. Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) and cellular communications like Long Term Evolution (LTE) are the major technologies. The former is specifically tailored for Vehicular Ad-hoc Network, the second one is pervasive. We propose a fully distributed Floating Car Data (FCD) collection protocol that exploits the heterogeneous network provided by DSRC and LTE. The proposed approach adapts automatically to the penetration degree of DSRC, achieving the maximum possible LTE offloading, given the VANET connectivity achieved via DSRC. Extensive simulations in real urban scenarios are used to evaluate the protocol performance and LTE offloading, as compared to baseline and literature approaches.

The Right Time: Reducing Effective End-to-End Delay in Time-Slotted Packet-Switched Networks

Modern access network technologies like Long Term Evolution (LTE) and High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) use time-slotting mechanisms to optimize resource sharing and overall network performance. In time-slotted networks, the one-way delay of all packets in a packet stream depends on the absolute point in time when the first packet of the stream is sent. With appropriate feedback signals, applications can exploit this effect to reduce their effective end-to-end delay. Time-critical applications such as real-time sensor data acquisition or voice-over-IP (VoIP) communications can shift their acquisition interval in order to adapt to the network timing. Information about the actual time-slotting periods can be gathered by active network measurements or through implementation of cross-layer information exchange. In this paper, a method is proposed to determine the optimum send time for particular destinations and to support applications in adjusting their send time accordingly. Theoretical findings are supported by the offline analysis of measurement data and by a proof-of-concept implementation that confirms the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed solution in operational LTE and HSPA networks.

ISI Free Channel Equalization for Future 5G Mobile Terminal Using Bio-inspired Neural Networks

This article presents the concept of future 5th generation (5G) wireless communications as an existing beyond 4G systems like long term evolution (LTE) which means the indicate of 5G scenarios can be introduced in near future. Therefore, this paper deals of a future 5G mobile terminal for applications to uplink transmission in a multiuser LTE scheme. Unfortunately, LTE-uplink inherently generates significant inter-symbol interference especially high bandwidth scenarios. The result is a rise to mutual interference among active users with an increased error rate. This incidence eventually causes non-orthogonal user spreading codes. Moreover, this drawback is known as the multiple access interference episodes which demonstrate high computational complexity and enhances symbol error rate at the receiving end and degrades the communication quality. Most of the related work has been claimed iterative linear minimum mean square error (LMMSE) detection requires a matrix inversion role which has a high computational complexity and contains a combinatorial optimization problem. Consequently, the LMMSE does not meet the requirement to implement real-time detection with low complexity and thus limiting its application. Therefore, we propose an acceptable bio-inspired neural network (NN) in the case of single and multilayer NNs with supervised learning particularly Levenberg---Marquardt backpropagation learning algorithm to improve the convergence speed. Simulation results performed with highest approaches highlights a better act for the proposed system.

Energy-efficiency analyses of heterogeneous macro and micro base station sites

Due to the introduction of newer technologies like Long Term Evolution (LTE) in already deployed cellular access networks, changes in the energy-efficiency of networks consisting predominantly of macro base station sites (BSSs) can be expected. An investigation has been performed for two prominent energy metrics of cellular networks: Power per Unit Area (PUA) and Energy per bit and Unit Area (EbUA). Analytical relations have been developed that express the influence of parameters such as BSs’ transmit (Tx) powers, inter-site distances (ISDs), and a number of heterogeneous macro or LTE micro BSSs on the PUA and EbUA. It has been shown that appropriate selection of these parameters can ensure significant energy savings. Besides the possibility of finding an optimal trade-off among ISDs and Tx powers of macro BSSs, which will minimize PUA and maximize EbUA, adding micro LTE BSs to such heterogeneous networks contributes to the improvement of network energy efficiency.

Modelling the time-varying cell capacity in LTE networks

In wireless orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) based networks like Long Term Evolution (LTE) or Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) a technique called adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) is applied. With AMC, different modulation and coding schemes (MCSs) are used to serve different users in order to maximise the throughput and range. The used MCS depends on the quality of the radio link between the base station and the user. Data is sent towards users with a good radio link with a high MCS in order to utilise the radio resources more efficiently while a low MCS is used for users with a bad radio link. Using AMC however has an impact on the cell capacity as the quality of a radio link varies when users move around; this can even lead to situations where the cell capacity drops to a point where there are too little radio resources to serve all users. AMC and the resulting varying cell capacity notably has an influence on admission control (AC). AC is the algorithm that decides whether new sessions are allowed to a cell or not and bases its decisions on, amongst others, the cell capacity. The analytical model that is developed in this paper models a cell with varying capacity caused by user mobility using a continuous -time Markov chain (CTMC). The cell is divided into multiple zones, each corresponding to the area in which data is sent towards users using a certain MCS and transitions of users between these zones are considered. The accuracy of the analytical model is verified by comparing the results obtained with it to results obtained from simulations that model the user mobility more realistically. This comparison shows that the analytical model models the varying cell capacity very accurately; only under extreme conditions differences between the results are noticed. The developed analytical and simulation models are then used to investigate the effects of a varying cell capacity on AC. Also, an optimisation algorithm that adapts the parameter of the AC algorithm which determines the amount of resources that are reserved in order to mitigate the effects of the varying cell capacity is studied using the models. Updating the parameter of the AC algorithm is done by reacting to certain triggers that indicate good or bad performance and adapt the parameters of the AC algorithm accordingly. Results show that using this optimisation algorithm improves the quality of service (QoS) that is experienced by the users.

