Lignin-like Substance Research Articles

Investigation into the content and formation of trihalomethanes and molecular change of dissolved organic matter from a typical water plant in south China.

Trihalomethanes (THMs) are a class of disinfection by-products that were proved to have adverse effects to human health. Investigation into its content change and molecular composition variation of its main precursor, which is believed to be dissolved organic matter (DOM) during water purification process, can help understand the formation mechanism of THMs and optimize the processes in drinking water treatment plant (DWTP). This is of great significance to ensure the safety of urban water supply. In this study, detailed changes of THMs' content and formation potential were determined during the water purification process in summer and winter at a typical DWTP in south China. Specific molecular composition changes of DOM were also characterized by ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry, to comprehensively study its correlation with the formation of THMs in different water processing units and seasons. The result showed that chlorination will cause drastic changes of water quality and a sharp increase in the concentration of THMs (18.7 times in summer and 13.9 times in winter). Molecular-level characterization of DOM indicates that a range of lignin-like substance with lower O/C (< 0.5) and H/C (< 1.25) vanished and considerable amount of protein-like and tannins-like substance with higher H/C (> 1.25) and O/C (> 0.5) was formed after chlorination. Analysis of Cl-containing products demonstrated that a bulk of CHOCl1 and CHOCl2 compounds with moderate molecular weights were formed in both winter and summer. However, the newly formed CHOCl1 molecules showed a relatively higher mass weight in summer (> 500Da) compared to winter (300-500Da). Seasonal differences also emerged in the result of correlation between the trihalomethanes formation potential and total organic carbon. The correlation coefficient in summer (0.500) was lower than that in winter (0.843). The results suggested that the exhaustive reaction and contribution of DOM to THMs may vary in different seasons.

Change of structural features and relocalization of chemical components in the autohydrolyzed poplar wood chips enhance the accessibility of remaining components

Autohydrolysis of wood chips prior to separating lignin and cellulose is an effective method to pre-extract hemicelluloses, where the change of the structure and chemical composition in the hydrolyzed wood chips inevitably impact the subsequent separation efficiency of the remaining components. In this work, autohydrolysis of poplar wood chips under different intensity was carried out, and the relationships between the chemical/physical changes in the hydrolyzed wood chips and the accessibility of remaining components was evaluated. The results indicated that the removal of most hemicelluloses and minor lignin increased the porosity, specific surface area, and internal hydrophilicity of the wood chips, enhancing the accessibility of wood components to alkali solution as well as the diffusion of the alkali-soluble substance outward. The hydrophobic lignin or lignin-like substance accumulated on the surface of the wood chips could rapidly dissolve into the alkali solution, thus, having no adverse effect on the permeation of alkali solution into the wood chips, although they might create a barrier blocking the passage of water penetration.

UV–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy used in analysis of lignocellulosic biomass material

Because of the wide adaptability to samples in various states, UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy has attracted increasing attention. In the present work, it was firstly used to analyze lignocellulosic biomass material and develop the possible use for rapid detection. Through the analysis of the spectra, it was observed that the extremely pure microcrystalline cellulose, filter paper and purchased xylan have almost no absorption, whereas the chemical pulps, dissolving pulps and extracted hemicellulose with residual trace impurities show a weak absorption in the range from 200 nm to 400 nm. The prominent sensitivity to the trace impurities, such as residual lignin, makes the UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy a potential tool for the rapid detection of the purity of cellulose and hemicellulose. As for lignin, the spectrum is characterized by a broader strong absorption at 250–280 nm and 280–350 nm, of which the latter is similar to UV absorption spectra. In addition, UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy can be potentially used in monitoring lignin-like substance formation in the biomass engineering.

