Lignosulfonate-treated Soybean Meal Research Articles

Diet crude protein reduction on follicular fluid and cumulus-oocyte complexes of mid-lactating Girolando cows.

This study evaluated the effect of crude protein (CP) reduction in four diets (156, 139, 132, and 127 g Kg-1 DM) maintaining constant metabolizable protein (188 g/day) on the follicular fluid and cumulus-oocyte complexes of mid-lactating Girolando cows. Twenty-two Girolando cows with average of 21.55 ±3.19 L daily milk yield, 105.30 ±22.62 days in lactation and 3.22 ±0.03 body condition score were selected. To reduce CP in diets and maintain constant metabolizable protein, urea and soybean meal were gradually replaced by lignosulfonate-treated soybean meal (SoyPass®, Cargill), resulting in an increase in rumen-undegradable protein and a reduction in rumen degradable protein. A linear and quadratic reduction was observed in the plasma and follicular fluid urea nitrogen concentration following CP reduction, with the most intense reduction occurring in the 127 g Kg-1 DM group (p<0.001). As CP reduced, there was a tendency for a linear increase in the follicular growth rate (P=0.0696), on the number and proportion of viable oocytes (P<0.09), and also a linear increase for the number (P=0.0397) and proportion (P<0.09) of grade I viable oocytes. Plus, there was a linear effect for the number of cumulus oophorus cells. Cows fed with the lowest amount of CP had cumulus-oocyte complexes with higher numbers of cumulus oophorus cells (P=0.0238). Also, the reduction of diet crude protein was followed by a decrease in the probability of oocytes’ DNA degradation. In conclusion, the reduction of CP in the diet of mid-lactating Girolando cows, reduces urea nitrogen concentration in both blood plasma and follicular fluid, and, as a consequence, increases the viability of oocytes and the number of cumulus oophorus cells while reducing oocytes’ DNA degradation of follicular included cumulus-oocyte complex. The reduction on dietary CP may improve in vivo oocytes’ embryo development impacting fertility of lactating dairy cows.

Evaluation of degradability and ruminal kinetics of soybean meal subjected to strategies to maximize protein escape from the rumen

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the in situ dry matter degradability and in situ crude protein degradability of soybean meal subjected to different treatments (thermal, chemical, tannins or saponins). The treatments were: conventional soybean (CON); soybean expeller (EXP); lignosulfonate-treated soybean meal (LIGS); condensed tannin-treated soybean meal (CTAN); hydrolysable tannin-treated soybean meal (HTAN) and Yucca schidigera extract-treated soybean meal (YUC). Samples of 5 g soybean meal were packed in nylon bags and incubated in the rumen of 2 fistulated cattle for seven incubation times (0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 hours), in sequence were washed, dried and weighed. The ruminal kinetics parameters were calculated, and the experiment was completely randomized, with six treatments, four replicates each, with duplicates. The EXP and LIGS treatments showed lower crude protein disappearance (CPD) within 12 hours, the CON, HTAN and YUC treatments had the highest CPD, and the CTAN presented an intermediate value (41.84%) (P &lt; 0.05). EXP had the lowest fraction “a” (soluble) of crude protein (CP) (10.1%) followed by LIGS and CTAN (average of 14.82%). EXP and LIGS had the highest rumen undegradable fraction of CP (57.35 and 51.62%), respectively. In addition, ruminal disappearance rates of dry matter and CP of the treatments ranged from 2.17 to 1.36% h-1 and from 2.63 to 1.2% h-1, respectively. The most efficient treatments to reduce ruminal protein degradation were EXP, LIGS and CTAN.