A Parallel Software Architecture for the LTE Protocol on a Multi-Core Mobile Modem

Coming wireless communication standards like Long Term Evolution (LTE) promise to bring a drastic increase in data rate for the end user. To facilitate this evolution, sophisticated technology for the mobile equipment is required. Most research focuses on the signal processing in the physical layer whereas the computational capabilities for protocol processing are neglected. This paper describes novel software architecture and load balancing for the LTE protocol stack that allows concurrent execution on a multi-core processor and thus allows for exploiting all the advantages like higher performance through parallelism at low power consumption. The layered protocol is developed using Specification and Description Language (SDL). In addition, the LTE protocol stack is parallelized and executed on a multi-core processor, by employing the SDL processes concurrency. Moreover, the LTE system is scheduled on multi-core by customizing the SDL scheduler to implement a data pipeline scheduler. Furthermore, a new load balancer scheme is proposed by moving the load balancer to the modem subsystem’s layer and using the SDL process migration concept. The performance of the LTE protocol implementation using the new scheme beats the classic thread migration scheme by more than 50% on single as well as multi-core platforms. The data throughput using the new scheme increases on two, three, or four cores, compared to single core, by about 195%, 290%, and 360%, respectively, and thus shows an excellent scalability for up to three cores and still giving reasonably good results for four cores.

A Novel Random Access for Fixed-Location Machine-to-Machine Communications in OFDMA Based Systems

Machine-to-machine (M2M) communications typically exhibit features such as a large number of devices, low data-rates, small-sized packets, and low or no mobility, while human-to-human (H2H) communications typically support a small number of users, high data-rates, large-sized packets, and high mobility. To support M2M communications in future cellular systems, one of the most challenging problems is to resolve a collision problem in random access because of access attempts from a large number of devices. For a large class of fixed-location M2M services such as smart metering and remote sensing, each machine device has fixed uplink timing alignment (TA) due to a fixed distance between the machine device and its eNodeB. We propose a novel random access scheme based on its fixed TA information for M2M communications at a large number of fixed-location machine devices in future orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA)-based cellular systems like Long Term Evolution (LTE) system. The proposed random access scheme yields significantly lower collision probability, shorter access delay, and higher energy-efficiency, compared with the conventional random access scheme.

Scaling Up MIMO: Opportunities and Challenges with Very Large Arrays

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology is maturing and is being incorporated into emerging wireless broadband standards like long-term evolution (LTE) [1]. For example, the LTE standard allows for up to eight antenna ports at the base station. Basically, the more antennas the transmitter/receiver is equipped with, and the more degrees of freedom that the propagation channel can provide, the better the performance in terms of data rate or link reliability. More precisely, on a quasi static channel where a code word spans across only one time and frequency coherence interval, the reliability of a point-to-point MIMO link scales according to Prob(link outage) ` SNR-ntnr where nt and nr are the numbers of transmit and receive antennas, respectively, and signal-to-noise ratio is denoted by SNR. On a channel that varies rapidly as a function of time and frequency, and where circumstances permit coding across many channel coherence intervals, the achievable rate scales as min(nt, nr) log(1 + SNR). The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time [2].

Autonomous spectrum sharing for unstructured cellular networks with femtocells

To fulfill the needs for high speed ubiquitous coverage, fourth generation networks give rise to dense deployments of short range cells, such as femtocells. Generally deployed in residential or business areas, they complement the macrocellular service, thanks to guaranteed indoor coverage and improved multimedia experience. However, the addition of user-installed femtocells along with macrocells in a shared spectrum band raises critical management issues for controlling interference. In this paper, we address the problem of spectrum resource selection by the femtocells. The aim is to devise autonomous mechanisms for femtocells to adjust their spectrum resources, without manual configuration, so that they achieve high data rates and generate no interference to traditional macrocells. In this work, we are mainly concerned with the performance of solutions that are compliant with standards like Long Term Evolution (LTE). Detailed performance analysis is provided thanks to a complete simulation platform combining a physical layer ray-tracing tool with an upper layer orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) simulator. Our results suggest that user channel quality measurements can be used to set the level of sharing between femtocells and macrocells and that finding the correct level of sharing is important for optimal network performance.