Structural Features of Lignin Fractionated From Industrial Furfural Residue Using Alkaline Cooking Technology and Its Antioxidant Performance

： For furfural industry, industrial furfural residue as the solid waste was generated from the production of furfural, and is rich in cellulose and lignin with a certain degree of degradation because of strong acid (H2SO4) as catalyst. In this work, alkali cooking technology was applied to extract lignin from industrial furfural residue to explore the new route of industrial application. The effect of different alkali treatment conditions on the chemical structure of lignin was studied. And the effects of different alkali treatment conditions on the composition and chemical structure of the residue were studied by NREL, 13 C NMR and ATR. The results showed that obtained lignin contained abundant guaiacyl (G), syringyl (S) and p-hydroxyphenyl (H) structural units, among which G-type lignin structural units accounted for the main proportion. The extracted lignin samples were rich in hydroxyl, and the highest content of hydroxyl was 4.02 mM/g under the condition of alkali cooking (135 ℃-0.35 M). Oxidize resistance test showed obtained lignin samples had high inhibition effect on DPPH. Moreover, the relative content of cellulose in the solid residue decreased and the relative content of lignin increased significantly because of the lignin-like substance formation by partial degradation and carbonization of cellulose under high-severity cooking treatment. This alkali cooking technology was suitable for extracting lignin from furfural residue without significant change in lignin structure, which have the promising application as potential antioxidants in food and cosmetics.

Chitosan and a fungal elicitor inhibit tracheary element differentiation and promote accumulation of stress lignin-like substance in Zinnia elegans xylogenic culture

We investigated the effect of elicitors on xylem differentiation and lignification using a Zinnia elegans xylogenic culture system. Water-soluble chitosan and a fungal elicitor derived from Botrytis cinerea were used as elicitors. Elicitor addition at the start of culturing inhibited tracheary element (TE) differentiation in a concentration-dependent manner, and 30μgmL(-1) of chitosan or 16.7μgmL(-1) of the fungal elicitor strikingly inhibited TE differentiation and lignification. Addition of chitosan (at 50μgmL(-1)) or the fungal elicitor (at 16.7μgmL(-1)) during the culturing period also inhibited TE differentiation without inhibiting cell division, except for immature TEs undergoing secondary wall thickening. Elicitor addition after immature TE appearance also caused the accumulation of an extracellular lignin-like substance. It appears that elicitor addition at the start of culturing inhibits the process by which dedifferentiated cells differentiate into xylem cell precursors. Elicitor addition during culturing also appears to inhibit the transition from xylem cell precursors to immature TEs, and induces xylem cell precursors or xylem parenchyma cells to produce an extracellular stress lignin-like substance.

Comparison between tracheary element lignin formation and extracellular lignin-like substance formation during the culture of isolated Zinnia elegans mesophyll cells

Lignin is synthesized not only during morphogenesis of vascular plants but also in response to various stresses. Isolated Zinnia elegans mesophyll cells can differentiate into tracheary elements (TEs), and deposit lignin into cell walls in TE-inductive medium (D medium). Meanwhile isolated mesophyll cells cultured in hormone-free medium (Co medium) accumulate stress lignin-like substance during culture. Therefore this culture system is suitable for study of lignin and lignin-like substance formation. In D medium lignin was deposited in TEs, but in Co medium, extracellular lignin-like substance accumulated. Analysis of the culture media indicated the presence of dilignols in D culture, but not in Co culture. To investigate the fate of lignin precursors, we added coniferyl alcohol (CA) in each culture. In Co medium, CA was polymerized into dilignols rapidly but they were present only temporarily, and in D medium CA was polymerized into dilignols relatively slowly but their content increased continually. Meanwhile, in Co culture, peroxidase activity in the medium was much higher than the peroxidase activity bound ionically to the cell walls. In D culture, ionically bound peroxidase activity was higher than that in the medium. These results may suggest that lignin deposition in TEs is related to ionically bound peroxidases in D culture, and lignin-like substance deposition in the medium is related to peroxidases in the medium in Co culture.