A comparison of the effect of soybeans roasted at different temperatures versus calcium salts of fatty acids on performance and milk fatty acid composition of mid-lactation Holstein cows

To evaluate the effect of soybeans roasted at different temperatures on milk yield and milk fatty acid composition, 8 (4 multiparous and 4 primiparous) mid-lactation Holstein cows (42.9±3 kg/d of milk) were assigned to a replicated 4×4 Latin square design. The control diet (CON) contained lignosulfonate-treated soybean meal (as a source of rumen-undegradable protein) and calcium salts of fatty acids (Ca-FA, as a source of energy). Diets 2, 3, and 4 contained ground soybeans roasted at 115, 130, or 145°C, respectively (as the source of protein and energy). Dry matter intake (DMI) tended to be greater for CON compared with the roasted soybean diets (24.6 vs. 23.3 kg/d). Apparent total-tract digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein were not different among the treatments. Actual and 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield were greater for CON than for the roasted soybean diets. Milk fat was higher for soybeans roasted at 130°C than for those roasted at either 115 or 145°C. No differences were observed between the CON and the roasted soybean diets, or among roasting temperatures, on feed efficiency and nitrogen concentrations in rumen, milk, and plasma. Milk from cows fed roasted soybeans had more long-chain fatty acids and fewer medium-chain fatty acids than milk from cows fed Ca-FA. Compared with milk from cows fed the CON diet, total milk fat contents of conjugated linoleic acid, cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid, cis-C18:2, cis-C18:3, and C22:0 were higher for cows fed the roasted soybean diets. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and total unsaturated fatty acids were greater in milk from cows fed roasted soybean diets than in milk from cows fed CON. Concentrations of C16:0 and saturated fatty acids in milk fat were greater for CON than for the roasted soybean diets. Cows fed roasted soybean diets had lower atherogenic and thrombogenic indices than cows fed CON. Milk fatty acid composition did not differ among different roasting temperatures. In summary, results showed that cows fed CON had higher DMI and milk yield than cows fed roasted soybean diets. Among different roasting temperatures (115, 130, and 145°C), soybeans roasted at 115°C led to higher milk production and lower DMI. Cows fed roasted soybeans, regardless of the roasting temperature, had more unsaturated fatty acids in milk. Using roasted soybeans in dairy cow rations could, therefore, improve the health indices of milk for human nutrition.

Effect of corn particle size and soybean meal treatment on performance of finishing beef steers fed corn-silage-based diets

In the first experiment, 39 medium-frame beef steers (456 ± 41 kg) were used in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments to evaluate the effect of different feeding strategies to maximize energy and protein deposition on finishing performance and plasma amino acid profile of beef steers fed corn silage ad libitum for 99 d. To achieve this goal, steers were individually supplemented with either 6.6 kg DM d-1 of cracked corn (CC) or ground corn (GC) in combination with 540 g DM d-1 of either solvent extracted (SS) or lignosulfonate-treated soybean meal (Soypass® SP). Dry matter intake, average daily gain and feed to gain ratio were not affected by treatments or by their interaction (P &gt; 0.10). When compared with SS, SP tended to increase (P = 0.07) grade fat (1.3 and 2.2 ± 0.5 mm, respectively). The CC diets reduced the plasma concentration of branched-chained amino acids (P = 0.03) and leucine (P = 0.01), and tended to decrease that of isoleucine (P = 0.06) compared with the GC diets. No effect of diet was observed on plasma urea-N concentration. In the second experiment, four steers were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design to evaluate digestibility and N balance of the diets used in exp. 1. Reducing particle size of corn increased apparent digestibility of starch (P = 0.01) and tended to reduce apparent digestibility of NDF (P = 0.07). In conclusion, formulating diets with ground or cracked corn in combination with solvent extracted or lignosulfonate-treated soybean meal does not appear to influence steer performance or digestion parameters.

Effect of source of rumen-degraded protein on production and ruminal metabolism in lactating dairy cows