Silica nanospheres formation induced by peroxidase-catalyzed phenol polymerization*

Abstract To examine whether lignin-like compound is correlated with silica precipitation in grass, a series of simulated chemical experiments were carried out at ambient temperature and pressure, close to cell wall pH, with phenol polymerization catalyzed by peroxidase in silicon solution. The experiments showed that phenol polymer (a kind of lignin-like substance) caused silica nanosphere precipitation similar to those caused by protein in diatom cell wall previously reported by other authors. The sphere diameter varied with different kinds of phenol and the concentrations of phenol and silicon. Silicon precipitation had phenol and silicon saturation effect, meaning that when the concentration ratio of soluble silicon to phenol exceeded a certain value, the amount of silicon precipitation would decrease.

Inhibition of HIV-1 protease by water-soluble lignin-like substance from an edible mushroom, Fuscoporia obliqua.

Activity that inhibited protease of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 was found in boiling water extracts of an edible mushroom, Fuscoporia obliqua. The active component was identified as a water-soluble lignin derivative of high molecular weight. Other polyphenols of low molecular weight and monomeric components of lignin did not inhibit the protease.

Race-specific resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae conferred by bacterial blight resistance gene Xa-10 in rice ( Oryza sativa) involves accumulation of a lignin-like substance in host tissues

When seedling leaves of rice ( Oryza sativa L.) cultivars carrying the Xa-10 gene for bacterial blight resistance were infiltrated with suspensions of cells from races 2 or 5 of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae , a rapid, race-specific incompatible reaction occurred: the leaf tissue became dark greenishbrown, and the rate of bacterial multiplication decreased compared to compatible interactions. By 48–72 h after inoculation, the affected area was dark brown. Lignin-like phenolic compounds accumulated throughout the incoulation site in the incompatible combination, beginning by 18–24 h after inoculation and reaching a maximum by 72 h. With the Xa-4 resistance gene, incompatible reactions involved localized water soaking, inhibition of lesion development, and deposition of a lignin-like polymer around the perimeter of the infiltration site. Compatible interactions between cultivars with either Xa-4 and race 2 or Xa-10 and race 1 were similar: both displayed a uniformly water-soaked, yellow-green, spreading lesion by 24–48 h after inoculation. Lignin-like substances were detected by 96–120 h following inoculation and were limited to the perimeter of the infiltration site. Infiltration of cultivars containing the Xa-10 gene with water or UV-killed bacteria elicited no responses. The phenotypes conferred by resistance genes Xa-4 and Xa-10 were distinguished rapidly by histological reactions.

An approach to lignification in plants

A lignin-like substance was synthesized in vitro from coniferyl alcohol in the presence of peroxidase with coenzymes NADH and flavin. Eugenol was also polymerized in the same way.

Anatomical Studies in the Polytrichaceae II. Histochemical Observations on Thickened Lateral Walls of Hydroids of Dendroligotrichum

The thickened lateral walls of the hydroids of Dendroligotrichum are morphologically and histochemically distinct from the hydrolyzed end walls. The evidence presented indicates the existence of encrusting materials in the thickened lateral walls. Controversy exists as to whether or not these encrusting compounds are lignins. Histochemical evidence at both the light and electron microscope level demonstrates the phenolic nature of these compounds. In a continuing study of the anatomy of certain polytrichaceous mosses, the first paper in this series (Scheirer, 1972) reported on the general anatomical complexity of the gametophore of Dendroligotrichum. A subsequent paper (Scheirer, 1973) extended these initial observations to the ultrastructural level. Both papers concluded that the lat- eral walls of the hydroids (water-conducting cells) are encrusted with deposits of lignin or a lignin-like substance. Additionally, the latter paper stressed the similarities that exist between hydroids of Dendroligotrichum and tracheary elements of vascular plants. Characterization of such encrusting materials in the water-conducting cells of an extant moss is of considerable importance in the study of the origin of bryophytes and vascular land plants and the relationship between tracheary elements and the process of lignification. For instance, the view (summarized by Schuster, 1966) that bryophytes and lower vascular plants evolved from a common ancestral prototracheophyte which possessed conducting tissues in both gametophyte and sporophyte is attractive because it has the merit of being supported by an ever increasing amount of data (H6bant, 1970). Controversy exists as to whether lignin or lignin-like compounds are found in cell walls of certain mosses. Siegel (1969) presented evidence for the presence of lignin in gametophores of two giant mosses (Dawsonia sp. and Dendroligotrichum sp.) native to New Zealand, while negative results were obtained for such genera as Polytrichum,