Twenty-eight (8 with ruminal cannulas) lactating Holstein cows were assigned to seven 4×4 Latin squares in a 16-wk trial to study the effects on production and ruminal metabolism of feeding differing proportions of rumen-degraded protein (RDP) from soybean meal and urea. Diets contained [dry matter (DM) basis] 40% corn silage, 15% alfalfa silage, 28 to 30% high-moisture corn, plus varying levels of ground dry shelled corn, solvent- and lignosulfonate-treated soybean meal, and urea. Proportions of the soybean meals, urea, and dry corn were adjusted such that all diets contained 16.1% crude protein and 10.5% RDP, with urea providing 0, 1.2, 2.4, and 3.7% RDP (DM basis). As urea supplied greater proportions of RDP, there were linear decreases in DM intake, yield of milk, 3.5% fat-corrected milk, fat, protein, and solids-not-fat, and of weight gain. Milk contents of fat, protein, and solids-not-fat were not affected by source of RDP. Replacing soybean meal RDP with urea RDP resulted in several linear responses: increased excretion of urinary urea-N and concentration of milk urea-N, blood urea-N, and ruminal ammonia-N and decreased excretion of fecal N; there was also a trend for increased excretion of total urinary N. A linear increase in neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility, probably due to digestion of NDF-N from lignosulfonate-treated soybean meal, was observed with greater urea intake. Omasal sampling revealed small but significant effects of N source on measured RDP supply, which averaged 11.0% (DM basis) across diets. Increasing the proportion of RDP from urea resulted in linear decrease in omasal flow of dietary nonammonia N (NAN) and microbial NAN and in microbial growth efficiency (microbial NAN/unit of organic matter truly digested in the rumen). These changes were paralleled by large linear reductions in omasal flows of essential, nonessential, and total amino acids. Overall, these results indicated that replacing soybean meal RDP with that from urea reduced yield of milk and milk components, largely because of depressed microbial protein formation in the rumen and that RDP from nonprotein-N sources was not as effective as RDP provided by true protein.

Feeding strategies for improving productivity of growing steers fed grass silage

Two experiments were conducted to determine the relationship between corn particle size and soybean meal treatment on growth, diet digestibility, and nitrogen balance of growing steers. In the first experiment, 40 medium-frame beef steers (250 ± 11 kg) were fed individually for 140 d a diet based on grass silage offered for ad libitum consumption and supplemented with either 3.5 kg of DM d-1 of cracked corn (CC) or ground corn (GC) and with 450 g of DM d-1 of solvent extracted (SS) or lignosulfonate-treated soybean meal (Soypass™ SP). Dry matter intake was not affected by treatments and averaged 8.6 ± 0.3 kg d-1 (P &gt; 0.10). Average daily gain was higher for animals receiving the ground corn than those fed cracked corn. Feed to gain ratio was not affected by treatments. There was an interaction between treatments for plasma urea-N concentration, with source of soybean meal having no effect with CC. When compared with SS, SP supplement reduced plasma urea-N when fed with GC. No effect of soybean meal and its interaction with corn processing was observed on growth performance. In the second experiment four additional steers were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design to evaluate diet digestibility and nitrogen balance. There was an interaction between treatments for starch apparent digestibility and N retained, the values being respectively, 90, 86, 93, and 92% (SEM = 1.2; P &lt; 0.01) and 36, 42, 44 and 41 g d-1 (SEM = 2.8; P &lt; 0.03) for CCSS, CCSP, GCSS and GCSP, respectively. Altogether, the results indicate a slight advantage to reduce particle size of corn in growing steers fed grass silage. However, soybean meal treatment resulted in limited effects on growth and digestion. Key words: Rumen carbohydrate, undegradable protein, performance, steers

Ruminal Degradability and Lysine Bioavailability of Soybean Meals and Effects on Performance of Dairy Cows

Evaluations of 4 soybean meal (SBM) products were conducted in 3 experiments. The 4 products were 1) solvent SBM (SSBM), 2) SSBM treated with 0.05% baker's yeast and toasted at 100°C (YSBM), 3) expeller SBM (ESBM), and 4) lignosulfonate-treated SBM (LSBM). Multiparous Holstein cows (n = 32; 152±63 d in milk; body weight = 708±77kg; producing 41±7 kg/d of milk at the beginning of the study) were used in a 4×4 Latin square design with 28-d periods to investigate cow responsiveness to supplemental ruminally undegradable protein (RUP) from the SBM products. Dietary treatments were formulated by substituting all of the SSBM and part of the ground corn with YSBM, ESBM, or LSBM to yield isonitrogenous diets. Diets were formulated to provide adequate ruminally degradable protein, but deficient RUP and metabolizable protein supplies. No differences among dietary treatments were observed for dry matter intake, body weight gain, milk and component yields, or efficiency of milk production. The lack of response to changes in SBM source was likely due to an adequate RUP and metabolizable protein supply by all the diets. In situ ruminal degradations of YSBM and LSBM were slower than those of SSBM or ESBM; thus, RUP contents of YSBM and LSBM were greater than those of SSBM or ESBM. The RUP of all SBM products had similar small intestinal digestibility. Available Lys contents, estimated chemically or by using a chick growth assay, were less for YSBM and LSBM than for SSBM or ESBM, suggesting deleterious effects of processing on Lys availability in YSBM and LSBM.

Evaluation of ruminal degradability and lysine bioavailability of four soybean meal products (2006)

Evaluations of four soybean meal (SBM) products were conducted. The products were: solvent SBM (SSBM), expeller SBM (ESBM), lignosulfonate-treated SBM (LSBM), and SSBM treated with 0.05% Baker's yeast and toasted at 212ºF (YSBM). In situ ruminal degradations of YSBM and LSBM were slower than those of SSBM or ESBM; thus, ruminally undegraded protein contents of YSBM and LSBM were greater than those of SSBM or ESBM. The ruminally undegraded protein of all SBM products had similar small intestine digestibility when as-sessed by susceptibility to enzymatic digestion in vitro. Available lysine contents, estimated chemically or using standard chick growth assay, were less for YSBM and LSBM than for SSBM or ESBM, suggesting deleterious effects of processing on lysine availability in those products.; Dairy Day, 2006, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 2006

Effects of four soybean meal products on lactational performance of dairy cows (2006)

Thirty-two multiparous Holstein cows (152 days in milk, producing 90 lb/day of milk at the beginning of the study) were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design with 28-day periods to investigate cow responsiveness to supplemental ruminally undegraded protein from 4 soybean meal products. The 4 products were: solvent soybean meal (SSBM), expeller soybean meal (ESBM), lignosulfonate-treated soybean meal (LSBM), and SSBM treated with 0.05% baker’s yeast and toasted at 212oF (YSBM). Diets were formulated by substituting all SSBM and part of ground corn with YSBM, ESBM, or LSBM to yield isonitrogenous diets. Diets were formulated to provide adequate ruminally degraded protein, but deficient ruminally undegraded protein and metabolizable protein supplies. No differences among dietary treatments were observed for dry matter intake, body weight gain, milk and component yields, or efficiency of milk production. Lack of response to changes in soybean meal source was likely because of adequate ruminally undegraded protein and metabolizable protein supply by all diets.

Comparison of Four Markers for Quantifying Microbial Protein Flow from the Rumen of Lactating Dairy Cows

Eight ruminally cannulated lactating cows from a study on the effects of dietary rumen degraded protein (RDP) on production and N metabolism were used to compare 15N, total purines, amino acid (AA) profiles, and urinary excretion of purine derivatives (PD) as microbial markers for quantifying the flow of microbial protein at the omasal canal. Dietary RDP was gradually decreased by replacing solvent soybean meal and urea with lignosulfonate-treated soybean meal. The purine metabolites xanthine and hypoxanthine were present in digesta and microbial samples and were assumed to be of microbial origin. The sum of the purines and their metabolites (adenine, guanine, xanthine, and hypoxanthine) were defined as total purines (TP) and used as a microbial marker. Decreasing dietary RDP from 13.2 to 10.6% of dry matter (DM) reduced microbial nonammonia N (NAN) flows estimated using TP (from 415 to 369g/d), 15N (from 470 to 384g/d), AA profiles (from 392 to 311g/d), and PD (from 436 to 271g/d). Averaged across diets, microbial NAN flows were highest when estimated using TP and 15N (398 and 429g/d), lowest when using PD (305g/d), and intermediate when using AA profiles (360g/d) as microbial markers. Correlation coefficients between 15N and TP for fluid-associated bacteria, particle-associated bacteria, and total microbial NAN flows were 0.38, 0.85, and 0.69, respectively. When TP was used as the microbial marker, ruminal escape of dietary NAN was not affected by replacing solvent soybean meal with lignosulfonate-treated soybean meal in the diets. The direction and extent of response of dietary and microbial NAN flow to dietary treatments were similar when estimated using 15N, AA profiles, and PD, and were in agreement with previously published data and National Research Council predictions. Microbial and dietary NAN flows from the rumen estimated using 15N appeared to be more accurate and precise than the other markers. Caution is required when interpreting results obtained using TP as the microbial marker.