Physiological behavior of peroxidase isozymes in sweet potato root tissue injured by cutting or with black rot&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/xref&gt;

We found that the increase in total activity of peroxidase isozymes in diseased tissue of sweet potato roots was mainly caused by the ethylene released from the tissue in response to infection. Component H, a peroxidase isozyme which moved toward the cathode, was formed close to the cut surface in cut-injured tissue, but not in diseased tissue. We assumed that its absence in the latter was due to physical and chemical damage caused by fungal invasion, of the component H formed and of the biosynthetic system. Ethylene seemed to be partly involved in inducing component H formation in cut-injured tissue. Also, ethylene treatment rather effectively maintained the increased activity, which otherwise would have decreased at a later stage. Induction of component H formation was accompanied by the formation of a lignin-like substance on the cut surface. We suggest that component H contributes to the formation of this substance.

Metabolic Changes in Sweet Potato Roots Induced by Gamma Radiation in Response to Cutting

Sweet potato roots were irradiated with 5 to 120 krads of cobalt-60 gamma rays, and then cut into disks, which were incubated under aerobic conditions. The effects of gamma radiation on metabolic changes in the tissue in response to cutting were investigated. The polyphenol content and activities of o-diphenol oxidase, peroxidase, and phenyalanine ammonialyase increased greatly in both nonirradiated and irradiated samples after cutting. Following irradiation with 60 krads or more the polyphenol content and peroxidase activity in response to cutting was significantly stimulated over the nonirradiated sample. On the contrary, formation of lignin-like substance was inhibited. No significant effect on o-diphenol oxidase was observed at any dose tested. In samples irradiated with 90 krads an increase in phenylalanine ammonia-lyase was correlated with the increase in polyphenol content.

Formation of Lignin-like Substance in the Root Tissues of Japanese Raddish Plant Infected by Downy Mildew Fungus

A lignin-like substance (LS) has been found in roots of Japanese radish infected by Peronospora parasitica. From infrared and ultraviolet absorption spectra, methoxyl content, and paper chromatograms of the degradation products, it was confirmed that LS from infected roots is different from wood lignin. This substance was not found in healthy parenchyma. Living tissues alone were capable of forming this substance. Histochemical reactions by phloroglucinol-HCl and Loele's reagents revealed that high peroxidase activity was located around the lignified cell walls. All cells in the sections were alive judging from plasmolysis except those on the cut surface. However, we could not determine exactly whether the lignification of cell walls had taken place before or after the fungal attack. Lignification in cell walls of parenchyma was incomplete even when the cells were infected.

Shikimic Acid and Lignin-like Substance in Peach Fruit

Shikimic Acid and Lignin-like Substance in Peach Fruit

A Chemical Examination of The Lignin-Like Substance from The Sporophores of Fomes Pini (Thore) Lloyd (Trametes Pini (Thore) Fr.)

Journal Article A Chemical Examination of The Lignin-Like Substance from The Sporophores of Fomes Pini (Thore) Lloyd (Trametes Pini (Thore) Fr.) Get access Max Phillips Max Phillips Contribution No. 287, Industrial Farm Products Research Division, Bureau of Chemistry and Soils, U. S. Department of Agriculture. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, Volume 21, Issue 4, 1 November 1938, Pages 678–684, https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/21.4.678 Published: 18 February 2020