Effect of Dietary Level of Rumen-Degraded Protein on Production and Nitrogen Metabolism in Lactating Dairy Cows

Twenty-eight (8 with ruminal cannulas) lactating Holstein cows were assigned to 4×4 Latin squares and fed diets with different levels of rumen-degraded protein (RDP) to study the effect of RDP on production and N metabolism. Diets contained [dry matter (DM) basis] 37% corn silage, 13% alfalfa silage, and 50% concentrate. The concentrate contained solvent and lignosulfonate-treated soybean meal and urea, and was adjusted to provide RDP at: 13.2, 12.3, 11.7, and 10.6% of DM in diets A to D, respectively. Intake of DM and yield of milk, fat-corrected milk, and fat were not affected by treatments. Dietary RDP had positive linear effects on milk true protein content and microbial non-ammonia N (NAN) flow at the omasal canal, and a quadratic effect on true protein yield, with maximal protein production at 12.3% RDP. However, dietary RDP had a positive linear effect on total N excretion, with urinary N accounting for most of the increase, and a negative linear effect on environmental N efficiency (kg of milk produced per kg of N excreted). Therefore, a compromise between profitability and environmental quality was achieved at a dietary RDP level of 11.7% of DM. Observed microbial NAN flow and RDP supply were higher and RUP flow was lower than those predicted by the NRC (2001) model. The NRC (2001) model overpredicted production responses to RUP compared with the results in this study. Replacing default NRC degradation rates for protein supplements with rates measured in vivo resulted in similar observed and predicted values, suggesting that in situ degradation rates used by the NRC are slower than apparent rates in this study.

Effects of protein source on nitrogen metabolism in continuous culture and intestinal digestion in vitro.

Eight dual flow continuous culture fermenters were used in four replicated periods to study the effects of protein supplements on ruminal fermentation and CP digestion. A basal diet was supplemented with isonitrogenous amounts of urea and tryptone (control; CTRL), soybean meal (SBM), lignosulfonate-treated SBM (LSBM), corn gluten meal (CGM), blood meal (BM), hydrolyzed feather meal (HFM), fish meal (FM), or meat and bone meal (MBM). Digestion of DM, OM, and carbohydrates was not affected by treatment. Ammonia N concentration was highest (P < .05) for CTRL and lowest (P < .05) for LSBM, CGM, BM, HFM, and FM. Nonammonia N flow was lowest (P < .05) for CTRL. Dietary N flow was lowest (P < .05) for CTRL, intermediate for SBM, and highest (P < .05) for LSBM, CGM, BM, HFM, FM, and MBM. Total N flow, bacterial N flow, and efficiency of microbial protein synthesis were not affected by treatment. Protein degradation was highest (P < .05) for CTRL. Flow of total amino acids (AA) was lowest (P < .05) for CTRL, SBM, and MBM. Diets containing BM provided the largest (P < .05) amounts of essential AA and lysine, and FM provided the largest (P < .05) amounts of methionine in fermenter effluent. Supplementation of diets with proteins low in ruminal degradability increased flows of nonammonia N, dietary N, and total and essential AA and modified the AA profile flowing out of fermenters.

Influence of non-fibrous carbohydrate and degradable intake protein on fermentation by ruminal microorganisms in continuous culture.

Four continuous culture fermenters were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square design to evaluate the effects of dietary non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC) and ruminally degradable intake protein (DIP) on fermentation by ruminal microorganisms. Four diets, arranged in a 2 x 2 factorial, were formulated to contain either 25 or 40% NFC and 50 or 70% of dietary CP as DIP. Dietary DM contained 32% corn silage, 20% alfalfa-grass hay, and 48% concentrate. Solvent-extracted or lignosulfonate-treated soybean meal were used to alter DIP and contributed 40% of dietary CP. Corn or soybean hulls were included at 28% of dietary DM to alter NFC levels. Percentage of true OM digestion was similar (P > .05) among diets but NDF and total nonstructural carbohydrate digestion were inversely related depending on NFC content of the diet. Amylolytic bacterial concentrations (cells/milliliter) were lower (P = .03) in fermenters supplied with 25% NFC diets, resulting in less (P = .0001) total nonstructural carbohydrate digestion. Cellulolytic concentrations were similar (P > .05) among diets despite an increase (P = .002) in NDF digestion with 25% NFC diets. Total viable bacterial concentrations tended to decrease (P = .11) with 50% DIP diets, inducing a decline (P = .03) in total VFA production (millimoles/day). Reduced degradation of CP in 50% DIP diets (P = .008) increased outflow of total amino acid (P = .07) and individual outflows (P < .05) of glutamic acid, aspartic acid, arginine, histidine, and lysine. Few interactions occurred for the parameters measured despite the controlled nature of the fermentation in the current experiment. The preponderance of significant main effects illustrates that ruminal fermentation may not be improved by synchronization of energy and N release but may more likely be limited by either energy or N alone.

Effects of Soybean Hulls and Lignosulfonate-Treated Soybean Meal, on Ruminal Fermentation in Lactating Dairy Cows

Four Holstein cows were used in a 4×4 Latin square design to investigate the effects of soybean hulls and lignosulfonate-treated soybean meal on ruminal fermentation and nutrient passage to the duodenum. Diets contained 32% corn silage, 19.8% alfalfa-grass hay, and 48.2% concentrate (DM basis). Treatments, arranged in a 2 x 2 factorial, were concentrate mixes based on 1) corn and soybean meal, 2) corn and treated soybean meal, 3) soybean hulls and soybean meal, and 4) soybean hulls and treated soybean meal. Individual protein supplements supplied 40% of dietary CP, and corn or soybean hulls constituted 28% of dietary DM. Intake of OM (mean 18.9 kg/d) was similar among treatments, but intake of NDF was 42% greater, and intake of nonstructural carbohydrate was 55% less, for cows fed soybean hulls. Passage of OM to the duodenum was similar among diets, but flow of NDF was 43% greater, and flow of nonstructural carbohydrate was 56% less, for cows fed soybean hulls. Ruminal pH was similar, but total concentrations of VFA increased 7% when soybean hulls replaced corn. Ruminal digestion of dietary CP was 15% less for cows fed treated soybean meal, but bacterial N flows were similar among treatments. Soybean hulls were digested to a similar extent as corn, but few interactions occurred between supplemental carbohydrate and protein sources.

Evaluation of Calcium Lignosulfonate-Treated Soybean Meal as a Source of Rumen Protected Protein for Dairy Cattle

Four Holstein cows fitted with ruminal, duodenal, and ileal cannulae were used in a 4×4 Latin square design to measure ruminal protein degradation and small intestinal digestion of diets containing untreated soybean meal or soybean meal treated with heat and either water, xylose, or calcium lignosulfonate. Diets consisting of 40% corn silage, 10% alfalfa cubes, and 50% grain mix, and averaging 16.8% crude protein (DM basis) were fed four times daily. Approximately 50% of the total dietary protein was supplied by the respective soybean meal source. Ruminal protein degradation was 70.6, 69.6, 55.8, and 53.7% for diets containing untreated soybean meal, water-soybean meal, xylose-soybean meal, and calcium lignosulfonate-soybean meal, respectively. Duodenal non-NH3 N flow (g/d) and absorption of non-NH3 N (g/d) in the small intestine were generally not affected by treatment. Duodenal bacterial N flow (g/d) was lower with xylose-soybean meal and lignosulfonate-soybean meal than with untreated soybean meal. Treatment of soybean meal with xylose or calcium lignosulfonate was successful in decreasing ruminal protein degradation. However, it 5be necessary to include a source of readily fermentable N in diets that contain protected proteins in order to supply adequate NH3 N for microbial protein synthesis.

Effects of Urea Supplementation of Diets Containing Lignosulfonate-Treated Soybean Meal on Bacterial Fermentation in Continuous Culture of Ruminal Contents

Effects of Urea Supplementation of Diets Containing Lignosulfonate-Treated Soybean Meal on Bacterial Fermentation in Continuous Culture of Ruminal Contents